...Abstract: The Research gives the grievous effect on different parts of Fiscal policy that is affected by Hartal. As a result if the situation becomes entangled in a certain stage the wheel of the entire economy are bound to be halted abruptly and the country’s economy wil be destroyed. For this reason it is essential for our politician to search an alternate of Hartal. The Research identifies a disappointing fact that Hartal imposes a large cost on the economy. Also it attempts to explore the negative impacts on GDP and revenue collection. Based on the findings, a number of suggestive policy measures that the planners and implementers may consider for the future development of political situation in Bangladesh are embedded in the end of the Research. Title of the Research: “Fiscal Policy and Hartal: A Case Study on Bangladesh from 2013 to 2014; specially on the Last National Election Period in Bangladesh”. Intruduction: Fiscal policy is very much related to the Public Finance in the Macroeconomics. Fiscal policy means the process by which government’s expenditures, tax rates and budgets would be monitored the national economy.The term “Hartal” basically comes from Gujarati language. “Hat” means market and “tal” means tala or lock, which referred to locked market or bazaar“bondh.” Hartal was first used during the Indian Independence Movement. It is a way of mass protest often involves a total shutdown of workplaces, offices, shops, courts of law with the object of realizing a...
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...Credible Keynesianism?: New Labour Macroeconomic Policy and the Political Economy of Coarse Tuning Ben Clift & Jim Tomlinson The article has been accepted for publication in the British Journal of Political Science © Cambridge University Press, 2006. Forthcoming, Volume 36 (2006). Material on these pages is copyright Cambridge University Press or reproduced with permission from other copyright owners. It may be downloaded and printed for personal reference, but not otherwise copied, altered in any way or transmitted to others (unless explicitly stated otherwise) without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. Hypertext links to other Web locations are for the convenience of users and do not constitute any endorsement or authorisation by Cambridge University Press. Ben Clift, University of Warwick b.m.clift@warwick.ac.uk http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/pais/staff/clift Jim Tomlinson, University of Dundee j.d.Tomlinson@dundee.ac.uk Abstract This article questions prevailing interpretations of New Labour’s political economy. New Labour’s doctrinal statements are analysed to establish to what extent these doctrinal positions involve a repudiation of Keynesianism. Although New Labour has explicitly renounced the ‘fine tuning’ often (somewhat problematically) associated with post-war Keynesian political economy, we argue that they have carved out policy space in which to engage in macroeconomic ‘coarse tuning’ inspired by Keynesian thinking. This capacity...
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...price level. A “conservative” economist might favor cuts in government spending since this would reduce the size of government. A “liberal” economist might favor a tax hike; it would preserve government spending programs. 3. It takes time to ascertain the direction in which the economy is moving (recognition lag), to get a fiscal policy enacted into law (administrative lag); and for the policy to have its full effect on the economy (operational lag). Meanwhile, other factors may change, rendering inappropriate a particular fiscal policy. Nevertheless, discretionary fiscal policy is a valuable tool in preventing severe recession or severe demand‐pull inflation. A political business cycle is the concept that politicians are more interested in reelection than in stabilizing the economy. Before the election, they enact tax cuts and spending increases to please voters even though this may fuel inflation. After the election, they apply the brakes to restrain inflation; the economy will slow and unemployment will rise. In this view the political process creates economic instability. The disappointing report means that once again the Federal Reserve is unlikely to consider tightening fiscal policy. That means interest rates will remain at historically low levels...
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...Supplemental Unit 5: Fiscal Policy and Budget Deficits Fiscal and monetary policies are the two major tools available to policy makers to alter total demand, output, and employment. This feature will focus on fiscal policy, what it is and its potential and limitations as a tool with which to promote economic stability and strong growth. What is Fiscal Policy? When the supply of money is economic constant, government expenditures must be financed by either taxes or borrowing. Fiscal policy involves the use of the government’s spending, taxing and borrowing policies. The government’s budget deficit is used to evaluate the direction of fiscal policy. When the government increases its spending and/or reduces taxes, this will shift the government budget toward a deficit. If the government runs a deficit, it will have to borrow funds to cover the excess of its spending relative to revenue. Larger budget deficits and increased borrowing are indicative of expansionary fiscal policy. In contrast, if the government reduces its spending and/or increases taxes, this would shift the budget toward a surplus. The budget surplus would reduce the government’s outstanding debt. Shifts toward budget surpluses and less borrowing are indicative of restrictive fiscal policy. It is important to note that a budget deficit is different from the national debt. A deficit occurs when government spending exceeds revenue over a year, quarter or month. A deficit will increase the size of the national...
