...Island Power Systems Nowadays energy consumption is growing with a very big rate. As result, we need to produce more electricity. Despite of technological progress there are many areas in the world without electrical provision or with a very bad quality of it. Such places are characterized with remote location from big cities with power stations and electrical grids. There are two possible solutions to this problem: extension of the interconnected network or building of a stand alone power system. The aim of this essay to describe key points that must be taken into account for making better choice between these variants by the example of three types of community with using of renewable energy. Let’s consider the key factors which must be taken into account when making the decision of whether to extend the interconnected network or to build a stand alone power system. First, we should pay attention on the distance between remote community and the grid. If it is too long, it is not effective to extent the grid because of costs, safety risks, efficiency. In addition, we need to know consuming level of energy by the community and its daily distribution. Therefore, we will have to meet existing sweeps and swags for better quality of electrical provision, regular work of electronics and lightning. Probably energy storages will be used for it. Also weather conditions are important for the decision. They have influence on a choice of a kind of renewable energy that will be used....
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...Case Study Analysis on Husk Power System MP130** | Name | 71 | Mr. Vivek Banka | 59 | Mr. Somen Dutta | 30 | Mr. Kumar Amitabh | 18 | Mr. Ashutosh Prasad | Submitted by : (A) Case summary India has a serious shortage of electricity, and people living in villages suffer the most. this is particularly acute in the state of Bihar, where even for those that are connected, the supply is very unreliable. Most households have to use kerosene for lighting, and businesses turn to diesel generators for power. The founders of HPS looked for affordable ways to address this shortage of electricity, and identified the potential for making gas from rice husk – a plentiful local resource – and using this for power generation at village level. The objective of HPS was to provide a comparatively cheaper, eco friendly, reliable power system for the poor living in the rural and remote areas of Bihar (initially), while making sufficient profit to ensure that the business model could function smoothly in the long run. To achieve its objectives, HPS carried out a detailed study before setting up the husk power plant. It first tried to understand the types of electricity, existing source of energy, and the per kWh (kilowatt hour) cost to the target customers. The business model of HPS was well suited for Indian environment and the country’s demographics and geography spoke loudly to the market size and to the potential entry barriers and operational challenges. So the market’s...
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...Stability of Power Systems Student’s Name The Name of the Class (Course) Professor (Tutor) The Name of the School (University) The City and State where it is located The Date Date of Submission Stability of Power Systems Power systems are studied under the branch of engineering known as power (systems) engineering. The subfield is concerned with the study of how electric power is generated, transmitted, distributed, and utilized. It also analyzes the electrical and electronics devices and gadgets that are connected to the power systems to assist in their functioning. Such devices include motors, transformers, and generators. Such devices offer optimal functionality when they are used under the right conditions and when they are stable. Stability is of critical importance to power systems. As such, this essay describes some of the fundamental concepts of the stability of power systems. It also highlights how balance is achieved in a synchronous generator. A system is said to be stable if it can regain its normal equilibrium state after an imposed disturbance is removed. Power system stability is referenced from a particular initial operating condition. As such, a system is said to be stable if the opposing forces within it are balanced and at a perfect equilibrium. Instability is caused by imbalance sustained when the opposing forces are not equal. The resulting disturbance causes instability within the power system (Grigsby 2012, p. 10). ...
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...Stability of Power Systems Student’s Name The Name of the Class (Course) Professor (Tutor) The Name of the School (University) The City and State where it is located The Date Date of Submission Stability of Power Systems Power systems are studied under the branch of engineering known as power (systems) engineering. The subfield is concerned with the study of how electric power is generated, transmitted, distributed, and utilized. It also analyzes the electrical and electronics devices and gadgets that are connected to the power systems to assist in their functioning. Such devices include motors, transformers, and generators. Such devices offer optimal functionality when they are used under the right conditions and when they are stable. Stability is of critical importance to power systems. As such, this essay describes some of the fundamental concepts of the stability of power systems. It also highlights how balance is achieved in a synchronous generator. A system is said to be stable if it can regain its normal equilibrium state after an imposed disturbance is removed. Power system stability is referenced from a particular initial operating condition. As such, a system is said to be stable if the opposing forces within it are balanced and at a perfect equilibrium. Instability is caused by imbalance sustained when the opposing forces are not equal. The resulting disturbance causes instability within the power system (Grigsby 2012, p...
