...Activity- Based Costing & Process Costing Job Order Costing: 1. Many different jobs are worked on during each period, with each job having different production requirements. 2. Costs are accumulated by individual job. 3. Job cost sheet is the key document controlling the accumulation of costs by a job. 4. Unit costs are computed by job on the job cost sheet (Similarities between Job Order and Process Costing System, nd). Process Costing: 1. A single product is produced either on continuous basis or for long periods. All units of product are identical. 2. Costs are accumulated by departments. 3. The department production report is the key document showing the accumulation and disposition of costs. 4. Unit costs are computed by department on the department production report (Similarities between Job Order and Process Costing System, nd). The job order cost system is most suitable when the products differ in types of material and work performed. Thus, each product is made according to the customer's specifications and the price quoted is closely tied to estimated cost. Examples of types of companies which might use job order costing are printing companies and shipbuilding firms (Fletcher, nd). The process cost system is commonly used where products are manufactured under mass production methods or by continuous processing. Industries using process costs are paper, steel, chemicals, and textiles. Assembly-type processes such as washing machines and electrical appliances...
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...Activity-based & Process Costing Unit 3 (IP) AIU Online Virtual Campus 05-11-2012 Abstract The discussion on this paper will be about a ski company that is considering branching out their company by either buying or producing some manufactured goods to boost their business during the winter months. This ski company produces and sells an exceedingly victorious profile of water skis, but are studying about the most current intersect-country skis. If this company decides on obtaining the strip wanted or they can produce the bindings for their skis to switch them into snow skis for the winter then they would need to know whether they are gaining or losing profits for the company. If gaining the profits then the company will need to expand the business, but if losing the profits then they will need to go back to step one and look to see if they did not jump before the gun on a much bigger step than they should have taken. Activity-based & Process Costing A collection of techniques and tools can identify with how management’s decisions can affect costs through a cost management system (CMS). The CMS computes the organizations activities in performance and by the costs of resources, in order to access the change in costs in the business activities. This system can provide to your business an aggregate measure of inventory value and the manufactured cost of goods on the external reports that are submitted to the investors, creditors, plus other external stakeholders that...
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...Order Costing Jessica Company started operations on January 2, 20x6. The company manufactures custom products and uses a job order system. Overhead is allocated to jobs based on direct labour costs. The budgeted manufacturing overhead for 20x6 was $396,900 and the direct labour costs were budgeted at $567,000. At the end of 20x6, there were two jobs in work in process: Direct material cost Direct labour cost Job A605 $20,000 12,000 Job A608 $36,000 38,000 Actual manufacturing overhead for the year amounted to $350,000 and total direct labour charges for the year amounted to $550,000. The year-end finished good inventory balance was $175,000 and included direct labour costs of $48,000. Cost of goods sold for the year amounted to $1,750,000. Required 1. 2. 3. Prepare a schedule showing the detailed cost of the ending work-in-process, and finished goods inventory. Compute the over/under –applied overhead for the year. Allocate the balance in the manufacturing overhead account using each of the 4 approaches discussed in class. CMA Accelerated Program 2011 © CMA Ontario, 2011 Week 15 Distance Student File 2 of 35 Problem 6 – Process Costing Deterra, Inc., uses three departments to produce a detergent. The Finishing Department is the third and last step before the product is transferred to storage. All materials needed to give the detergent its final composition are added at the beginning of the process in the Finishing Department. The company uses FIFO costing. The...
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...2. Establishing a Selling Price for the product Based on the market research of a new product and also the market condition, the selling price is established. The desired profit margin is subtracted from the target selling price to determine the target cost. If the target cost is below the company’s current cost, the company may decide to introduce the product and functional cost analysis may attempt to reduce cost to an acceptable level. If the target cost is above the current cost, functional cost analysis will make changes and prepare another cost estimates. If the target cost is equal to current cost, company may decide whether or not to introduce the new product. As an example, based on the market condition, TMCA want to produce new model of car named Corolla Ascent 4D Sedan at a selling price of $20,740. 3. Establishing a Target Profit for the product Marketing department plays an important role in determining the target cost of the new product. After estimating the target selling price, the company has to estimate the sales volume in order to calculate the total sales revenue. From the total sales revenue, the desired profit, normally determine by using return on sales, is subtracted. After that the desired profit margin is determined with reference to the company’s long-term strategy. As an example, TMCA estimates its sales volume of 200 units. So, its total sales will be $4,148,000. Based on the long-term company’s strategy, assume that the target...