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...involved in a market economy, the government influences four main areas in the economy which are; enforcing antitrust laws, preserving property rights, providing a stable fiscal and monetary environment and preserving political stability. Also the report will cover why there can never be a truly ‘free market’ economy, where there is absolutely no government intervention. Market Economy In a market economy, the majority of a nation’s land, factories, and other economic resources are privately owned, either by individuals or businesses (Wild, Wild & Han 2010:151). It is also an economy in which prices of goods and services are freely set based on the laws of supply and demand which are unfettered by interference from a government or other outside bodies. A market economy at its basic is an economy run entirely by the market itself (McGuigan 2003:1). In contrast to a market economy is one which follows the Keynesian principals which is an economic theory which advocates government intervention, or demand side management of economy by increasing money supply or by actually buying things on the market itself, they believe that this will achieve full employment and stable prices (Web finance 2010:1). Market economy has come to be accepted as a norm across the world with many developing countries like India and China moving towards a full market oriented economy (economy watch 2010:1). The social democratic government of Australia adopted the principals of market economy after the financial...
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...Fiscal and Monetary Policy Governments can use both fiscal and monetary policies to move the economy from a recessionary or expansionary gap. Fiscal policies include increased or decreased government spending, increased or decreased taxation; on the other hand monetary policies include increased or decreased money supply, changes in interest rate, etc. One of the tools of fiscal policy is government spending, the initial equilibrium is represented by the point E. With increased government spending, the IS curve shifts to the right and new equilibrium is reached at point E’, with increased level of output and higher interest rate. Monetary policy can help the economy back to the long run equilibrium. Let the initial equilibrium point is E, with an increase in money supply, the LM curve shifts to the right and new equilibrium is reached at the E’ with a higher income level and lower interest rate (shown in the figure below). The major benefits of fiscal policy are: (i) Government spending can be directed to the areas like infrastructure, education, and housing. Announcement of fiscal policy can be implemented immediately. (ii) Fiscal policy can be used to discourage negative externalities, for example, “green” taxes can be used to discourage polluting activities. (iii) Fiscal policy is effective in times of recession as it provides the stimulus in the economy by increasing the aggregate demand in the economy. The major disadvantages of fiscal policy...
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...Fiscal Vs. Monetary Policies In Fiscal Policy it involves the government changing tax rates and levels of government spending to influence aggregate demand in the economy. In simpler words, it’s the governments way to check over the nation’s economy to see if the tax rates and the spending is appropriate. The Fiscal Policy covers the policies of all the taxes and the spending. Fiscal Policy is close with the political philosophy such as justice, politics, and liberty. Obviously, the lower the tax rates the more people are able to spend. If all goes right the unemployment would be low, there would be low inflation, and a constantly growing economy would appear. In Monetary Policy it involves changing the interest rate and influencing the money supply. Monetary Policy is usually carried out by the Central Bank/Monetary authorities and involved setting base interest and influencing the supply of money. Similar to Fiscal Policy, Monetary Policy is run by the Central Bank that influences the money supply, which is the total money in the economy as a whole. The interest rates are based on what the economy can handle. For example, if the economy went into a recession then that would mean that the Central Bank would decrease the interest rates and vice versa. Since the Monetary Policy is run by the Central Bank, it cuts from having any political input. The whole point is to make our economy grow but at a constant rate, and these policies are able to do that by doing their part in...
