...Pollution has been and is still a major problem in the world. There are different types of pollution, which are water and air pollution. Air pollution includes different types of poisonous gases that change the characteristic of air. The United States and Kenya are affected by pollution; for example, in New York City and Nairobi where there is traffic noise and emission from vehicles, sewage overflows, plastic bottles and bags. Even though both cities are affected by pollution, the methods applied in managing and handling air pollution are different. Despite pollution being a major issue in the world, the United States has greatly improved after the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (Clean Air Act Amendments 1990). United States Environmental...
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...One of the most serious problems that China faces today is water pollution. Beijing, Capital of China, just like many other Chinese cities, it is suffering from high levels of water pollution. A report made by the state of environmental agency concluded that the level of pollution in Beijing’s water sources is not safe. Another investigation made by the Environmental Protection Supervision Center of North China shows that the north Canal, which provides water to more than 70% of Beijing’s total population had a level of pollution that is 95 times higher than what is considered safe. “Zhao Feihong”, a water researcher in Beijing healthcare association states that there is in Beijing over 100 rivers, however only two or three of them are safe to be used for tap water. These and many more reports made, show that the water sources in Beijing are not safe to drink, however, what are the causes and effects of this pollution? Now, I will be discussing the causes and effects of water pollution in Beijing, and how it differs from other mega cities in the world, such as Jakarta, and New York. With being one of the largest population cities in the world, it’s not surprising to see a huge amount of wastewater produced in Beijing. Due to untreated urban sewage, this wastewater which contains human waste, washing water, urban runoff, industrial wastewater, etc. often end up in the drinking water supplies that Beijing’s citizens consume. In addition to that, the lacks of enforcement of environmental...
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...Manhattan can be because of factors such as Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), which are gases produced by fuel combustion. Next possible reason can be the Ozone (O3), which is a gas that is made up of three oxygen atoms that enter the air from the motor vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, and natural sources. Another possible reason can be the “high truck and traffic volume, industrial facilities and older heating systems can all contribute to the increased levels of air pollution in the impoverished neighborhoods”(Hinsdale)....
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...Rogers Natural Science Cluster Dr. J. Kullman April 25, 2013 Air Pollution kills over 1 million in China I found this article titled “Air Pollution Linked to 1.2 Million Premature Deaths in China” in The New York Times on April 1, 2013. I found it interesting because prior to reading this article, I did not know air pollution was such a big problem, particularly in China. Edward Wong, journalist for The New York Times, wrote this article about premature deaths due to outdoor air pollution. According to Wong, air pollution is linked to 1.2 million premature deaths in 2010. This is nearly 40 percent of the global total. Ambient particulate matter pollution was the 4th leading risk factor for deaths in China. A study showed that the growth rate of disclosure of pollution information has slowed; meaning China is not disclosing this information to the public. China needs to figure out how to get a handle on their air pollution problem. China is no stranger to air pollution. According to the article, 350,000 to 400,000 people die prematurely each year because of outdoor air pollution. This is nearly 40 percent of the global total. In 1990, air pollution killed 800,000 people prematurely world wide. India also has densely populated cities that struggle with air population as well. India also had 620,000 premature deaths in 2010. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development stated that “urban air pollution is set to become the top environmental cause of morality worldwide...
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...Environmental Pollution Strategy xxxxx Sci/256 August 28, 2013 xxxxxxx The rapid growth over the past decade has been economically positive for the city of Phoenix. With the increase in manufacturing, construction and jobs. Air and water pollution as well as loss of open spaces are putting stress on the infrastructure, natural resources, and beginning to affect the environment within the city and surrounding region. To correct these negative environmental impacts I propose the following: pollution control legislation, random emission testing, encouraging carpooling initiatives, and establish green spaces. Expense Budget Of the $18 Million allotted for measures to fix the pollution issue, only $14.9 Million will is needed to correct successfully the environmental issues. Below is the breakdown of solution and cost. |Solution |Expense: | |Pollution control legislation for point sources |$4.3 Million | |Random emission testing |$3.6 Million | |Establish green spaces |$4.2 Million | |Encourage carpooling ...
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...My Le Professor Robb A. Bajema EL 100 April 26th, 2013 Air pollution in China Air pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems in China. According to a new analysis, approximately 1.2 million people die prematurely from exposure to outdoor air pollution in China. A study by Greenpeace and Beijing University focusing on four Chinese cities estimates the number of people dying prematurely from air pollution is close to three times that killed by traffic accidents. The air has been classified as hazardous to human health, at its worst hitting pollution levels 25 times that considered safe in the US. The entire city is blanketed in a thick grey smog that smells of coal and stings the eyes, leading to official warnings to stay inside. The majority of the air pollution in China is generated by the burning of coal to generate electric power. China gets 80 percent of electricity and 70 percent its total energy from coal, much of it polluting high-sulphur coal. Around six million tons of coal is burned everyday to power factories, heat homes and cook meals. Jerry Goodell wrote in Natural History magazine: “In China coal is everywhere. It’s piled up on sidewalks, pressed into bricks, and stacked neat the back doors of homes. It’s stockpiled into small mountains in open fields, and carted around behinds bicycles and wheezing locomotives. Plumes of coal smoke rise from rusty stacks on every urban horizon. Soot covers every windowsill and ruins the collar...