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...Australia’s Federal system is significant in ensuring the operation of parliaments, legislations and laws, and governments to maintain peace and justice in society. The federal system can be defined as a constitutional system that separates power among a dominant commonwealth government and inferior regional governments. It was inherited from Indigenous custodians but invasion emerged by the colonisation of British-European settlers since the arrival of the First Fleet in 1788, leading to a ‘new federal system’. For this Federal system in Australia to operate effectively it requires the: separation of powers that separates equal power between the Commonwealth and the states, division of powers which divides legislative power between federal...
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...Nuclear Reactor Power Plant Control Systems Mechatronics Professor 13 October 2013 Table of Contents Heading Page # Introduction History Safety Control Systems Coolants Pressurizer Moderator Control Rods Regulations Disposal Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Control systems are an integral part of the nuclear reactor and without the implementation of an effective control system along with constant monitoring and maintenance catastrophic accidents will occur. This report will introduce the important control systems found in many of the most common nuclear reactors along with an explanation on how they work and how they're implemented. First we must go back into the histories to gain a better understanding of why these control systems are so important and consequences that resulted when control systems are not implements or not used properly. History To know the history of nuclear power plants, one must first understand what a nuclear power plant is. A nuclear power plant is very similar to that of any other steam-electric power plant, in that water is heated and the steam from the water turns turbines, thus creating electricity. The major difference is how the power plant generates heat. The source of the heat from nuclear power plants comes from nuclear fission, rather than from coal, oil or gas. In 1934, a physicist by the name of Enrico Fermi conducted the first experiments that resulted...
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...AND UNINTERRUPTIBLE AC POWER BACK-UP SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION Fermilab utilizes a variety of emergency AC power systems to provide back-up power to critical loads in the event of power outages. Larger such systems are gas or diesel powered motor-generators. This chapter does not specifically cover these larger systems. Smaller systems are normally powered by the AC electrical distribution system and employ DC batteries for energy storage of sufficient capacity to back-up the protected load for a specific time period. A first version of the smaller type tolerates an interruption of power to the load and is commonly known as an Interruptible Power Supply (IPS). The IPS type system is typically used for emergency egress lighting. The requirements for testing, documenting and repairing emergency egress lighting are specifically addressed in FESHM Chapter 6011 - “PERIODIC TESTING OF EMERGENCY LIGHTS’. The more common version of the emergency power back-up system is the Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) which provides continuous uninterrupted AC power to selected loads. The UPS finds use in backing up computer related systems, critical loads (such as the Comm Center), and also emergency egress lighting systems. The voltage output of IPS and UPS systems are typically 120 or 277 VAC. The ampacity of these systems, rated in KVA, and time of being able to provide emergency power vary from system to system. Both the IPS and UPS type systems employ Direct Current (DC)...
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...DEVEOLPMENT OF BIOMETRICALLY CONTROLLED DOOR SYSTEM (USING IRIS), WITH POWER BACKUP ABSTRACT Doors are known to provide major functions such as protection, safety to a building or place from any invasion. Therefore, the capability of a door system to provide privacy and security when demanded is worthwhile. Automatic door is a new way of creating doors without the need to manually apply force in the case of doors with handles or keys. Using a computer to control the opening and closing of the door with the use of programming skills makes the door more flexible and adaptable to changes when required. The biometrics technology based on Iris recognition can be used in the development and automation of security doors. Biometrics as a form of software technology is applicable in automation to create security and restrict unrecognized assessment of the machine infrastructure. Biometrics is a human identification/authentication technology based on physical, biological, and behavioral characteristics. These characteristics include face, fingerprint, iris, voice, and hand geometry. Compared to traditional authentication methods, biometrics is more reliable and convenient. Among them, it is reported that iris is one of the most reliable biometrics. The major construction of the door prototype with electric circuit design was carried out and the development of an iris recognition software using MATLAB to interface with the...