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...1300 years ago, Egyptians during the king tut era had already started baking 40 different types of leaven bread. Nearby in Greece, they were contributing to this history of bread by the creation of the oven and the baking of 70 different types of flavored bread. Bread had such a positive impact, the Romans decided to bring the Greek bakers over to Rome and the ovens to Gaul. Therefore, bread became one of the primary foods of Western Europe in the middle ages. Several Ingredients such as, flax seeds, buckwheat, soy and mullet, are used to create Multi Grain bread. The flour is poured on a protective grill that prevents unwanted materials from falling into the recipe mix; the ingredients are then grounded into a mill in very large containers. The ingredients are mixed together and then are placed in kneading troughs where the fermentation of yeast begins. The fermented yeast makes the dough rise a lot. The dough is then placed in a huge mixer where it is kneaded for about 8 minutes. When the dough is thoroughly homogenous, it is emptied out onto a large tub. The dough is then loaded onto a slide at the bottom of the machine where it passes through a small hole. The small hole has mechanical arms that cut the dough into equal lengths as it tries to escape through the small hole. The dough then is dropped onto the conveyor and then it’s rolled into balls, which can be more easily worked with. Flour is sprinkled on the dough as it prevents the dough balls from sticking while...
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...Process Costing: The First-In, First-Out Method 1 FIFO Method of Process Costing In this supplement to Managerial Accounting we will illustrate the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method of process costing using the data for MVP Sports Equipment Company, which was given in Exhibit 4–4 in Chapter 4 of the text. Unlike the weighted-average method, the FIFO method does not commingle costs from two or more accounting periods. As the illustration will show, the costs from each period are treated separately. Step 1: Analysis of Physical Flow of Units The physical flow of units is unaffected by the process-costing method used. Therefore, step 1 is identical under the weighted-average and FIFO methods. See Exhibit 4–5 in the text. Step 2: Calculation of Equivalent Units A table of equivalent units, under FIFO process costing, is presented in Exhibit 4–A.* It is identical to the table prepared under the weighted-average method except for one important difference. Under the FIFO method, the equivalent units of direct material and conversion represented by the March 1 work-in-process inventory are subtracted in the last row of the table. By subtracting the equivalent units in the beginning work in process, we are able to determine the new equivalent units of activity accomplished in March only. The 20,000 physical units in the March 1 work in process have all of their materials, so they represent 20,000 equivalent units of direct material. However, these units are only 10 percent...
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...Process Costing - The Hershey Company/ Kaiser Aluminum Process costing is used mostly in companies when converting raw materials into homogenous products. A single product is produced on a continuous basis and all units of the product are identical. Costs are computed by department where the materials, labor, or overhead costs are added to the product in the processing department. Our two companies, The Hershey Company and Kaiser Aluminum, convert raw materials to their finished products of chocolate and aluminum. The Hershey Company's main raw materials come from cocoa products such as cocoa liquor, cocoa butter and cocoa powder that is processed from cocoa beans. They continuously make certain chocolate products under their brand name or franchise. Under their annual report it states that their cost of sales represents the costs directly related to the manufacture and distribution of their products. These costs are the raw materials, packaging, direct labor, overhead, shipping and handling, and warehousing and distribution facilities. Their manufacturing overhead includes salaries, wages, utilities, maintenance and property taxes. This shows why The Hershey Company would use process costing because their costs are traced to only a few departments and there aren't significant differences among the costs of various products. They are continuously making large batches of chocolate products and use an assembly line of mixing, refining, molding and wrapping to do it. Kaiser Aluminum...
