...the data constructed by PowerCo to determine the potential profit or loss of building a new power generator. Because of the increase in demand, the current power plant will not be able to supply the demand for electricity over the next 10-12 yrs. A proposal has been made, and this report will determine if a new power generator should be constructed. Present Value (Pv) of Expected cost, Cf=Cash flow Pv=Cft/(1+r)˄t Year Expected Cost in Millions Calculation Present Value in Millions 1 25 Pv=25/(1+.08)˄1 23.14825 2 28 Pv=28/(1+.08)˄1 24.00552 47.15377 The Present Value of the expected cost for the new generator is $47,153,770. Present Value of the expected after tax cash profits Pv=Cft/(1+i)˄t Year Expected Cost in Million Calculation Present Value in Millions 3 6 Pv=6/(1+.08)˄3 4.76299 4 7 Pv=7/(1+.08)˄4 5.14521 5 8 Pv=8/(1+.08)˄5 5.44466 6 9 Pv=9/(1+.08)˄6 5.67152 7 9 Pv=9/(1+.08)˄7 5.25141 8 9 Pv=9/(1+.08)˄8 4.86241 9 9 Pv=9/(1+.08)˄9 4.50224 10 9 Pv=9/(1+.08)˄10 4.16874 11 9 Pv=9/(1+.08)˄11 3.85994 12 9 Pv=9/(1+.08)˄12 3.57402 47.24314 The Present Value of the expected after tax cash profits $47,243,140 The Present Value of the expected cost for the new generator is $47,153,770, and the Present...
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...Busybizz Generator services in Bangalore – used for both prime or backup (emergency) power – should be regularly maintained to ensure they offer nice strength at some stage in their carrier life. large businesses who very own many Generator services in Bangalore or those who rely upon genets extensively for top power, may additionally require an in-residence engineer to preserve their genets. Smaller agencies, or customers who own a generator to provide backup electricity within the occasion of an outage, may set up preservation contracts with generator dealers and/or electrical contractors to keep their genets. In either example, the existence-cycle of energy turbines is nicely hooked up and documented making ordinary upkeep pretty directly-ahead. quality generator maintenance practice is following the upkeep time table supplied by way of the producer of the generator. The lengthy brilliant use of mills over the years has supplied the important knowledge to are expecting while certain additives will fail or be in want of carrier. a fairly dependable preservation agenda can commonly be received from the manufacturer and can be hired by way of a nearby generators offerings in Bangalore provider or other electric contractors/engineers with revel in in energy generation. Adhering to this time table will make sure maximum provider time for the generator and right operation while it's far referred to as upon to offer energy. big generator manufacturers have mounted maintenance plans...
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...huma/mechanical energy or pedal power with the use of our Bicycle Charger. A Pedal Powered generator provides a method of generating electricity by means of a modified exercise bike for use in energy storage and running portable devices. Human.mechanical energy is converted by a belt-liked cloth to a bike dick brake. The energy created by the DC generator can be stored in various types of lead-acid batteries. Energy stored in battery form can act as a supplemental energy source for battery banks that may already bu used for wind, hydro and photovoltaic systems. Also, energy that is stored within the lead-acid battery can be utilizrd as DC current for use in DC appliances such as those found in automotive mobile homes. If Alternating Current (AC) appliances are in place then an inventer must be used to transfer the 12 volts of DC current into the standard 110 volts of AC current for usage by these appliances. Pedal power is the source of getting energy from humans. It can be described as the transfer of energy generated through the movement of human feet and hands in some cases. Humans used the pedal power to impel bicycles for centuries. In the primeval time all the machinery was manual and required the physocal energy to run them. This use of pedal power proved to be really helpful to perform even hard labor tasks. Pedal power was the base of the industry for many years. The idea of pedal power generators emerged from the wind turbines. Recent trend towards the use of bicycle again has...
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...be no less than 50% of the maximum flow during a given calendar day. The existing generating units were typical fixed-blade propeller turbines with a very narrow range of efficient operation, so they could not effectively meet this new requirement. We Energies evaluated several options for addressing the new operating regime including spilling the required low flow when necessary, installation of a minimum flow turbine-generator unit, and conversion of one of the propeller units to full adjustable blade Kaplan operation. The Kaplan conversion was chosen as the most effective option to improve the operating efficiency and flexibility of the plant while achieving the required low flow operating capability. This paper describes the Owner’s planning process that resulted in the decision to convert the unit from fixed to adjustable blade operation. The conversion not only replaced the turbine runner but required the integration of a blade control system to work with the existing governor. In addition, the mechanical and electrical capabilities of the existing generator were evaluated to address the increased turbine output and higher overspeeds. The hydraulic and mechanical design aspects...
