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Procedure Audit

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1. INVESTIGATION ON PROSPECTED

Tujuan:

Penyiasatan dilakukan apabila syarikat ingin menerbitkan saham atau debenture bertujuan mengumpul modal syarikat dari orang awam.

Procedure :

a) menentukan jangka masa untuk di siasat.

b) memberikan maklumat tentang perakaunan untuk 5 tahun terkini

c) memberikan gambaran tentang dividen yang dibayar untuk 5 tahun terkini.

d) penilaian ke atas kaedah prestasi syarikat.

e) kepastian maklumat am yang diperlukan oleh prospectus.

2. INVESTIGATION ON BUSINESS ACQUISITION:

Prosedur:

1. Menyemak surat perlantikan dan beberapa persetujuan umum

2. Perlu menimbang dan membuat keputusan mengenai tempoh masa akaun yang perlu diverifikasikan

3. Untuk mengumpul maklumat umum berkenaan entiti dan industry

4. Untuk menjalankan semakan analitikal ke atas penyata yang diaudit bagi masa lalu

5. Menyemak konsistensi penyata kewangan dengan GAAP, polisi syarikat dan sebagainya

6. Membuat kesimpulan berdasarkan maklumat dan sediakan laporan setelah mengambilkira semua faktor

3. INVESTIGATION FOR INVESTMENT:

Prosedur:

1. Perlu mengetahui maklumat berkaitan dengan maklumat perniagaan

2. Maklumat kewangan untuk 5 tahun terkini yang lengkap

3. Perlu mengetahui maklumat yang berkaitan dengan projek-projek, pertubuhan produk di pasaran, jangkaan permintaan dan sebagainya

4. Menganalisa sistem tentang pemberian insentif, gaji dan lain-lain

5. Menganalisa pentadbiran dan overhead yang terserap dalam jualan

6. Mengetahui aspek undang-undang bagi pengangkutan dan perhubungan

4. PENYIASATAN BAGI PIHAK BAKAL PEKONGSI

Prosedur:

1. Akauntan perlu mendapatkan satu salinan perkongsian dan menentukan syarat-syarat yang terdapat dalamnya.

2. Penilaian hendaklah dibuat terhadap asset-aset perkongsian pada tarikh pekongsi baru bercadang memasuki perkongsian.Peruntukan yang secukupnya juga hendaklah dibuat ke atas hutang ragu dan untung rugi daripada penilaian semula asset perkongsian sedia ada.

3. Bakal pekongsi perlu mngetahui sebab dan faktor yang menyebabkan sesebuah perkongsian memerlukan pekongsi baru.

4. Bakal pekongsi juga perlu mengetahui jumlah muhibah dan kedudukan kewangan perkongsian.

5. Bakal pekongsi seharusnya perlu tahu jumlah modal yang harus disumbangkan dan juga keuntungan yang bakal diterima.

6. Tentukan juga syarat-syarat perjanjian seperti bayaran gaji,faedah atas modal dan lain-lain ganjaran.

7. Bakal pekongsi juga perlu tahu haknya sebagai pekongsi serta sistem dan tatacara perkongsian itu dijalankan.

5. PENYIASATAN KE ATAS PINJAMAN

Prosedur:

1. Tujuan membuat pinjaman

2. Kecukupan jumlah pinjaman dengan melihat tujuan meminjam

3. Sumber kewangan lain (masa dahulu, sekarang dan masa hadapan)

4. Jenis dan kecukupan jaminan (termasuk kecairan)

5. Kedudukan kewangan penjamin

6. Keupayaan memenuhi cadangan pembayaran balik pinjaman dan faedah

7. Kemunasabahan aliran tunai dan ramalan keuntungan

8. Dayamaju projek dengan memberi pertimbangan kepada iklim,ekonomi dayasaing syarikat, polisi harga, kuantiti dan pasarn produk. Sekiranya akauntan memperolegh pinjaman yang dikehendaki dan bertindak bagi pihak peminjam ,beliau harus memastikan pelangan memperoleh pinjaman yang dikehendaki.

6. PENYIASATAN DI BAWAH AKTA SYARIKAT 1965

Tujuan :

Menentukan sama ada Syarikat adalah:

• Awam ataupun Swasta.