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...The Fiscal Mismanagement and Fixed Exchange rate were the cause of Argentina 2001 Crisis Summary: Argentina’s economy verge to a state of collapse in the year of 2001, but the economy started to struggle with an economic recession in 1997. The fiscal mismanagement paired with the fixed exchange rate policy conducted the country to a financial crisis. IMF policies in lending to a country with struggling economy made people think if IMF was the responsible for the default crisis that affected Argentina in 2001. Public Deficit – The Major “devil” As economic reforms were happening in Argentina, the country started to face large capital inflows, as it was able to borrow large capital amounts at lower interest rates because of the currency pegging, in the global market. However the government fiscal policies failed to maintain surpluses during economic growth period and actually even during this period the government budget deficits were large. Fiscal mismanagement can be considered as the main reason for the economic crisis, which includes: * Weak fiscal policy – the fiscal policy should have been adjusted during times of economic rapid growth in order to achieve fiscal surpluses and give a cushion in government accounts against future downturns. Lax in tax collection and high budget expenditures led the government budget to deficits which combined with the economic recessions led to long-run budget constrains because the deficit was unsustainable. * Structural Reforms...
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...BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY International Business School Case Write-Up The Fiscal Mismanagement and Fixed Exchange rate were the cause of Argentina 2001 Crisis Summary: Argentina’s economy verge to a state of collapse in the year of 2001, but the economy started to struggle with an economic recession in 1997. The fiscal mismanagement paired with the fixed exchange rate policy conducted the country to a financial crisis. IMF policies in lending to a country with struggling economy made people think if IMF was the responsible for the default crisis that affected Argentina in 2001. Public Deficit – The Major “devil” As economic reforms were happening in Argentina, the country started to face large capital inflows, as it was able to borrow large capital amounts at lower interest rates because of the currency pegging, in the global market. However the government fiscal policies failed to maintain surpluses during economic growth period and actually even during this period the government budget deficits were large. Fiscal mismanagement can be considered as the main reason for the economic crisis, which includes: * Weak fiscal policy – the fiscal policy should have been adjusted during times of economic rapid growth in order to achieve fiscal surpluses and give a cushion in government accounts against future downturns. Lax in tax collection and high budget expenditures led the government budget to deficits which combined with the economic recessions led to long-run...
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...views expressed are the author’s alone and do not necessarily correspond to those of the European Commission. Comments and enquiries should be addressed to: European Commission Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs Publications B-1049 Brussels Belgium E-mail: Ecfin-Info@ec.europa.eu This paper exists in English only and can be downloaded from the website http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications A great deal of additional information is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu) ISBN 978-92-79-08236-8 doi: 10.2765/50808 © European Communities, 2008 Economic governance in an enlarged euro area Iain Begg1 European Institute, London School of Economic and Political Science Abstract: Ten years on from its launch, it is clear that EMU, which has to be regarded as a more profound regime change than is often acknowledged, has had a pronounced effect on economic...
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...influenced by government economic policy which may be identified through the application of economic theory. * Critically evaluating the local economic business environment measured against the choice of a comparative international economic and business system. (Pictorial techniques may be used which are appropriate to illustrate and justify the evaluation, e.g. Graphs, charts, economic curve diagrams, etc.) (700 – 1,000 words) Question 2 * Critical evaluation of measures used by governments and central banks to manage the economies of their countries. * By critically evaluating, using convincing arguments in support of the measures used to reduce, minimise or alleviate economic difficulties many countries face. (Examples should be used in the submission to illustrate the justified view) (1,100 – 1,500 words) 1. BUSINESS includes all doings linked with production, trade, banking, coverage, finance, energy, advertising, packaging etc. ENVIRONMENT refers to all external forces, which have comportment on the functioning of business. The environment includes factors outside the firm which can lead to opportunities for or threats to the firm. There is close relationship between business and its economic environment. Business obtains all its needed inputs from the economic environment and it absorbs the output of business units. ECONOMIC POLICY is the term used to describe administration actions that are intended to influence the economy of a city, state or nation...