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...ELECTRICITY HISTORY | | Click Here for E-Book Details | Click Here for E-Book Details | Depite what you have learned, Benjamin Franklin did not "invent" electricity. In fact, electricity did not begin when Benjamin Franklin at when he flew his kite during a thunderstorm or when light bulbs were installed in houses all around the world.The truth is that electricity has always been around because it naturally exists in the world. Lightning, for instance, is simply a flow of electrons between the ground and the clouds. When you touch something and get a shock, that is really static electricity moving toward you.Hence, electrical equipment like motors, light bulbs, and batteries aren't needed for electricity to exist. They are just creative inventions designed to harness and use electricity.The first discoveries of electricity were made back in ancient Greece. Greek philosophers discovered that when amber is rubbed against cloth, lightweight objects will stick to it. This is the basis of static electricity.Over the centuries, there have been many discoveries made about electricity. We've all heard of famous people like Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Edison, but there have been many other inventors throughout history that were each a part in the development of electricity.Electricity PersonalitiesBenjamin FranklinFranklin was an American writer, publisher, scientist and diplomat, who helped to draw up the famous Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution. In 1752...
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...INTRODUCTION: A synchronous machine rotates at a constant speed in the steady state. Unlike induction machine the rotating air gap field and the rotor in the synchronous machine rotate at the same speed called the synchronous speed. A synchronous machine can operate as both motor and generator. They are used primarily as electrical power generators. They are usually large machines generating electrical power at hydro, nuclear or thermal power stations. Synchronous generators with power rating of several hundred MVAs are quite common in generating stations. Synchronous generators are the primary energy conversion devices of the world’s electrical power systems today. Because the rotor speed is proportional to the frequency of excitation, synchronous motors can be used in situations where constant speed drive is required. In industry, synchronous motors are used mainly where constant speed is desired. In industrial drivers, therefore synchronous motors are not as widely used as induction or dc motors a linear version of the synchronous motor (LSM) is being considered for high speed transportation systems of the future. An important feature of the synchronous motor is that it can drop either lagging or leading reactive current from the ac supply systems. A synchronous machine is a doubly excited machine. Its rotor poles are excited by a dc current and its starter buildings are connected to the ac supply. The air gap flux is therefore the resultant of the fluxes due to both...
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...analysis, the power system network to be studied is designed and simulated using the software, CYME 5.02 Power System Simulation Software. The system chosen for the study is that of a two machines system, involving two synchronous generators connected to a substation grid through circuit transmission lines. In order to gain much further comparison of the results, it is considered also the two different types of synchronous generators’ rotor types, salient-pole rotor and non-salient pole (round) type rotor. Transient stability studies are associated to the effects of faults on the synchronism of the generators. These disturbances may include faults on loss of load, loss of generation or loss of system components such as transformers or transmission lines. When fault is applied, the power generated from the nearby machine is reduced, producing speed differences during the time interval of the fault occurrence. Fig 1. Two machines system When the generator electrical load is suddenly increased, the electrical power exceeds the mechanical power input. This power deficiency is supplied by the kinetic energy stored in the rotating system. The reduction in kinetic energy resulted turbine speed to drop and as well as the frequency of the generator. This change of speed can be adjusted by a governor, which is an attachment to a machine for automatic control or limitation speed; it controls the energy through the prime mover to control its power. Governor changes the input valve...
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...Describe the main features of a DC electric motor and the role of each feature - Electrical motors can be classified as either: o DC (direct current) motors: or o AC (alternating current) motors - The commutator DC motor consists of: o An Armature (the rotor) o A magnetic field produced by permanent magnets or by electromagnets. It is equivalent to the stator o A commutator to reverse the direction of the current o Connecting brushes to take the current to and from the armature - The armature is made up of a large number of coils (or turns) wrapped around an iron core that is free to rotate about a horizontal axis (hence the rotor). These coils are arranged at angles to each other. (To minimize the air gap between the armatures conductors and the stator, the conductors are often imbedded in slots cut longitudinally into the metal core. - In its simplest form the field structure (stator) is made with permanent magnets (called field magnets), but also can be made from electromagnets (called field coils). The stator is approximately circular as this improves the smoothness of the torque. - In its simplest form the split ring commutator consists of a copper cylinder divided in two electrically separated halves. Each half is connected to one side of the armature. - Brushes are graphite pieces in their simplest form, which make contact with the commutator as t rotates. Springs ensure that the brushes are held firmly against the commutator. - The coil can be considered...