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...Earth’s water able to be consumed, it is imperative that the cleanliness of the water be sustained by all humans. Water pollution was such a growing issue in the US that the government established the Clean Water Act in 1948, and then revised in 1977. The Clean Water Act made it illegal for anyone to “discharge any pollutant from a point source into navigable waters, unless a permit was obtained” (Environmental Protection Agency, 2/12). Under the original Clean Water Act in 1948, no dumping was allowed by anyone in order to protect the cleanliness of the water. In 1977, it was amended to add that if a permit was obtained, dumping was acceptable. Because of the amendment, the Clean Water Act now only reduces the amount of pollutants going into our water system. Water Pollution: A Growing Issue Water pollution has become a large global issue, especially in developing countries where it is a struggle to find clean drinking water for the inhabitants of the region. There are currently seven different types of water pollution; sewage, disease causing agents, sediment pollution, inorganic plant and algal, organic compounds, radioactive substances, and thermal pollution. These seven types can be categorized into three main types; biological, chemical, and physical. This paper will discuss chemical pollution in main water systems. Chemical water pollution can be caused by pesticides, metals, solvents, or petroleum...
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...countries during the Industrial Revolution. Urbanization occurred, starting in the UK, and then spread to America and different parts of Europe. The majority of citizens from the countryside migrated to town and cities, where they could find jobs in factories to support themselves and their families. According to Bulliet et al. (2009), London's population grew from 500,000 to 959,000 in a century, and then to 2,363,000 in the next 50 years. Similarly, New York City's population increased sixfold in 35 years, reaching 600,000. According to Merriman, an increase of 506,000 people occurred in Paris between 1801 and 1851 (p.577). Smaller towns united, creating megalopolises, including "the English Midlands, central Belgium, and the Ruhr district of Germany" (p.560). This rapid increase had consequences: firstly, cities and towns became overpopulated, which worsened the pollution. In urban cities, a number of families shared small, cheap houses that lacked hygienic expectations. As more people resided towns and cities, water cycles slowed down, and as a result sewage and rubbish were thrown out of the windows to be washed off by water (p.560). Chemicals from factories were also eventually dumped into rivers and bodies of water, making it impossible to prevent water pollution. Quite commonly people...
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...According to the excerpt by Glaeser, The Triumph of the City, a majority of the world chooses to lives in dense, urban cities. Close proximity as a result, leads to idea sharing. Sharing of ideas consequently creates a hub of activity and innovation, which grows and declines as people learn best and worst practices from each other and other cities. (Glaeser, 1) Progress takes place when a society adopts best practices and adapts quickly to change. Looking back, the trend of living close and being connected by values, identity, and language has always been prevalent in human nature. The structure of Native American tribes supports the human instinct to create a community of people with shared interests and beliefs. Today, one of the most influential...
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...FreshDirect was launched in July 2001 by Joseph Fedele and Jason Ackerman. FreshDirect is a New York City based online grocery store with a state of the art production center, top-notch personnel, leading edge manufacturing software, the highest standard of cleanliness, health & safety, and an informative and user-friendly website. System efficiencies include: a cost-effective operational design; no middleman; a central production and distribution location; well designed order and delivery protocols; and a policy of no slotting allowances. These system characteristics enable FreshDirect to maintain a high product quality while keeping product prices low, therefore their promise to grocery shoppers of “higher quality at lower prices.” The website offers a broad selection of products along with information about the food and how it is sold. Products can be compared on taste, price, usage and nutritional information. Custom cuts and seasonings of meat can be ordered. Delivery options include direct to the home in New York City, or office and train parking lot access in the suburbs. The online segment of the grocery industry is a small percentage of the industry total. Despite a large potential target audience, the on-line segment has been slow to catch on. FreshDirect’s competition comes from traditional brick-and-mortar grocery chains and a handful of other on-line grocers in New York City. The challenge is to compete on price while covering the cost of selecting items in the store...
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...the heart of the borough of Manhattan in New York City. Central Park is the most visited park in all of the Untied States and it is recognized as a National History Landmark by the United States government for its outstanding degree of historical significance (Blackmar, Rosenzweig). However, the outcome of what the park is today is a product of years of the park’s planning, construction, and several renovations. These renovations though, have seen many obstacles, often reflecting the socioeconomic status of the City at the time. Central Park is a historical site in New York City with political relevance dating back to the 1800’s. The beginnings of the park date back to the early 1820’s when New York population was increasing dramatically (MacDonald, 118). The people of New York City were sifting through the area, trying to find calm, open spaces to get away from the “hustle and bustle” of the city for a moment. The city’s need for a great public park soon became prevalent to New York state legislatures. Thus, in 1853 the New York state legislature settled upon a seven hundred acre area that spread from 59th street all the way until 106th street that would be dedicated to cultivating this vast public park (MacDonald, 119). Progress of the park, once it began in the 1850’s, has lasted through the 19th, 20th, and now even the 21st century. Of course, the project was rather expensive for New York government. The land alone cost New York five million dollars (Blackmar, Rosenzweig)...
