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Island Power Systems

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Island Power Systems
Nowadays energy consumption is growing with a very big rate. As result, we need to produce more electricity. Despite of technological progress there are many areas in the world without electrical provision or with a very bad quality of it. Such places are characterized with remote location from big cities with power stations and electrical grids. There are two possible solutions to this problem: extension of the interconnected network or building of a stand alone power system. The aim of this essay to describe key points that must be taken into account for making better choice between these variants by the example of three types of community with using of renewable energy.

Let’s consider the key factors which must be taken into account when making the decision of whether to extend the interconnected network or to build a stand alone power system. First, we should pay attention on the distance between remote community and the grid. If it is too long, it is not effective to extent the grid because of costs, safety risks, efficiency. In addition, we need to know consuming level of energy by the community and its daily distribution. Therefore, we will have to meet existing sweeps and swags for better quality of electrical provision, regular work of electronics and lightning. Probably energy storages will be used for it. Also weather conditions are important for the decision. They have influence on a choice of a kind of renewable energy that will be used.

Consider a small community of 30 people, with a very modest electricity demand in a developing country, on the mainland and with a hot dry climate. Due to high temperatures, wires are extended. Slack of wires in summer is much larger than in the winter. It happens because of linear expansion of material: ∆l=α*l0*∆t, where α - linear thermal expansion coefficient, l0- length of the body at absolute zero, ∆t - the temperature variation with respect to 0 ° C [1]. When the length of the AC power lines is over several thousand kilometers, there is another kind of loss - radio waves. As result, probability of breaking of new grid between the community and the existing grid will increase. In addition, energy consumption there is low, so it is not required spend money on extension of the grid. It is better to create a solar power plant in view of hot weather conditions. Of course, energy storages should be installed too. They will meet energy consumption during night when there is no the sun.

The second example is a medium sized community, 100 people, with modern electrical appliances, on a remote northern European island. It needs a lot of money to extend the grid. In addition, probability of theft of electricity growths up. People can connect to the grid illegally and create losses of energy and dangerous accidence. In this case, we can use a wind power station because of a strong wind on the island. It should be offshore wind station because, in many cases, islands do not have a very large size. Energy storages with charge when there production of excess energy will be and then meet the peaks of consumption. Another variant to safe excess energy is to use hydro-generators. They will transform water from bottom tank to up tank during a low energy consumption, and flow this water down during a high demand of energy. Such system gives good result on Foula (one of the Shetland Islands group, north of Scotland) [2]. Also we should think about connection between wind turbines. It is better to use looped configuration instead of radial configuration. It will be decrease the number of turned off turbines in case of some of them will be broken, also it make ease to detect place of damage and repair of it [3].

The last case is a new hotel on an island, 10 km from the mainland, in the Mediterranean sea, holding up to 200 guests in the peak season. It is obvious that this island needs much more amount of energy during the peak season then when tourist leave this place. It is better to use offshore wind power plant in combination with solar batteries (islands of Mediterranean sea have a lot of the sun), hydro-generators and energy storages to meet these peaks. May be 10 km is not such large distance for extension of the grid from mainland. However, there is a problem with seawater around the island. It will be difficult to build floating power lines.

It should be mentioned that it better to have diesel-generator in case of damage of stations.
In conclusion, it is better to build a stand alone power system for remote communities instead of extension of the grid. First, it makes them independent from the total grid. Second, such remote communities locate on small islands with small population and hence low energy consumption. So they can use renewable kinds of energy such as wind plants (offshore and inshore), solar power plants, energy storages and hydro-generators that will perfectly meet energy consumption of people. Most effective local power systems are chosen depending on such key points as weather conditions, level of energy consumption, size of area, distance from the grid, quality of supply, the terrain and possibility of energy theft.

References
1. http://www.fizika.ru/fakultat/index.php?theme=6&id=6218
2. Island Power Systems and Offshore Networks, Newcastle University School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, materials from class of Smart grids at Skoltech
3. Pechey, J. and Taylor, P. and Dixon, R. and Lawson, M. and Dinning, A. (2004) 'The role of medium voltage electrical system design in risk management for o_shore wind farms.', Wind engineering., 28 (5). pp. 489-502.

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