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...SIEMENS EMW (A) PROCESS – ORIENTED COSTING The case brings out the fact that traditional cost accounting methods are misleading where there is diversity in the no of products manufactured. The case highlights the importance of Process-Oriented Costing approach. The cost structure of the firm suggests that the production related and support related overheads form 33.0 and 26.0 percent of total costs. Since the firm manufactured almost 10,000 different types of motors, allocation of support related overhead costs can be crucial for the operation of the firm. Table 1. Cost of base Motor and Special Components using Taditional Costing Method | Traditional Costing Method | | | | | | Cost of Base Motor | DM | | Cost of Special Components | DM | 1 | Materials | 90.0 | 1 | Materials | 12.0 | 2 | Material-Related OH | 5.0 | 2 | Material-Related OH | 0.7 | 3 | Direct Labor | 35.0 | 3 | Direct Labor | 4.5 | 4 | Production Related OH | 117.0 | 4 | Production-Related OH | 15.0 | (1+2+3+4) | | 247.0 | (1+2+3+4) | | 32.2 | 5 | Support-Related Overhead | 80.7 | 5 | Support-Related Overhead | 10.8 | | | | | | | | Total Cost | 327.7 | | Total Cost | 43.0 | Table 2. Cost of Motor with different no of special components using Traditional Costing Method Cost of Motor | A | B | C | D | E | No of special Components | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 10 | Cost of Base Motor | 327.7 | 327.7 | 327.7 | 327.7 | 327.7 | Cost of Special Components | 43.0 | 85.9 | 128...
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...order cost system or a process cost system could be used. How might each of the cost systems be implemented within this particular industry? Does an industry exist in which the job order and the processing cost systems would not be suitable? Explain your rationale." Business - Accounting Alternative Costing Methods The text presents job and processing costing systems as virtual “polar extremes,” there are many situations where it may be best for a company to use a hybrid system that combines attributes of both systems. Describe such a situation and discuss how the hybrid system may be better than either pure job or pure process systems. Think Twice Assume you own a business that makes two complementary products for which you allocated manufacturing overhead proportionally. A competitor is trying to undercut your price for one of the products. How might ABC costing help you better compete with this pending threat? Activity Base Costing- How do managers cost products or services using ABC systems? When should managers consider using an ABC costing system? How should they decide to adopt this method? Alternative Costing Methods I would like you all to select a costing method: process, job, or activity based. Describe the nature of your chosen method. What types of organizations should choose that method? How is this method different from the costing methods you did not choose? I have implemented a job costing system in my company...
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...Bennett system has a higher cost of paperwork because we are using the Job Order Costing and the Conley System uses process costing. Conley Corporation uses Process costing in accumulating cost of production. We are costing products based on per job order bases. Conley is costing their production on a per department basis because it has standard model design. Our products are based on costumer's specification, and therefore each product is unique. Process costing can not be used under our present set-up. Possible reasons for cost differences between actual and standard costs under Conley's system: a. Materials Price and Usage Differences b. Labor Rate Differences c. Labor Efficiency Difference d. Production Volume Difference Standard costs are usually developed from previous year's experiences and some adjustments from each department's managers. If our product's sales volume is seasonal in nature, it would be better to have our overhead allocation rate change to monthly from annually. If not, we could stick to annual overhead rate for simplicity of computation. Under our present production, it is preferable to stick with Job Order costing, unless we change our products to a more standard design (no customer specifications), and Process costing will not work under our system. 2. Since Bennett main operation concentrates on manufacturing customized trucks, they could still maintain using its job costing. This is because each model that they produce may not be applicable for future...
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...ACCT310-1205B-06 January 27, 2013 Job order costing is used in situations where there are different products that are being produced each period. According to accounting for to management (2000), the costs are traced to the jobs and then the cost of the jobs that are divided by the number of the units in the job that are arrive at the cost per unit (para. 1). The type of industry that uses this type of system are places like the Hospitals, laws firms, movie studios, advertising and accounting firms. All of these industries deal with procedure and providing a type of service. The companies have to focus on more than one good and it can become a complex job when it comes to job order costing system. But it is also a way to the business organized and knows what area is helping them out in the long run. Manufacturing costs can be in three broad categories which are direct materials, direct labor and manufacturing overhead. Process costing methods are used for mass productions. It is a way to analyze the net cost of a manufacturing. Figuring out how much it would cost to fill the goods and how material is needed to keep them stocked. Soda, cereal, toilet paper, gasoline are some items where the process costing system occur. This system is mainly where homogenous items are being manufactured. According to Vitez (2003), It saves time and management money. But its how management accountants focus on the production of the costs of each of the manufacturing process (para. 2). Production can also...
