...Meaning & Nature of Language Introduction Language is the heart of our world. We create our concept of the world by thinking and naming things. Using words helps us communicate effectively in different situations. Without language, we would not be able to communicate at all. Verbal communication is one of life's naturally occurring communication systems. Communication is essential for human beings. Language is the primary way in which adults pass ways of thinking and conversing on to their children. Language is an accumulation of knowledge because we learned everything by somebody through language. Society would have to recreate itself every generation if it could not pass its knowledge on through language. Language is one of the most powerful tools in human communication. Words are meant to establish and maintain friendly contact. Through words, people shape their identities. People can express their feelings, attitudes, and experiences to each other through words. By speaking, information can be give to others about oneself and the world around him/her. In Christine Leong's essay Being A Chink, she describes the power of language. She said, "It gives us identity, personality, social status, and it also creates communities, defining both insiders and outsiders. Language has the ability to heal or to harm, to praise or belittle, to promote peace or even to glorify hate." I believe this is what language is all about. Language has two purposes. Depending...
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...Biological foundation of language acquisition: Summary How humans have evolved differently from other primates to allow for the use of complex human language? According to a number of modern linguists such as Chomsky who is frequently regarded as the father of modern linguistics, the same elementary linguistic structure is shared between all human beings, and they acquire language naturally. This means biological foundations lay out the foundation for language acquisition of all human beings. This presentation will be talking about the biological foundations of language acquisition, evolutionary biology of language, and provide an example of a case in which an individual cannot acquire language, respectively. When a person knows a language, he/she utilizes it either by producing sounds or remaining silent and receives auditory signals. Therefore the knowledge of a language doesn’t necessarily mean the ability to speak and structure sentences but the ability to comprehend the essential structure of language. However, the ability to speak still holds an important role in language acquisition. The voice production is made up of three main parts: Respiration (lungs), phonation (larynx), and articulation (mouth,lips,teeth, nose etc). So how can a child acquire language before the latter stage of communication? It is the brain that allows the child to do it. The brain consists of two hemispheres: left and right. And the corpus callosum plays a role of connecting the two hemispheres...
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...YULE – THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE S U M M A R Y ( C HA P TE R S F O R I S L 1 ) CHAPTER 1 – THE ORIGINS OF LANGUAGE The divine source: Bible: Adam gave names to the things Hindu: wife of the creator of the universe created the language Several experiments to find the “original” language: Psammetichus: two babies grew up only for the company of goats children have uttered “bekos” – (Phrygian word for “bread”) could be the sound of the goats “be” (Greek suffix “-kos”) King James the Fourth: Children should have started speaking Hebrew Other experiments: children whit no access to human language grow up with no language at all The natural sound source: Language as a result of onomatopoeia and/or natural cries of emotion (e.g. splash, bang, boom, ouch, ooh, wow,…) What about soundless and abstract things? The social interaction source: Language as a result of communication between earliest groups of humans, who used hums, grunts and groans -> language as a progress of this Apes and other primates also have grunts and groans for communication, but no language The physical adaption source: Evolution factors which have made humans able to develop language: o Teeth are upright and even in height o Lips have more intricate muscle interlacing than other primates o Mouth is smaller an can be opened and closed rapidly o Tongue is smaller, thicker and more muscular o Larynx (containing the vocal cords) is much lower than the position of other primates o Pharynx (above...
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...When a heart breaks When a heart breaks It won't go quietly It screams about your past mistakes Which isn't very lovely I guess I can understand It was once a vibrant being But it took more than it could withstand Without a chance of fleeing Now it lays in a shattered mess At the foot of my bed The pain never hurting any less But I know I must move ahead I know when a heart breaks It may never mend But it always gives and never takes So now I know this is the end Expressing How I Feel It's been a long time now we have been talking on the internet, And my love is growing each day although we have never met. Words can't truly express how I feel about you, You know my love is authentic, you have seen some clues. I was sad and searching for a mate like a lonely dove, And then you came along to bless me with your divine love. And although baby, we are miles apart, Not a day goes by without you in my thoughts. Sure online I have met a lot of girls, But trust me, you are the only girl for me in this world. We are so compatible for each other, I could never feel this emotion again for another. I can't wait for that day when you are really mines, I know it will be soon, just in a matter of time. If loving you is a sin, then I am the devil, Right now my love for you, is at the highest level. Ketika jantung istirahat Ketika jantung istirahat Ini tidak akan pergi diam-diam Ini jeritan tentang kesalahan...