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...Assignment 2 Poverty and Pollution Case Jaime Mesia BUS 309 – Business Ethics Strayer University May, 30th 2013 Assignment 2 Poverty and Pollution Case Jaime Mesia BUS 309 – Business Ethics May, 30th 2013 Abstract Urban living is the keystone of modern human ecology. Cities have multiplied and expanded rapidly worldwide over the past two centuries. Cities are sources of creativity and technology, and they are the engines for economic growth. However, they are also sources of poverty, inequality, and health hazards from the environment. Urban populations have long been incubators and gateways for infectious diseases. The early industrializing period of unplanned growth and laissez-faire economic activity in cities in industrialized countries has been superseded by the rise of collective management of the urban environment. This occurred in response to environmental blight, increasing literacy, the development of democratic government, and the collective accrual of wealth. In many low-income countries, this process is being slowed by the pressures and priorities of economic globalization. Beyond the traditional risks of diarrhea disease and respiratory infections in the urban poor and the adaptation of various vector-borne infections to urbanization, the urban environment poses various physicochemical hazards. These include exposure to lead, air pollution, traffic hazards, and the ‘‘urban heat island’’ amplification of heat waves. As the number of urban...
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...commonly given to a city with the population of over 10 million people, Such as; Tokyo, New York, Shanghai, Mexico City etc. The distribution of megacities has changed greatly since the 1950’s. In 1950 megacities were mainly located in MEDC’s with the majority of them found in and around Europe and America. For example; New York, London, Paris, Moscow etc. In comparison to this the pattern from 2013 shows the distribution of megacities to be located in and around Asia in newly industrialised countries. E.g. Tokyo, Jakarta, Seoul, Delhi, Shanghai and Karachi. There could be a number of reasons to indicate why there is such a contrast in the distribution of megacities between 1950 and 2013. I believe one of the biggest reasons is the rapid growth and speed of international immigration. In the mid-20th century there was limited transport between countries meaning international immigration was rare, however now transport has developed it’s become more accessible, faster and cheaper and immigration has flourished. The growing number of megacities could also be due to the increase in urbanisation. In 2007 more than 3.2 billion people (more than half of the world’s population) lived in towns and cities, and in MEDC’s around 90% of the country’s population were living in urban areas. The increase of urbanisation is in many cases due to the job opportunities found in cities. The rate of urbanisation is increasing more each year meaning now the proportion of super cities (population of...
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...Sources of pollution and mitigation measures Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the environment that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or that damage the environment. Pollution takes place because; we process, consume and throw away a high volume of material resources at a very high rate. Then the nature’s way of reabsorbing these resources back into its structure and effectively neutralizing them is much slower than our rates of production or consumption. Hence over production; also inefficient and dirty methods of production and consumptions; careless and thoughtless disposal of post consumption waste resources are the major causes of man-cause pollution. There are fundamental drivers of the pollution; these are the major forces behind the surge in levels of air, water and land pollution throughout the globe. These are Industrialization it set in the motion the widespread use of fossil fuels (oil, gas and coal) which are now the mail sources of pollution. Population growth with the exploding increase in the population around the world, the demand for goods and services goes up. This demand is met by expanded production and use of natural resources, which in turn lead to higher levels of pollution. Globalization. It has become an effective facilitator of environmental degradation. Developing countries tend to have loose regulations on pollution levels thus global bigger manufacturers tend to move to these areas rather than...
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...accommodate this new mode of transport. Focusing on America and Britain, this discussion considers influences on all scales ranging from reclassification of physical roads to the decentralization of urban cores. The rising social and environmental concerns caused by the increase in vehicle usage include pedestrian safety, residential livability, and environmental deterioration. I have decided to explore this question by considering features that have both affected urban form and also acted as planning measures to limit negative social and environmental impacts, these include motorway developments, the garden city urban planning approach and Greenbelts. With over 15 million units of Ford Motor T sold between 1908 and 1927 (Flink, 2001), urban form was most dramatically influenced in American cities during the correlating time period. Planners began to oppose the conventional Roman-grid layouts, where streets were arranged at perpendicular angles to each other. Rising traffic congestion at intersections placed pressure on city planners to reorganise the structural layout in attempts to liberate these chaotic streets. Pedestrians were heavily victimised by the automobile’s rise as modern highway codes and road systems had not yet been established. “Pedestrians crossed the streets whenever and wherever they chose” (Brown, 2006) and coupled with the fact that automobiles had high-speed potentials; together, this created a dangerous environment for city residents especially...
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