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...ELEC C4612 Po ower Sys stem Ana alysis Midsess sion SOL LUTION ( (Session 1, 2016) n QUES STION 1 For the system sho own in Figu 1, comp ure pute the matrix. T system has an off-nominal The tap chan nging transformer betw ween buses 1 and 2 wi a tap setting of 1.03 The line b ith 3. between buses 1 and 4 has half line charging sus sceptance o 0.25 pu at each end. There is a mutual of a . ng u d own. couplin of 0.15 pu between lines 2-3 and 4-3 as sho 2 t = 1.03 1 3 j0.45 j0.4 4 j0.15 j0.1 j0. 2 j0.3 j0.1 4 Figure 1 on Solutio etween line 2-3 and 4-3 es Mutual coupling be = = 0.4 0.15 5 0.15 0.1 0 3 − 2 3 − 4 3 − 2 − 5.7143 8.5714 = 8.5714 3 − 4 8.5714 Buildin block matrix ng Tempor rary values are, = − 5.7143 =− 2 2.8571 = − 2.8571 = − 11.4286 = 8.5714 = 14 4.2857 = 8.57 714 = 14.2 2857 = − 22 2.8571 Tap changing transformer in line 1-2 1 = = − 2.222 0.45 . . = = − 2.1575, = . Temporary values are, = − 2.0947 = 2.1575 = 2.1575 = − 2.2222 ( . . ) = 0.0628, = . ( . . ) = − 0.0647 Line 1-4 with half line charging susceptance of j0.25 at each end = = − 3.3333, = 0.25, = 0.25 . The =− = = = =− = = =− = =− matrix is therefore, 3.3333 + 0.25 − 2.0947 = − 5.178 = 2.1575 =0 = 3.3333 2.2222 − 5.7143 = − 7.9365 = − 2.8571 = 8.5714 11.4286 = 14.2857 3.3333 + 0.25 − 22.8571 = − 25.9404 ...
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...GKE1 Task 3, Historical Systems of Power and Authority Part A The rise of colonialism in North America occurred in the 1600’s by the British. Britain had sent to North America, colonists which were to establish new settlements in the name of the crown and Britain. Most of the colonists were privately funded with endorsement by the British government. The Idea of colonization was to establish settlements for the purpose of expanding a trade base for economic purposes. Britain colonized North America basically because they had a limited amount of land and natural resources, North America presented a great opportunity to expand their land holdings and create a source for raw materials. Britain still considered the colonists to be British citizens and therefore were expected to abide by rules and laws established by Britain for the colonists. Britain exerted tight control of the colonists through laws and acts that were specifically designed for the benefit of Britain. The needs of Britain were always put first before the needs of the colonists. Acts and taxes were put in place as a means to control trade and make sure that monetary items were received by Britain. The economic cycle was one of Britain obtained raw materials cheaply from the colonies, the goods were finished in England and sold back to the colonists for large profits. The colonies in North America were strictly established for the economic benefit of Britain. Also there was great prestige in this era that came from...
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...car 8) Service interphone - 3 groups 9) Cockpit to Ground – P40 Maintenance Documents 10) AIMS - Airplane information management system P1 301-to-309 = Servicing 401-to-499 = Removal & Installation 11) ATA – Servicing chapters (12) 12) DDG – Dispatch Deviations Guide i) Section 2 – MMEL ii) Section 3 – CDL 13) Failure Fault Code = 8 Digits Maintenance Message = 7 Digits 14) Wing to Body Fairing with composite panels are with honeycomb structure. 15) ELMS = 7 Panels P100, P200 = LH, RH Power Panel Controller Respectively *P200 Heavy Loads P320 = Ground Handling TR Unit 16) How are batteries (Main APU) charged? – Charged from Ground Sevice Bus 17) E-10 Rack = APU battery & Charger 18) IDG (integrated drive generator) to LRUS (Line replaceable units) = i) two filters ii) Remote Oil Sensors 19) IDG Servicing when i) Service Indication ii) Underfill/Overfill You must do a IDG Shutdown + 10mins 20) Location of Backup Generator Supplement cooling fan : MEC RHS 21) Number of Permanent Backup Generators : (3) 22) Treat as Emergency Power Source = Main battery & R.A.T 23) Rack located = Aft right main landing gear wheel well. 24) GH Bus Pri Ext Power – TopPriority APU – 2nd Sec Ext Power – 3rd 25) No of...
