...Jump to: navigation, search Dowry deaths refers the deaths of young women who are murdered or driven to suicide by continuous harassment and torture by husbands and in-laws in an effort to extort an increased dowry. Dowry death is considered one of the many categories of violence against women, alongside rape, bride burning, eve teasing, and acid throwing. It is widespread in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal. Sri Lanka and some regions of Africa. Pakistan has the highest reported rates of dowry-related deaths per 100,000 women in the world. India[edit] Most dowry deaths occur when the young woman, unable to bear the harassment and torture, commits suicide. Most of these suicides are by hanging, poisoning or by fire. Sometimes the woman is killed by setting her on fire; this is known as "bride burning", and sometimes disguised as suicide or accident. Suicide and murder are two causes of fatalities in dowry deaths. Death by burning of Indian women have been more frequently attributed to dowry conflicts.[1] In dowry deaths, the groom’s family is perpetrator of murder or suicide.[2] According to Indian National Crime Record Bureau, in 2010, 8391 dowry death cases were reported across India[3] This means a bride was burned every 90 minutes, or dowry issues cause 1.4 deaths per year per 100,000 women in India.[4][5] For contextual reference, United Nations reports a worldwide average female homicide rate of 3.6 per 100,000 women, and an average of 1.6 homicides per 100,000 women...
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...a code was that it has the potential to unite India because Hindus and Muslims had followed the “common customary Hindu civil code” smoothly till 1937 when “the Muslim League-British combine” divided them by imposing sharia on Muslims through the Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act. But only a minuscule minority of Muslims followed Hindu customs before 1937. Even this section had the right under laws such as the Cutchi Memons Act, 1920 and the Mahomedan Inheritance Act (II of 1897) to opt for “Mahomedan Law”. As for a majority of Muslims, there is enough evidence to show they followed Muslim law, not the Hindu civil code. In 1790, when Governor-General Cornwallis introduced a three-tier court system in Bengal (which was subsequently extended to other parts of India) he included qazis and muftis as “law officers” to assist British judges. The highest criminal court of this system, Sadr Nizamat Adalat, was assisted by the chief qazi of the district and two muftis. In cases pertaining to Muslims it had to apply Islamic law as per the fatwas of these law officers, which were binding on the court. The British judges had to wait till 1817 to overrule the fatwas when a resolution was introduced to repeal their binding character (Rudolph Peters: Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law). Before Cornwallis, Warren Hastings had decreed in 1772 that in matters of inheritance, marriage and other such religious affairs “the laws of the Koran with respect to the Mahomedans and...
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...Management’ on the right bottom; Entire presentation time must not exceed 20-minutes at the maximum. 3. Report and PPT in soft-copy to be mailed into: Mmsem201213@gmail.com, with a CC to priyakenkare@rediffmail.com On or before : 1300hrs of Saturday 5th January, 2013; Water covers over 70% of the Earth’s surface and is a very important resource for people and the environment. Water pollution affects drinking water, rivers, lakes and oceans all over the world. This consequently harms human health and the natural environment. Here we attempt to find out more about water pollution and what we can do to prevent it. Water pollution can come from a number of different sources. If the pollution comes from a single source, such as an oil spill, it is called point-source pollution. If the pollution comes from many sources, it is called nonpoint-source pollution. Most types of pollution affect the immediate area surrounding the source. Sometimes the pollution may affect the environment hundreds of miles away from the source, such as nuclear waste, this is called transboundary pollution. | | | | | | | Indian and American Water Regulation 1.0 WORLD WATER OVERVIEW - UN REPORT According to a recent United Nations report, about one-third of the world’s population lives in countries with...
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...Protection - Recognizing the human right Pursuit to save the environmental life. Rashmi Shukla (Author) and Titiksha Shrivastava (Co-Author) 09/25/2012 Rashmi Shukla1 Titiksha Shrivastava2 Environmental Protection: Recognizing the Human Right Human rights, these are the basic fundamental rights guaranteed to every human under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and rights guaranteed to every citizen of India under the constitution of India. Article 21 of the India constitution has often been referred to as the spirit of Indian constitution, the article states that “Nobody shall be deprived of his Right to life and personal liberty except by the procedure established by law”. Prima facie the Article seems to be very concise but through various precedents and judicial dictions the Indian judiciary has recognized various facets pertaining to the article. The article briefly explains the duty of State to provide safe and healthy environment to its citizens as the part of Directive Principle of State Policy provided under Article 36-51 of the Indian Constitution. This paper seeks to marginalize the relation between human rights and Environmental protection by seeking the relation between environment and its effect on human life. The paper also adjudicates the same on the basis of...