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...Simulation of a Stirling Engine Solar Power Generation System Using Simulink Mehdi Zareian Jahromi∗ , Mohammad Mehdi Hosseini Bioki† , and Roohollah Fadaeinedjad‡ , Member IEEE ∗† Electrical ‡ Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Kerman Graduate University of Technology, Kerman,Iran. and Computer Engineering Department, Kerman Graduate University of Technology, Kerman,Iran. Telephone: +98-3426226517, Fax: +98-3426226618, Email: rfadaein@ieee.org ‡ International Center for Science, High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Kerman, Iran. could be especially useful in developing countries since they will run on any fuel, including biomass; or when incorporated in parabolic dish systems, they can use solar energy. Cogeneration is possible using the cooling water that maintains the cold sink, so heat-and-power systems for homes are provided. With higher efficiencies, their quiet vibration-free operation, very low emissions when burning natural gas, simplicity, and potentially high reliability could make the Stirling engines an attractive alternative in the near future [6]. Simulation and modeling can be used to evaluate the operation of the solar Stirling engine based power generation systems. Considerable research has been performed on the modeling and control of Stirling engine systems. Most of this research, however, has been done using mechanical and thermal models of Stirling engines that neglects the electrical parts of the system [5], [7], [8]. In this research...
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...Nigeria’s Epileptic Power Sector: Matters Arising by: Joseph Umoh It is a known fact that industrialization and availability of social amenities is closely used as a measure of development, thus the classification of some nations as developed, developing and under developed. It is also common knowledge that no nation can be classified as developed without adequate supply of infrastructural facilities aided by adequate supply of electricity and this is accountable for our slow pace of development in Nigeria with our not only poor and inadequate but epileptic power supply that is so common to developing nations like Nigeria, an assumed Giant of Africa. The epileptic nature of power supply in Nigeria is to say the least, neither accidental nor inexplicable neither without solution. This age long issue of power supply has witnessed massive transformations which were designed to boost the power generation in the country and improve the supply of electricity, but the end result of those transforms seem to be mere change of name from its inception name of Electricity Corporation of Nigeria (ECN) to National Electric Power Authority (NEPA) and now to its present name – Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN). These various changes were perhaps measures implemented by various political and ruling class’ to supposedly ameliorate or ‘cure’ the epileptic nature of electricity situation in spite of the huge financial commitments on the part of successive governments into the implementation...
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...socioeconomic information. At the time of the case, Celtel Nigeria is the second largest mobile telecommunications company in the Nigerian market. The company has experienced considerable success in serving Nigeria's cities and larger towns, but has only recently shifted its attention to serving poorer consumers in rural areas - a massive but as of yet under tapped market. But this shift from urban to rural has not been easy, and although some 50% of Nigeria's population lives in rural regions the challenges of reaching them sometimes seem overwhelming. The absence of a reliable national electricity grid means that the company's rural telecommunications towers have to be run on diesel generators, resulting in high maintenance and diesel fuel costs. Theft and vandalism of expensive communications equipment and generators has emerged as a major concern, resulting in the need to employ full-time security guards on virtually every base station site outside of urban areas. At the end of case A, Celtel Nigeria's chief operating officer Lars Stork is pondering the challenges of bringing the benefits of mobile telecommunications to Nigeria's rural poor, setting the scene for analysis by students in suggesting potential route to market approaches for the company. Case B demonstrates how Celtel has been able to implement a highly innovative marketing strategy to serve low-income rural customers. At the heart of this marketing...