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...Chapter 5: Government Expenditure and Revenue by Ooi Soon Beng After studying this chapter, you should be able to understand: Public Budget Budget Deficits and Surplus Expansionary and Contractionary Fiscal Policy Discretionary and Automatic Fiscal Policy National Debts and Its Issues and Misconceptions Problems with Fiscal Policy : Macroeconomics According to Keynes, government has to intervene to stabilize the economy. Stabilization can be achieved in part by manipulating the Public Budget to increase output and employment or to reduce inflation. The Budget outlines the government’s taxation and expenditure plans for the coming fiscal year. The Ministry of Finance are responsible for the preparation of the budget. Sources of Revenues: Direct taxes on individuals and companies Indirect taxes on goods and services (gasoline, alcohol, tobacco, etc) Non-tax revenue (stamp duty, licenses, permits, etc) Malaysia: Sources of Revenue (in RM) 1990 2013 2014 Direct Taxes 35.2% 56.5% 59.1% Indirect Taxes 36.7% 16.6% 17.2% Non-Tax Revenue 28.0% 26.9% 23.7% Total Revenue 29,521m 207,913m 224,094m Source: Ministry of Finance Categories of Expenses: Operating Expenditure (emolument, pensions, debt servicing, grant to states, subsidies, supplies, scholarships, etc) Development Expenditure (security, social services, economic services, expenditure ...
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...in Canada responsible for conducting fiscal and monetary policy, name the Department of Finance and the Bank of Canada. What are the roles of each and what are each responsible for obtaining? What are the responsibilities of each institution and what tools do they have at their disposable to impact the economy? Can you say that their objections are in tandem with one another or due they sometimes conflict? Please explain. tools available to the Federal government in managing the economy -- Fiscal and Monetary Policy Legislative Overview In Canada, the monetary policy is conducted by the Bank of Canada in which the government owned organization function with considerable independence from the federal government but is accountable to the parliament. Monetary policy in Canada is set by non-elected officials at Bank of Canada. Other decisions regarding the level of government revenue and expense is part of fiscal policy which is made by the Government of Canada with the approval of the parliament of Canada, as result monetary and fiscal policies are governed independent of each other (Frigon, 2010). The role of monetary policy is to preserve the value of capital by keeping inflation low, stable and foreseeable. This allows Canada to make spending and investment decisions with confidence, encourages long-term investment in Canada and contributes to better job openings and greater productivity with a better standard of living. Monetary policy in Canada has three characteristics:...
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...EC3010 - Economic Policy Assignment 1 The nature of the ongoing financial crisis merely confirms what Economists have known for some time, namely, that the interconnectedness of global economic activity renders macro-management by single governments redundant. Their function is now to regulate markets to ensure economically efficient solutions. Module Leader :Paul McKeown Student Name: Chen JiaHui Student number: G20555142 1.0 Introduction This report argues that the ongoing financial crisis merely confirms the global political consideration what economists have known for some time. Firstly, it briefly explains how the financial crisis spread around the world in such a short time by globalisation. This report points out that the global financial system is inherently flawed, showing how economies go from stability to instability. Subsequently, it focuses on the link between economic globalisation and macro-management by single government, considering whether Macro-management of a country’s economy is redundant, given the global interconnectedness economy’s activity and business. This report shows government policy has reduced the effectiveness of interconnected economies, such as fiscal policy and monetary policy. After that, it emphasizes that it is imperative for governments to regulate financial markets so as to ensure economically efficient solutions. Consequently, this report concludes that although macro-management by single government is less effective...
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...point of view, it should stay in the Eurozone. Firstly, if it left the Eurozone and adopt the drachma, the country’s economy would suffer from weak currency, high inflation rate and high interest rate. This situation might continue for several years. The Greeks’ living standard then would become much worse than now. Secondly, Greece cannot benefit a lot from the weak currency. The current dominant industry in Greece is the tourism. Greece doesn’t have many natural and labor resources, and doesn’t have high-tech industries or large scale of manufactures or services industries which are strong enough to drive the economy. So, the weak currency cannot benefit the export. It might benefit the tourism, but the prosperity of the tourism is not strong enough to drag Greece from the deep debt mud. Finally, if the Greece exit Eurozone because of the veto of fiscal austerity, then the Greece government might continue the high welfare and high tax social security system. Although the fiscal austerity imposed by creditors of the Eurozone is a little over strict, the fiscal austerity is somehow right on the track. The high welfare system is a very heavy burden for the economy which not only cause a lot of government debt but also demotivate labor force. We can see the effect of the fiscal austerity during 2011~2014, the GDP increased from -8% to -0.2%, which means that the economy is becoming better. From the Eurozone point of view, Greece should be kicked out. Historically, Greece became a member...
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