...the most well-known theories for most people. Many theorists still use some of the basic ideas presented by Freud in present day psychology. Another theorist that was influential and proposed ideas that are still used in modern psychology is Burrhus Fredric Skinner. Skinner is best known for his theories concerning various ways of conditioning. Many things are theorized to affect the development of a person’s personality. Some theories seem to be more accurate than others, but most theories are still considered to hold some fact of measure of truth. The experiences that take place while an infant or in young childhood are usually considered to be a great influence on personality development (Feist, J., & Feist, G. J., 2009). But they are not the only factors. Experiences and desires later in life are also big factors in who people are and why people do what they do. A great deal of personality theory is based around what makes people do what they do; also called motivation. Even though a person’s entire life can affect their personality, most theories are based on early development. There are theories based around if a person has siblings; and where they fall in the lineup of siblings. There are theories based around the culture that a person grows up in and experiences. There are theories based on the biological make-up of the individual (Feist, J., & Feist, G. J., 2009). Skinner was the oldest child of a home-maker and a lawyer. He was much more independent then...
Words: 1601 - Pages: 7
...skills and cognitive ability.” Its features include: a ball drop, mailbox shape sorter, a two sided take along panel that has a spinning ball toy, mirror, and a spinning butterfly with...
Words: 947 - Pages: 4
...www.med.monash.edu www.med.monash.edu NUR1010 FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY PRACTICE Concepts of health, illness & human development OBJECTIVES • • • • • • Begin to develop their understanding of what nursing and midwifery involves. Discuss the concept of health. Discuss the concepts of human development. Describe factors that influence health across the lifespan. Begin to develop an understanding of the concepts surrounding person centeredness. Discuss the role of the nurse in infection control and prevention 1 2 www.med.monash.edu www.med.monash.edu 2009 Number Nursing Statistics Clinician Clinical management & Adm. Clinical nursing Average age (years) Average hours worked per week Definition of Nursing Nursing: encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well and in all settings. Nursing includes the promotion of health, prevention of illness and the care of ill, disabled and dying people. Advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy and in patient and health systems management and education are also key nursing roles International Council of Nurses 2002 250,786 29,971 220,815 44.1 47.3 43.7 33.2 39.2 32.4 Non-clinician Lecturing, education and or supervision of new nurses Research Other 25,965 9,570 2,325 14,070 46.4 45.0 45.1 47.6 33.9 36.7 34.2 54 Total 276,751 44.3 ...
Words: 1573 - Pages: 7
...Ashley Knop Early LCC Paper Nurs 165 Visit February 17, 2009 Submitted February 26, 2009 Ashley Knop Nursing 165 Early LCC Paper Child development is a very complex process that requires great attention and organization. This process has been researched by multiple theorists. Each theorist has a different idea on the stages of development. The two theorists that will be focused on in this paper are Erikson and Piaget. Erikson believes that there are five different stages of development which include; infant (birth-1yr), toddler (1-3yrs), preschooler (3-6yrs), school age (6-12yrs), and adolescent (12-18yrs). Piaget on the other hand believed that there was only four different stages of development which include; infant (birth-2yrs), toddler (2-7yrs), preschooler (7-11yrs), and school-age (11-adulthood). Erikson labels each of his stages differently. The infant stage is labeled trust vs. mistrust and states that this is when the child develops a basic trust in the mothering figure. The toddler stage is labeled as autonomy vs. shame and doubt and this is when the child gains some self control and independence within the environment. The preschool stage is labeled as initiative vs. guilt and this is when the child develops a sense of purpose and ability to initiate and direct their own activities. The School-age stage is known as industry vs. inferiority which means that the child achieves a sense of self confidence by learning, competing, performing successfully and...
Words: 2303 - Pages: 10
...going back to the specifics of what he said and wrote. By reference to what they said of each other it is argued that by the early 30s they had reached almost identical positions regarding child development, and that the work of each is complementary to that of the other. The implications of this position for a theory of intervention for cognitive acceleration are then discussed. 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction As we know from investigations of the process of concept formation, a concept is more than the sum of certain associative bonds formed by memory, more than a mere mental habit; it is a complex and genuine act of thought that cannot be taught by drilling, but can be accomplished only when the child’s mental development has itself reached the requisite level. (1) Throughout the history of the child’s development runs a ‘warfare’ between spontaneous and non-spontaneous, systematically learned, concepts. (cf. the Alternative Conceptions movement). (2) ∗ Tel.: +44-1954-231814. E-mail address: m.shayer@ukonline.co.uk (M. Shayer). 0959-4752/03/$ - see front matter 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/S0959-4752(03)00092-6 466 M. Shayer / Learning and Instruction 13 (2003) 465–485 …the development of nonspontaneous concepts must possess all the traits...
Words: 9961 - Pages: 40
... Messias With reference to any aspect of Childhood Development and Educational Psychology, critically discuss what you think will be the major challenges to you as a teacher in the South African context and reflect on your own development as a learner in relation to the theory; • Developmental Stages – Piaget – Erikson – Kohlberg The way in which teachers are educated and supported to meet the challenges of the 21st century has huge influence on their ability to manage their classroom dynamics. Thus teachers need to engage with resources that enable them to provide substantial attention to learners, learning, and human development. Knowledge of the domain of educational psychology is a central resource to the teaching enterprise and to the preparation of teachers. Teacher who have knowledge of the psychology of learning, development, and instruction are better able to facilitate the learning and development of each individual student as they possess a broad and deep understanding of children, the subjects they teach, the nature of learning and schooling, and the world around them. As a student teacher specializing in the foundation phase of learning I have decided to investigate several aspects of Childhood Development and Educational Psychology. Erikson, Piaget, and Kohlberg are well known educational...