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...what extent is language “innate” or genetically determined? The process of language acquisition begins in the first months of life and continues throughout adulthood. To explain the human ability for language acquisition has been offered two completely different theories. One theory, which was formulated by B.F. Skinner, assumes that language acquisition as a result of nurture and environmental influence, another theory, which was proposed by Noam Chomsky, claims that learning the language is almost entirely provided by innate ability. Therefore, this essay aims to compare and contrast these two theories for their values and problems. Skinner applied to the development of the language his theory of operant conditioning, and according to his view, verbal behavior, like any other, arises as a consequence of operant learning. He argues that adults play an important role in language acquisition, by reinforcing and speaking to children grammatical way they control their expressions and utterances. Due to the reinforcement children establish the relationship between stimulus and response. However, problematic with this theory is that children often ignore the corrections. In addition, parents generally imitate the child's speech, and do not correct them. They are more interested in what child want to say, but not in sentences structure which he used. On the other hand, Chomsky (1959), who was a nativist, argued that children are born with a language acquisition device (LAD) and...
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...Reading Response #1 1) Discuss any two of the animal communication systems mentioned in the Kemp & Smith chapter. For each, provide examples of two design features, discussed and described in the Ohio State chapter that the systems either do or do not exhibit. Be explicit about how these systems illustrate these features. In 1944, von Frisch began exploring an insect communication system called, “the dance of the honeybee”. Bees does the “waggle dance” to communicate the source of food to rest of the hive and to convey how far the food source is from the hive. This insect communication system definitely exhibits interchangeability and discreteness. The honeybees exhibit the feature of interchangeability because each bee can both send messages and comprehend the messages of the other bees. The bees send messages of where the food source is by dancing and the other comprehend the messages of the dancing bees to understand the location of a rich food source. Obviously, they have the ability to both send and receive messages. The honeybees also exhibit the feature of discreteness. The waggle dance of the honeybees itself is a large, complex message and it can be broken down into smaller, discrete components. For example, this dance not only conveys where the food source is, it can be broken down into different dances to convey different messages (its richness and type of food available) to the rest of the hive. Not all honeybees use the exact same set of dance to communicate; different...
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...students to learn a foreign language. So I asked to myself, why? Because I knew that you cannot speak in Spanish all the time, but “never”? In my classes I accept it for some activities and for others I do not. According to Davis Carless “Students use of the mother tongue in the task-based classroom”, the use of the native language or mother tongue (MT) is quite complex because it could be beneficial for learners but, at the same time, it could not. In general, the use of MT is stigmatized by some methods, and teachers who cannot handle a class in the target language (TL) feel frustrated by the overuse of the students’ first language. However, as the writer claims, by taking into account the type of tasks we give to our students we can analize which are the ones that imply a positive effect on the second language acquisition and the ones that imply negative effects. Thus, teachers will be able to handle a task-based class with both languages in interaction. Firstly, Carless argues that the use of MT may have positive and negative effects on second language acquisition. Positive effects seem to “serve social and cognitive functions, including the construction of scaffolded assistance and create through collaborative dialogue the opportunity for language acquisition to take place.” In fact, through group works, in which students do not need to speak in English all the time, they can elaborate hypothesis or predictions about the TL in their own language, serving as a base to produce...
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...ABSTRACT Title of Thesis: ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNER SPECIAL EDUCATION REFERRAL AND PLACEMENT OUTCOMES IN INSTRUCTIONAL CONSULTATION TEAMS SCHOOLS Arlene E. Silva, Master of Arts, 2005 Thesis Directed by: Professor Sylvia Rosenfield Department of Counseling and Personnel Services University of Maryland, College Park The present study serves as an examination and documentation of referral and placement outcomes of English Language Learner (ELL) cases in Instructional Consultation (IC) Teams schools. Archival data from 838 cases (12% of which were ELL cases) within five mid-Atlantic public school districts implementing IC Teams were analyzed for outcomes using logistic regression. Results included statistically significant differences in ELL versus non-ELL student initial team referral (IC or other prereferral intervention team) and ultimate IEP Team referrals. Initial referral concerns also differed significantly between ELL and non-ELL students. IC Teams were found to be more effective than existing prereferral intervention teams in decreasing the special education referrals of ELL and non-ELL students. The results of the present study serve as a foundation for future research in the areas of at-risk ELL students and their referrals to prereferral intervention teams and special education. ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNER SPECIAL EDUCATION REFERRAL AND PLACEMENT OUTCOMES IN INSTRUCTIONAL CONSULTATION TEAMS SCHOOLS by Arlene E. Silva Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate...