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...FEATURES OF THE ACT……………………………………..……………….9 CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARDS………………………..…...…………11 STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BOARDS……………………..…………………….13 CONCLUSION………………………………………………….………………….……15 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………….…….16 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to take this opportunity to thank my teachers and class mates who have assisted me in successfully completing this project. First of all I thank my professor, Mr. Ashish George for his guidance and support. I thank the librarian for his help in selecting the books and collecting relevant materials. I also thank the University for providing me with the necessary facilities for gathering the information. Finally I thank my classmates who are always approachable with any doubts that I have and also for assisting me in preparing the project. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This paper focuses on the various aspects of the Air Act, 1981. This paper is non doctrinal research and the various concepts regarding the act have been highlighted especially the need and the authorities under the act. The source of information for this paper is mainly articles as well as books regarding the same. The paper starts with a small introduction about air pollution and the need for a legislation to combat the same. Then it goes on to discuss the features of the act especially regarding the norms set out and the punishment in case of violation. It also discusses about the two pollution control boards set u under the act and their powers...
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...all these issues. INDIA- An economic boom and environmental Disaster INDIA- An economic boom and environmental Disaster India, the country’s name is derived from the great ancient civilization that was situated around the river Indus, the Indus Valley Civilization. This is known to be one of the oldest known civilizations in the human history, dating back to 3rd and 2nd millennia B.C. The civilization that began in the northwestern region of India surrounding the Indus River later spread its tribes further across to east and south, covering the whole of present known peninsula of India. (UCLA, nd) India has been ruled by a lot of rulers. They came to India in search of wealth and prosperity. India had a lush and very dense amount of resources, which made it one of the most flourishing countries of that period. India at that time had very good trade relations with the Middle Eastern, Persian, European and Afghanistan etc. India traded goods like cotton, spices, gold and silk. In the recent history, India has been ruled by the Persian-Arab Mughals and later by British Imperials. (Mark, 2012) The Mughals and the British were the most influential rulers in the Indian ecological history. They Mughals were greatly responsible for bringing in architecture and art to India. They constructed many monuments and embezzled these monuments with precious stones and gold. The British are responsible for bringing in modern elements like trains to India. While the Mughals...
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...CONSTITUTION AND ENVIROMENTAL LAW Environmental protection has found a special mention in the Indian constitution. The preamble to the Constitution provides that our country is based on socialistic pattern of society. The basic aim of socialism is to provide a decent standard of living to all, which can be possible only in a pollution free environment. Also, in a democratic republic, people have the right to know and access information on government policies which is very important for the success of environmental policies. The starting point of environmental protection is the fundamental rights and directive principles of state policy which underline our national commitment to protect and improve the environment. The interpretation given to article 21 of the Constitution contained in the Fundamental Rights has added new dimensions to the quality of life and its relating effect on the environment. The Constitution of India as originally enacted did not contain any specific provision to deal with environmental pollution though Article 47 made an indirect reference to improvement of public health as one of the primary duties of the state. Article 51 (c) provides that the state shall endeavour to foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of organised peoples with one and another. Article 253 of the Constitution specifically empowers parliament to make any law for the whole or part of india for implementing any treaty, agreement or convention...