• tentukan ada atau tidak berlaku perubahan dalam status sepanjang tahun di bawah kajian,dan pastikan bahawa Syarikat mematuhi peruntukan yang berkaitan dalam Syarikat 1965.

Prosedur:

1. Penyiasatan terhadap buku minit:

• Adakah Buku Minit disimpan? (Sec 156 (1))

• Adakah Buku minit yang disimpan di Pejabat Berdaftar? (sec 157 (1))

• Mengesahkan daripada Setiausaha bahawa semua minit sehingga tarikh tertentu.

• Adakah sebarang resolusi khas telah diluluskan sepanjang tahun?

• Jika ya, periksa sama ada resolusi khas telah diluluskan pada Mesyuarat Agung Luar Biasa yang tidak kurang daripada 21 hari notis telah diberi dan 3/4 majoriti meluluskan resolusi khas. (sec 152 (1)).

• Semak sama ada salinan bercetak ketetapan khas difailkan dalam masa satu bulan. (Sec 154 (1)) (Borang 11)

• Adakah semua minit yang telah ditandatangani oleh Pengerusi? (156 sec (1)

• Cabutan minit yang berkaitan untuk fail audit kekal dan menyeberangi merujuk kepada kertas kerja / akaun.

2. Pendaftaran Daftar Ahli

• Adakah buku pendaftaran Ahli yang disimpan di Pejabat Berdaftar? (Sec 159 (1))

• Jika tidak, ada tak ia mempunyai notis mengenai tempat di mana penDaftar disimpan, yang diserahkan kepada Pendaftar dalam tempoh 14 hari selepas tarikh di mana ia 1 disimpan ATAU dalam tempoh 14 hari selepas perubahan mana-mana tempat? (Sec 159 (2)) (Borang 53).

• Jika bilangan ahli melebihi 50 (kecuali Daftar membentuk indeks sendiri, adakah suatu indeks daripada anggota disimpan? (Sec 158 (5)) Sahkan semua peruntukan saham pada tahun:

i. Semak resolusi bagi peruntukan saham.

ii. Menyemak pulangan pembahagian difailkan dalam masa satu bulan. (Sec 54 (1)) (Borang 24)

iii. Menyemak kembali difailkan untuk peruntukan saham selain daripada tunai. (Sec 54 (5)) (Borang 25)

iv. Menyemak ‘allotment’ pendaftar Ahli. v. Semak Daftar Ahli dengan sijil saham diakui. vi. Semak sijil saham perakuan.

• Jika modal saham dibenarkan telah meningkat, periksa bahawa notis kenaikan difailkan dalam tempoh 14 hari selepas meluluskan resolusi yang membenarkan peningkatan. (Sec 62 (4)) (Borang 28).

• Sahkan semua pemindahan saham pada tahun:

i. Semak resolusi borang pemindahan saham (Borang 32A) dan sijil saham yang telah dibatalkan. ii. Semak pemindahan ke Daftar Pemindahan. iii. Semak daripada Daftar Pemindahan Daftar Ahli. iv. Semak daripada Daftar Pindah Milik untuk berkongsi buku sijil. v. sijil saham Semak mengakui.

• Daftar Ahli baki bersetuju dengan modal saham terbitan dan berbayar bagi setiap akaun.

• Dalam hal syarikat awam tersenarai, mendapatkan sijil daripada Pendaftar.

• Buat senarai ahli untuk fail audit kekal dalam kes syarikat swasta

3. Share Certificate Book

• Adakah buku sijil saham disimpan?

• Adakah sijil saham telah dikeluarkan dalam masa dua bulan selepas pengumpukan atau satu bulan selepas pemindahan?

• Memastikan bahawa semua perakuan yang dibatalkan telah tidak sah.

4. Mendaftar Bagi Pemegang Saham Utama

Terpakai kepada syarikat-syarikat atau badan-badan awam yang diisytiharkan oleh Menteri sebagai syarikat di bawah Bahagian 3A Bahagian IV Akta.