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...Families and School English Language learner (ELL) students are the fastest growing student population in the USA today. There are the challenges of creating programs that can accommodate all students, including the ELL students, and the political issues, cultural practices, language barriers, school policies and is literacy practices and achievements, its socio-cultural influences, bilingualism and home language use with the parental and community resources for English acquisition and the ways and means that both the school and home can help the ELL students to achieve their goals. The socio-cultural influences on English Language learners affect how they interact with other students. They are expected to behave at school in the way that the dominant culture expects them to behave, but at home their family traditions and attitudes to education are different. They endeavor to cope with the changes of a new country, a new language, a new home and a new school. Many English language learners are bilingual. They speak Spanish at home as they acquire English at school. It is very effective when their parents speak, read and write with them in the native language. Home language use has a great influence on students both at home and school, as the student has to learn to adjust at school in the state’s language, which is different from their native tongue. That same student has to continue speaking his or her native language at home. Those students who practice speaking...
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...Discursive Essay: for and Against Study abroad for and against In our globalized world education has the highest priority. It is heated debate whether students should study abroad or not. Some people claim that students ought to study abroad in order to get better education, learn foreign language and develop their careers. Nevertheless, other people argue that studying abroad is very expensive and no profitable whatsoever. In this essay I shall delve into both sides. To begin with, a great number of students choose to study abroad as they are willing to improve their foreign language skills as well as gain crucial experience and form long-lasting relationships. It is no doubt that studying abroad is of the great benefit to many people since they expand their knowledge and experience in a very short time. However, a person who choose to study in foreign country has opportunity to interact with indigenous people while at the same time practice language by talking with native speaker. Furthermore, studying abroad is by far the most popular way of getting better qualification. Overseas universities offer better courses which are far more attractive for students’ prospective career plans than in motherland. In addition to this, foreign universities have employed lecturers who are experts in their fields. This is the most important factor why overseas universities are so highly valued. On the other hand, the finance might be the biggest problem in most cases why...
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...enter the school system they are given a Home Language Survey which is used to identify the potential students that may be eligible for the ESL program. Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS) and Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP) are used to assess each Limited English Proficient (LEP) student. BICS is the language we need in order to be able to socialize in a social setting. CALP is the language needed for a student to read, listen, speak, write and understand in all subject areas in school. Teachers can also use informal assessments, which can be viewed as ongoing assessments, as a tool to target specific problems of areas, make the necessary adaptions to the student’s lessons, and give them availability to intervene with each student consistently. The primary goal of both English as a second language (ESL) instruction and bilingual education is to teach English each program just go about it in two different manners. English as a second language and bilingual education share the same focus of teaching students English, they are two different programs which some differences in how the class is conducted. English as a second language (ESL) instruction is used primarily in the Tennessee school systems. The ESL program is designed to teach children in English. Most of all their lessons and instructions will be provided primarily in the English Language and each student does not have to have the same native language. ESL programs can be designed in a variety...
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...Introduction Do you easily remember one word that you have faced with a long time ago?.It's frustrating and unpleasant when you don't know some functional words or you can't remember some words which you have encountered years ago. The first step in learning a new language is learning vocabulary which is a connection of four basic skill of language :Speaking,Listening,Reading and writing. According to Ghadasari (2004) students learning a foreign language mostly tends to forget or misuse new words that is usually because of : .Words are not properly stored in student's minds .They are not practiced enough. They are not related to students own experiences and interests. Decarrico (2001) states that words should not be learnt separately or by memorization...