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...prescribed by the BAR COUNCIL OF INDIA and as per the Rules of Legal Education, 2008) Effective from the academic year 2011-12 THREE YEARS’ LL.B. POGRAMME First LL. B. Semester – I FIRST LL.B. - SEMESTER 1 (MONSOON) PER WEEK CORE COURSE 101 SUBJECTS Law of Tort including MV Accident And Consumer Protection Laws Criminal Law Paper – I (General Principles of Penal Law) Criminal Law Paper – II (Specific Offences) Law of Contract Special Contract Constitutional History of India Use of Law Journals and Legal Software LECTURES 4 OTHERS 1 TOTAL 5 CREDITS (SEM)29 5 CORE COURSE 102 CORE COURSE 103 CORE COURSE 104 CORE COURSE 105 FOUNDATION 106 F SOFT SKILL 107 K 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 2 2 5 5 5 5 2 2 1 Semester – I Monsoon Semester CORE COURSE 101 : LAW OF TORT INCLUDING MV ACCIDENT AND CONSUMER PROTECTION LAWS Objectives of the course : With rapid industrialization, tort action came to used against manufacturers and industrial unit for products injurious to human beings. Presently the emphasis is on extending the principles not only to acts, which are harmful, but also to failure to comply with standards that are continuously changing due to advancement in science and technology. Product liability is now assuming a new dimension in developed economics. In modern era of consumer concern of goods and services, the law of torts has an added significance with this forage into the emerging law of consumer protection. It operates...
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...ENVIRONMENTAL LEGESLATIONS IN INDIA: In today's world the conservation, protection and improvement of human environment are major issues all over the world. Human environment consists of physical environment and biological environment. Physical environment covers land, water and air. Biological environment includes plants, animals and other organisms. Industrialization, urbanization, explosion of population, over exploitation, disruption of natural ecological balances, destruction of plant and animal species for economic reasons are the major reasons behind environment deterioration. Our country’s degradation of environment degrades the global environment. Therefore, it is all the more important to have legislations to protect our environment. 1.Introduction In the Constitution of India it is stated that it is the duty of the state to ‘protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country’. It is the duty on every citizen ‘to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife'. The Department of Environment was established in India in 1980 to ensure a healthy environment for the country. This later came to be known as the Ministry of Environment and Forests in 1985. The constitutional provisions are backed by a number of laws – act and rules. The Environment Protection Act ,1986 came into force and is considered an umbrella legislation as it fills many gaps in the existing laws. However, there are...
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...In recent years there have been many legal changes made in India that have affected how firms run their business. The introduction of discrimination, and disability discrimination, an increase in the minimum wage and greater requirements for companies to recycle are a few examples of relatively recent laws that have been introduced and had a huge effect on an organisations actions. In recent years there have been many legal changes made in India that have affected how firms run their business. The introduction of discrimination, and disability discrimination, an increase in the minimum wage and greater requirements for companies to recycle are a few examples of relatively recent laws that have been introduced and had a huge effect on an organisations actions. Industrialisation and Urbanisation have resulted in a profound deterioration of India’s air quality with the highest number of air pollution deaths coming from India. Water pollution is also another major concern in India with most of their waters being contaminated with sewage and chemical wastes. Limited water treatment facilities means that people bath in and drink this water which carries extremely high health risks. Industrialisation and Urbanisation have resulted in a profound deterioration of India’s air quality with the highest number of air pollution deaths coming from India. Water pollution is also another major concern in India with most of their waters being contaminated with sewage and chemical wastes....
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...Hyderabad, India, also known as Hi-Tech city for its tremendous contribution in IT sector. Being a municipal corporation in early 1900’s, Hyderabad has grown in size and activities in early 2010 and thus was made a Greater Municipal cooperation. Still accommodating more and more IT firms in the heart of the city has led to many environmental issues like, dense pollution, low quality of air, water pollution, solid waste pollution etc. Air pollution is, by far is the biggest concern in my locality, followed by bad roads and industrial emissions. Every increasing motors vehicles and their activities, rapid rate of industrialization, wide spread construction activities has contributed to poor air quality in Hyderabad. Resulting in poor health for citizens and premature death in carrying mothers. According to Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), respirable suspended particulate matter level in my city is on rise and it might cross the acceptable limit soon. According to Times of India, a famous national News daily, 20% of lung cancer patients who die in the city are exposed to high levels of air pollution. Central Pollution control board (CPCB), a government organisation has supported this argument, stating that, air in Hyderabad is dangerously laced with carcinogenic agent benzene. On the national level, Anumita Roychoudhury, Executive director of Centre for Science and Environment, India stated that “Half of Indian Urban population breathes air laced with particle pollution that has...