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...INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON SMART SENSING AND INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS, VOL. 3, NO. 4, DECEMBER 2010 Microcontroller based Power Efficient Signal Conditioning Unit for Detection of a Single Gas using MEMS based Sensor P. Bhattacharyya*, D. Verma and D.Banerjee Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur- 711103, Howrah, West Bengal, India *Corresponding author: Tel.: +913326684561; fax: +913326682916 E-mail: pb_etc_besu@yahoo.com Abstract-A low power MEMS based sensor along with the embedded power efficient signal conditioning unit (Microcontroller based), which can be used with any suitable sensor-network to detect and quantify variations in a particular gas concentration, has been reported in this paper. The power consumption of the MEMS gas sensor is ~ 70mW to 100mW depending upon its operating temperature (150-250°C) and that of entire signal conditioning unit (consisting of low noise amplifier, switch, microcontroller and power management chip) is ~ 36mW in the ON state and only ~7.2µW in OFF state (sleep mode). The test gas in this particular case was methane for which sensor resistance varied from 100KΩ to 10KΩ. This hybrid sensor system is very much suitable for detecting a single gas with display of corresponding gas concentrations and subsequent alarming if the threshold limit is crossed. Index terms: MEMS, Gas sensor, Low power, Microcontroller, Signal Conditioning I. INTRODUCTION A Signal-conditioning...
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...wireless sensors are becoming an active topic of research. Advances in hardware technology and engineering design have led to dramatic reductions in size, power consumption and cost for digital circuitry, wireless communications and Micro ElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS). This has enabled very compact, autonomous and mobile nodes, each containing one or more sensors, computation and communication capabilities, and a power supply. The missing ingredient is the networking and applications layers needed to harness this revolutionary capability into a complete system. We review the key elements of the emergent technology of “Smart Dust” and outline the research challenges they present to the mobile networking and systems community, which must provide coherent connectivity to large numbers of mobile network nodes co-located within a small volume. “Smart Dust.” It is certainly within the realm of possibility that future prototypes of Smart Dust could be small enough to remain suspended in air, buoyed by air currents, sensing and communicating for hours or days on end. At least one popular science fiction book has articulated just such a vision [12]. In this paper, we are concerned with the networking and applications challenges presented by this radical new technology. These kinds of networking nodes must consume extremely low power, communicate at bit rates measured in kilobits per second, and potentially need to operate in high volumetric densities. These requirements dictate the need...
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...the new system. And they could not introduce the new system in a step bystep format so they can be more aware day by day on what is going to be changing in the future.Here are the changes that can be recommended for the new system:- Specify the different kind of costs (fixed and variable), so that managers can have an idea of thedifferences and variations of each type of costs.- Implement the proper training for the managers, so that they do not make any mistakes which cancreate problems for others.- Elaborate the correct verification of the data so it does not create differences of opinions or mistakes from period to period. 4. The first issue was about how to evaluate managers’ performances in situations where the numbers were distorted by uncontrollable factors. So Rob Cushman could try to dothe following:- Call some energy companies and ask them to diagnose the transformer problem further and figureout if there any other ways to fix the problem permanently.- Have some back up electrical units, such as generators, just in case the power failure continues toexist.- See if there is a pattern in the power failures. If there is, try to set a schedule around the power cutand work as fast an efficient as possible while power is still available.The second was an issue as to whether to increase the proportion of total compensationthat was linked to individual performance evaluations. And Rob Cushman could figurethis out by doing the following:- Create a report based system where managers...
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...Milgram’s Agency Theory |Following on from his research, Milgram proposed the Agency Theory as an explanation for why people behave the way they do, | |especially when it comes to being obedient. He suggested that participants in his studies were in an agentic state, acting as | |an agent for the experimenter even though they were under moral strain. There is an EVOLUTIONARY aspect to Agency Theory – | |likely that humans who worked on a hierarchical social system were more likely to survive. It is also likely there is a | |LEARNED aspect to being in an agentic state, as schools and other social systems rely on power structures and on people | |obeying those in authority. | [pic] [pic] [pic][pic] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ...
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