• Adakah Daftar yang disimpan di Pejabat Berdaftar? (Sec 69L (2))

• Adakah Daftar bagi setiap pemegang saham besar (sebagaimana yang ditakrifkan dalam sec 69D) yang kepadanya notis di bawah saat 69E, 69F dan 69O telah diterima oleh Syarikat, merekodkan butir-butir berikut?

i. Nama (dalam susunan abjad) ii. Kewarganegaraan iii. Alamat iv. Butir-butir penuh syer mengundi atau kepentingan di dalamnya (termasuk nama orang yang didaftarkan sebagai seorang pemegang) dan keadaan kepentingan yang timbul. v. butir-butir penuh perubahan atau pemberhentian kepentingan

5. Pejabat Berdaftar • Apakah nama Syarikat dan perkataan "Para pegawai Yang didaftarkan" dipamerkan di luar Pejabat Berdaftar? (Sec 121 (3)) • Adakah terdapat perubahan Pejabat Berdaftar pada tahun ini? (Semak dengan minit untuk penyelesaian)
Jika ya, periksa sama ada perubahan Pejabat Berdaftar difailkan dalam masa satu bulan. (sec 120 (1)) (Borang 44)

7 INVESTIGATION ON FRAUD

Tujuan :

Penyiasatan ini dilakukan untuk mengesan fraud atau penipuan (penyelewangan) yang sering berlaku dalam pelbagai keadaan yang mana ia penipuan atau perdayaan untuk memperolehi kelebihan yang tidak adil atau salah disisi undang-undang.

Prosedur :

a) Menentukan tahap kuasa atau bidang kuasa yang diberikan kepada penyiasat

b) Memeriksa buku tunai, dapatkan baki awal dan akhir daripada pihak bank

c) Semak buku tunai bersama penyata bank, beri perhatian kepada tarikh-tarikh misalnya tarikh

mendeposit

d) Periksa pay-in slip,counterfoll, dan perhatian kepada sebarang pembayaran luar biasa

e) Periksa cek yang dibatalkan

f) Periksa salinan baucar perbelanjaan yang hilang

g) Periksa buku tunai runcit

8 .INVESTIGATION FOR TAX PURPOSE (BACK DUTY)

Tujuan :

Penyiasatan ini dilakukan apabila Lembaga Hasil Dalam Negeri (LHDN) mensyaki syarikat telah menfailakn maklumat yang tidak lengkap dan tidak tepat untuk tujuan pembayaran cukai .

Ia disebut sebagai penyiasatan ke atas tempoh terdahulu kerana selalunya tempoh yang disiasat meliputi tempoh masa lalu.

Prosedur :

a) Maklumkan kepada pembayar cukai mengenai skop dan tempoh penyiasatan dan dokumen-

dokumen yang diperlukan untuk tujuan penyiasatan

b) Sediakan perakuan bertulis tentang penerimaan dokumen,rekod buku perakaunan,

seperti yang dimaklumkan oleh penyiasat pejabat dan pembayar cukai.

c) Membuat pemeriksaan ke atas rekod, dokumen perniagaan atau individu

d) Membuat pemeriksaan buku,rekod-rekod dan dokumen perseorangan.Penyiasatan ini

dijalankan untuk membantu LHDN untuk memastikan amaun cukai pendapatan yang

tidak disenaraikan, jika ada,melalui bukti kaedah secara langsung atau tidak secara

langsung dan,

e) Minta pihak yang bertanggungjawab untuk menyediakan maklumat, dokumen , rekod

atau berkaitan dalam simpanan di bawah kawalan pihak tertentu

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History of Auditing Standards

...United States Auditing profession has relied on agreed upon procedures at the beginning of its emergence. The current formal audit practice has evolved relatively recently. The story of how auditing evolved started in the early 20th century with the growth of industrial revolution, when firms entered the stock market which was unregulated at the time a growing need evolved to detect fraud and make more reliable financial statements as investors began to depend on financial reports. Federal Trade Commission requested AICPA to provide guidance to accountants and auditors in 1917 as a response AICPA issued a series of recommendation to the accounting community on financial reporting and auditing. In 1929 the AICPA issued a specific guide for auditing (Verification of Financial Statements) and it stated that the extent of the work is a responsibility of the auditor which is one of the most important auditing concepts even now. In 1936 AICPA issued Examination of Financial Statements by Independent Public Accountants, a guide on performing audit procedures on small and mid-sized companies. The SEC which was created in 1934. A part of its duties was to oversight the auditing profession, and it required the companies to send periodic reports in accordance with GAAP and to provide assurances with their reports. Auditing standards issuance used to be triggered by financial fraud events or crimes. Statement on Auditing Procedure (SAP) No. 1 in October 1939 required physical inspection...

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