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...company in the world in 2013. Frame work Is Tata Steel Limited successful just because it is using the right market strategy? Is Tata Steel Limited earning a big profit just because the workers are hard-working? In this essay, I will be using PESTEL and Porter’s Five Forces as my main models to analysis Tata Steel Limited. The purpose of doing this research is to see how Tata Steel Limited managing the business tremendously successful in a real market by applying these analysis methods. Political Factor At all times, government is always acting an key role in the development of different industries. It takes charge of the labor law, tax policy, tariffs, environmental law, trade restrictions and political stability. Political factor may also include what the government wants to provide or not to provide. After 200 years ruled by the British, India became an independent nation in 1947 and India’s economy changed to a free market economy in 1991. Government put a lot effort to change the economy. They increased the infrastructure spending and transportation cost, making the steel companies to be more globally competitive. In 1991, the government had reformed the economic; they added new dimensions into the industrial growth. Some of the important features due to liberalization were abolishing the licensing requirement, removing the steel industry from the list of industries reserved for the state...
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...countries of the world. Often, these countries have extremely poor environmental situations. In many Third World nations, pollution is unrestricted. Countless other environmental problems are also not addressed by the government. Usually, creating and enforcing environmental regulations would be economically disastrous for a poor country. As a result, it is forced to choose between buying food and having a clean environment. Often, rich Western countries take advantage of the dilemma of Third World countries. They dump garbage and hazardous waste in developing countries. First World companies might also build plants, which emit considerable pollution, in Third World nations to avoid the regulations these companies would face at home. Some transnational corporations that produce chemicals deemed overly dangerous in the First World find a market in the Third World. There, governments cannot restrict usage of these chemicals because it would be too costly to citizens trying to make a living. Countries in Latin America, Eastern Europe, Africa, and Asia are the greatest victims of this environmental inequality. In addition to problems created by development and industrialization, poorer nations also suffer environmental difficulties caused by poverty and war, among other causes. Many environmental problems arise in the Third World. Air pollution, water pollution , deforestation, desertification, soil erosion, and poisoning of the environment are among the largest of these. Third World...
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...Import into Forum Countries of Hazardous Waste and to Control the Trans boundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes within the Pacific (Waigami Convention) • International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of Ships (MARPOL 73/78) • International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response, and Co-Operation (OPRC) • Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer • The Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade (PIC) • The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPS) • International Organizations and Programs Source: http://www.epa.gov/oswer/international/factsheets/200610-international-chemical-hazards.htm In India,The Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 was introduced under Sections of the Environment (Protection) Act of 1986. These rules provide for control of generation, collection, treatment, transport, import, storage and disposal of wastes. The act along with its amendments is now superseded by the Hazardous Waste(Management, Handling & Transboundary Movement) rules,2008. In addition the Ministry of Environment and Forests(MOEF), which is the primary agency in the country for control of pollution in India, issued Guidelines in 1991 for Management and Handling of Hazardous Wastes for generators, transport of hazardous waste, and for owners/operators of facilities for hazardous waste storage, treatment and disposal....
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...PESTLE ANALYSIS: INDIA POLITICAL ANALYSIS Democracy is the focal point of the Indian political system, but is often constrained by social tensions due to religious, caste and linguistic differences. Some of the communal flare-ups—such as Babri Masjid in 1992, Godhra in 2002, and the large exodus of India’s northeastern migrants from the southern cities in 2012 due to fear of attacks by Muslims— have rocked the whole country in the past. In 2013, the country again witnessed communal riots between Jat Hindus and Muslims in the town of Muzaffarnagar (located in the state of Uttar Pradesh), which has been deemed as ―the worst instance of political violence in the country in the last decade‖. In addition, the government’s assent to the creation of a new state of Telangana in southern India has brought intensified demands for new states in other parts of the country, either on ethnic lines or for better administration. Current strengths Strong democratic setup India is the largest democratic nation in the world and principles of democracy are deeply entrenched in the Indian political system. Indian diversity is reflected in the federal political structure of government, where power is shared between states and the center. There are national level elections, state level elections, municipal elections and panchayat (village) level elections, all of which require citizens to exercise their vote. As per the World Bank’s Worldwide governance Indicators, India ranked in the 58...
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