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...Les types de texte 1- Problématique إشكالية لا وجود لنص بريء. Pour chaque texte un objectif لكل نص غاية. . Type de texte نية الكاتب هي التي تحدد نوع النص Raconter une histoire فربما تكون الغاية سرد قصة ، Établir une de--SS--ion أو وصف شيء معين Défendre une idée ، أو الدفاع عن فكرة critiqué أو انتقاد شيء Donner une information أو يعطي معلومة Conseiller أو ينصحه Donner un ordre أو يأمر شخصا .هده الغايات تحدد نوع النص . C'est l'intention de l'auteur qui détermine le type de texte 2- Type de textes يمكن أن نجمل أنواع النصوص في 5: - raconter une histoire (texte narratif) - établir une de--SS--ion (texte de--SS--if) (Argumenter, critiquer (texte argumentatif- - imposer une opinion ou donner des conseils (texte injonctif) - donner des informations (texte explicatif-informatif) 3- Les caractéristiques : الخصائص 3-1 : le texte narratif النص السردي Fonction / intention de l'auteurغاية الكاتب | On peut le trouver dans...أين يمكن أن نجده؟ | Caractéristiquesخصائص مميزة | Raconter. Faire le récit d'événements. Faire revivre une action passée réelle ou faire vivre une action imaginaire (fiction) | Reportage, journal, fait divers, roman (policier, d'aventures, de science-fiction…), conte, légende, fable,nouvelle, texte historique... | Imparfait et passé simple ou présent de narration. Indications temporelles, actions, événements, personnages, narrateur, | Questions pour exploiter un texte narratif : Qui ? Fait quoi ? Où ? Quand ? Comment...
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...ARABIC ESSAY 2 (TAKE HOME EXAM) عدت إلى بيتي قبل حوالي ساعة من المكسيك. وكانت المكسيك ممتعة جدا وأنا أحب قضاء الوقت خارج الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. تركت لوبوك يوم الثلاثاء أكتوبر الثالثة من المطار الدولي لوبوك في ولاية تكساس لوبوك. الرحلة كانت طويلة واستمرت حوالي أربع ساعات. عندما لي ولعائلتي هبطت في المكسيك نحن بشراء تأجير السيارات. بقينا في في فندق يقع في مدينة ماتاموروس، المكسيك. جاء أمي، أختي، والدي معي إلى المكسيك. كان يسمى فندق بيست ويسترن. وكانت الأسرة كبيرة، وكان هناك اثنين من سرير في كل غرفة. أننا مستأجرة غرفتين إقامتنا في المكسيك. وكان هناك طاولة صغيرة لتناول الطعام والدراسة، وكان هناك أيضا ثلاجة صغيرة. كان هناك طعام في الثلاجة، لكنها كانت مكلفة للغاية. الحمام كانت نظيفة جدا وكان الكثير من المناشف البيضاء والخرق. ونحن يأكلون الطعام الجيد جدا. ونحن تناولوا طعام الغداء في أحد المطاعم التي تقدم الطعام المكسيكي الحجية. أنا أساسا يأكلون الجبن، والجبن هو واحد من الأطعمة المفضلة. قيل لي لا لشرب الماء في المكسيك، لذلك شربت الصودا والقهوة. الصودا في المكسيك ليست في علب هو في قوارير زجاجية. أنا حقا يتمتع الطعام والمشروبات في المكسيك. لتناول العشاء كنا نذهب إلى أماكن أفضل، وهذا تقديم المأكولات البحرية الطازجة. أنا أحب يجري في المكسيك، وأنا لا أريد العودة الى الوطن. وكان الطقس مثاليا، كان مشمس جدا، ولم يكن هناك سحابة واحدة. ذهبنا إلى الشاطئ وأنا عقد جراد البحر الحية. بقينا في المكسيك لمدة أسبوع واحد. بينما كنت هناك، وتعلمت بعض الإسبانية، والتقى العديد من الناس لطيفة. عدنا بعد أسبوع واحد في المكسيك. أمي كانت على استعداد لتأتي المنزل ولكن أنا وأختي لم أكن أريد العودة الى الوطن...
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...2014 Chapter 4: Language Development 1-Explain the process of Input Modification in the Child's L-1 and how it can contribute to learning L-2. 2-Summarize each stage of First Language Development. Crying: When a baby cries, he/she is doing what they can do to communicate their needs to you in the most basic form. The cries can vary slightly to convey a number of different messages. Babbling: At the age of 5 months, babies begin to babble. This is where babies explore range of speech production, practicing using their speech organs, and controlling them via the brain. That sound that is made by a babbling is what babies imitate from what they hear from the people around them. Telegraphic Speech: It is a common stage for children in the process of acquiring language. Approximately between the ages of 18 to 24 months, the average child will start speaking in two-word sentences, which can be recognized as telegraphic speech. Most children will stop using telegraphic speech by age 3. 3-Explain Otto Jespersen's theory of how humans developed language and comment on it and relate to a view point or school of thought that was discussed in class on how language is developed. 4-Summarize "Order of Acquisition" -The stage of language development are universal and progress from the simple to the complex. However, what may be simple in one language can be complex in another language. 5-Why are children called "Sociolinguists"? -Because they alter their language to respond to...
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