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Profit and Loss

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Submitted By Thandeka
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8 THE FINAL STAGES

8.1 Closing the ledger accounts

In real life, the next stage after the trial balance is to make any necessary adjustments to the ledger accounts at the end of an accounting period. This is done by using an extended trial balance (‘ETB’) showing the original trial balance figures in the first two columns then recording year end adjustments in further columns. The final columns on the far right hand side of the ETB give you the figures to prepare the statement of financial position and income statement.

In our simple example there is only one adjustment, which we can leave for a moment since it doesn’t affect the ledger accounts which we have already prepared.

We can therefore go on to ‘close’ the ledger accounts in preparation for the final accounts. What this means depends on the type of item in each ledger account.

Accounts showing income or expenditure are closed by transferring the balance on each account to the profit and loss account.

Accounts showing assets or liabilities are left exactly as they are; the balances are shown in the statement of financial position.

Examples of each should help to explain what we mean. Take purchases as an instance of an account showing expenditure.

This has to be transferred to the profit and loss account, and the account is closed as follows:

|Purchases |
| | |
| £ | £ |
|Cash 4,000 |Balance c/f 15,500 |
|Payables 2,000 | |
|Payables 6,000 | |
|Cash 3,000 |

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