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...Bakery, Inc. This paper will layout the strategies that the management of Super Baker, Inc. used, as well as discuss why management thought it was a good idea to an activity-based costing system into their business. The comparison of a job order cost system and a process order system will be analyzed to decide which would be the best fit for Super Bakery, Inc. Super Bakery, Inc. was founded by ex-National Football League Pittsburgh Steeler play Franco Harris his vision was to provide vitamin, mineral, and protein enriched doughnuts to schools and other institutions. Super Bakery is a virtual corporation, in which only the core, strategic functions of the business are performed inside the company (Darling, October 1996).The main thought about running a company this way was to pull other organizations with expertise in these areas together to reduce the amount of liabilities for facilities, labor, and working capital. The company can claim that this system of outsourcing is working because sales have grown at an average annual rate of approximately 20%. Even though Super Bakery was experiencing some success with the outsourcing at the same time it was proving to be a challenge to the organization in terms related to controlling the costs. The organization started off with a more traditional costing method that simply spread the costs of the operation to every customer. This caused every customer orders to appear to cost the same amount to complete but this was not the case...
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...When are companies likely to use a job costing system or process costing system? Describe the specific characteristics of each system and provide several examples (i.e. at least two) from companies in your community for each system (i.e. at least four companies should be described). Companies use both job costing system and process costing systems. It is important to understand the differences in the two systems. According to Blocher (2013), a job costing system is a product costing system in which it collects and assigns certain costs to a specific job. A process costing system differs in that it collects product or service costs by process or department and then assigns them to a large number of similar or nearly identical products. According to Goss (2003), the easiest way for costing is to average all the indirect costs and allocate them. This would be an example of a process costing system. Some local companies are Dixie Brick and Coca-Cola. Dixie Brick is a company that develops brick blocks for local construction companies. Since the company produces a mass amount of bricks it is best to use the process costing system. It would not be beneficial to assign a different price to differing bricks. Coca-Cola is also a company that produces nearly similar products and sells the products for the same price. Different ingredients are used in the different flavors of products. The products are still similar enough that it would not make sense to assign different prices for...
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...deduction of 5% for the first day, and 1% for each subsequent day including the actual day on which the work is received. Weekends and public holidays are included. FORMATTING i. Font: Times New Roman ii. Font Size: 12 iii. Single Line Spacing iv. Header - Mention Your Name and Student ID in the header of EVERY PAGE. v. No colorful text or images. vi. Add Page Numbers RESULTS i. Results will not be released individually over the phone or email. Result will be visible to all students via LMS on a date that will be announced soon. GOOD LUCK! Q1. Draw Job-Order Costing Document Flow Summary. (5) Job Cost Sheet Material Requisition Manufacturing overhead Cost Q2. What are the differences Between Job-Order and Process Costing?(5) Job costing involves the detailed accumulation of production costs attributable to specific units or...
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...Costing Methods Paper Erica Rice ACC/561 18 February 2013 Edward Hastings Costing Methods Paper What strategies did the management of Super Bakery, Inc. use? Super Bakery’s challenges are to control cost by reducing the overhead for serving their customers in different parts of the country, and by doing this they can use the ABC method; Activity-Based Costing System to enhance control over overhead costs and under ABC, the company can trace many overhead costs directly to activities by allowing some indirect costs to be identified as direct costs like the customer’s order cost for every individual customer that seems to be the same amount. The managers can become more aware of their responsibility to control the activities that generate those costs. The second reason that Super Bakery’s went with ABC was because of trying to control cost in the business part of the company like, manufacturing, sales, warehousing, and shipping. By taking control of the product cost this should contribute to settling selling prices that can help them achieve desired product success. With a more precise cost data the managers could decide on whether to buy or make a product part or piece, and whether to remove a product. ABC helps the managers to minimize the amount of overhead that is payable to their product. If the overhead is payable based upon the amount of direct labor used, then the managers can minimize the amount of overhead payable to their product by minimizing the amount of...
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