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...copy f) Warranty certificate – 01 copy g) Certificate of origin – 01 copy h) Certificate of Arrival Material issue by Project Director – 01 copy Thanking You. With best regards, BILL OF EXCHANGE NO.ARMA/BTCL/01/2009 TOTAL L/C VALUE BANGLADESH TAKA=2,48,60,000.00 CLAIM AMOUNT BANGLADESH TAKA=1,36,73,000.00 At sight of this first Bill of Exchange the same tenor and date being unpaid pay to: Exim Bank Ltd., Malibagh Branch, 484 D.I.T. Road, Malibagh, Dhaka-1217 or order of the sum of BDT.2,48,60,000.00 (Say in word Two Crore Forty Eight Lac Sixty Thousand) only. Account of : Supply, Transportation, Installation, Testing and Commissioning of 100 KVA, Single Phase 50Hz, 45a # 2A, Diesel Engine Generator sets. Drawn under: One Bank Ltd., Kawran Bazar Branch, HRC Bhaban, 46 Kawran Bazar C/A, Dhaka. L/C No.1882-09-99-0047 dated 28.04.2009 Contract No.DP/L-09/IP/07-08/Upa-zilla Growth Center Project/204 DATED 15.04.2009. To: One Bank Ltd., Kawran Bazar Branch, HRC Bhaban, 46 Kawran Bazar C/A, Dhaka. A/C: Bangladesh Telecommunications Company Limited (BTCL). BILL OF EXCHANGE NO.BE/ARMA/BTCL/01/2009 TOTAL L/C VALUE BANGLADESH TAKA=2,48,60,000.00 CLAIM...
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...TO: HEAD PROCUREMENT FROM: PROCUREMENT OFFICER SUBJECT: REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF NOVEMBER, 2013 DATE: 30TH NOVEMBER, 2013 INTRODUCTION: This report covers the period of November 1st - November 30th, 2013. Highlighting requisitions arising from other departmental operation, construction of princess gogoba and warehouse / workshop. GOALS AND OBJECTIVE: The objectives for this reporting period include: A. Ensure that all requisition for other departmental operations, construction of princess gogoba and Warehouse / workshop that are relevant to the purchasing and supply are duly followed and closed out. B. The quality of goods and services supplied is acceptable by set standards and made available in time to meet the overall timeline for completion of relevant projects or operation. C. Progress on vendor registration and vendor registration code issuance process. D. Diesel dispensary. E. Materials management. E. Summary on purchases for the month. REQUISITION ARISING FROM RELEVANT OPERATIONS: CONSTRUCTION OF PRINCESS GOGOBA The request of materials and services for the completion of princess gogoba is being processed as vendors for the needed materials are mobilizing for delivery. WAREHOUSE / WORK SHOP CONSTRUCTION: All materials request for the warehouse / work shop construction for the preliminaries, excavation...
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...“Engine Electrical” Engine electrical – various pieces of equipment are necessary for starting the engine and operating it in a stable manner battery – it serves as a power supply for the electrical parts of the vehicle starting system – system that responsible for the start of the engine charging system – system that generate electricity used in the vehicle and charge the battery ignition system – system to ignite the compressed air-fuel mixture ignition switch – main switch of the ignition Battery: battery – the battery is the primary “Source” of electrical energy of a vehicle. it stores chemicals not electricity. two different types of lead in an acid mixture react to produce electrical pressure. chemicals inside the battery: * lead or sponge lead (negative plate) * lead peroxide (positive plate) * sulfuric acid and water (electrolyte) battery functions: 1. engine off – battery energy is used to operate the lighting system and accessory system 2. engine starting – battery energy is used to operate starter motor and provide current for ignition system during cranking 3. engine running – battery energy can be needed when the electrical load exceed the supply from charging system types of battery: * conventional type * low maintenance battery * high maintenance battery * free maintenance battery * hybrid battery * recombination battery battery service: * cleaning * jump-start * charging * adding water ...
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...Windings that are wound on the stator are known as stator windings. The stator core is laminated to reduce the eddy current loss. The minimum hysteresis loss is achieved by selecting material with small hysteresis loop. Rotor: This is part of the machine which is rotating. Windings in the rotor are known as rotor windings Armature: this the place where the conversion (electrical /mechanical) takes place. In case of synchronous generator this takes place in the stator windings. The stator windings can also be called as armature windings (only for the synchronous generators). The main operation of the motor is based on the Faraday’s law which implies that the supply is given to the stator windings and due to this current a magnetic field will be induced in the stator windings and this rotating field will induce a torque on the rotor and according to the Faraday’s law a current will be induced in the rotor and according to the Lenz law, this current opposes the induced magnetic field. Electromagnetic induction is the key for the working of the induction motor, since the stator and rotor is isolated from each other, sparking will not occur. Main types of the stator windings are given below and will be further discussed, Wound rotor Squirrel...
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