Words: 5271 - Pages: 22
...Chapter Overview 12.1 The Beginnings of Development What Is Development? Prenatal Development The Newborn CONCEPT LEARNING CHECK 12.1 Before and Preoperational Stage Concrete Operational Stage Formal Operational Stage Challenges to Piaget’s Stage Theory Social Development The Power of Touch Attachment Theory Disruption of Attachment Family Relationships Peers After Birth 12.2 Infancy and Childhood Physical Development Cognitive Development Piaget’s Stage Theory Sensorimotor Stage CONCEPT LEARNING CHECK 12.2 Stages of Cognitive Development 12 Learning Objectives Development Throughout the Life Span 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 Describe the development of the field and explain the prenatal and newborn stages of human development. Discuss physical development in infants and newborns. Examine Piaget’s stage theory in relation to early cognitive development. Illustrate the importance of attachment in psychosocial development. Discuss the impact of sexual development in adolescence and changes in moral reasoning in adolescents and young adults. Examine the life stages within Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. Illustrate the physical, cognitive, and social aspects of aging. Describe the multiple influences of nature and nurture in human development. 12.3 Adolescence and Young Adulthood Physical Development Cognitive Development Social Development Cognitive Development Social Development Continuity or Change Relationships Ages and...
Words: 34557 - Pages: 139
...Spain Perspective Paper When it comes to life span development you have to understand what it is and where it comes from or even how it got its name. As it was said by Boyd and Bee that life span development is the name that psychologists have given to the physical and cognitive changes that occur throughout a person’s life (Boyd & Bee, 2009). So I will be first explaining the life span of development, along with summarizing two different theories of life span development, and then the last one is just explaining how heredity and the environment interact to produce individual difference in the development. So what is life span development it is the study of which human development is the changes that do occur within each different period of one’s development and along with the changes they must be interpreted into terms in which the culture and the context do a occur. So it truly beings with conception and birth, because it has stages just like the transition stage that one goes through from childhood to adulthood. With this perspective it has the very same level of important to a person’s changes that lead into adulthood, in which had been just focused on changes in ones childhood instead. It can even be characterized in different things such as interdisciplinary research, multi contextual along with just emphasis on plasticity as well. The two theories that I have chosen are controversial theories and cognitive theory as well. So I will start with the controversial...
Words: 721 - Pages: 3
...1) Object permanence a) She is aware that she is talking to her dad on the phone even though she doesn’t see him b) Knowing where the remote was 2) Invisible imitation c) Her “papa” told her to say “bye bye” to her dad and she repeated what he said d) Repeating what her dad is saying on the phone 3) Deferred imitation e) Attempting to closing the phone when she said bye f) “Talking” on the phone The actual circular reaction was the running water. She was sleep while the water was running and it felt good. So when they turned off the water, she woke up and turned the water back on. As she feels the water running, she goes back to sleep. She repeats this several times. The running water was a stimulus because it soothes her to sleep. Maya understands object permanence because she was able to retrieve the toy that was completely hidden by the blanket. Simon understands object permanence because he is aware that the toy still exist even though he can't see it. However, he does have a visible displacement problem. Even though he saw the toy being placed under the white blanket, he looked under the blue blanket where he saw it last not where he watched them place it. What Piaget meant by the “real problem” in education is ultimately what is the main goal of education. Should educated children to be one-minded “active learners” and only teach children what they already know are capable of learning? Or educate children to be “little...
Words: 365 - Pages: 2
...this stage? ii. How do children in this stage differ from concrete operations? 2. Information Processing Theory a. How does this theory view cognitive development? What do these theorists focus on? b. What is metacognition and why is it useful/important? c. How do memory strategies develop with age? What types of strategies do children use? 3. Types of intelligence a. Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences (9 types) b. Other non-traditional aspects of intelligence (i.e. emotional intelligence) c. IQ—what is it? How is it traditionally measured? Why is it a useful measure? i. How does heredity and environment affect IQ? d. Horizon video on multiple intelligences as examples of the above…. 4. Academic Skills a. What are the components of skilled reading? b. As children develop how do their writing skills improve? Key words: Mental operations Conservation tasks Deductive reasoning Metacognition Organization Elaboration Metamemory Intelligence quotient (IQ) Emotional Intelligence Analytic Intelligence Creative Ability Practical Ability Phonological awareness knowledge-telling strategy knowledge-transforming strategy CHAPTER 7: Socioemotional development in middle childhood and adolescence 1. Family Relationships a. What is a family? What changes have occurred in how family is defined? b. How does a...
Words: 1322 - Pages: 6
...Span Human Development Psychology 375 Professor Kathleen Phelps March 05, 2012 Life Span Perspective Paper No one brought evolution to light like Charles Darwin. His book, titled On the Origin of Species, offered compelling evidence for evolution within species and drew in large amounts of controversy. This controversy led to more and more field work and observations of nature. Eventually, Darwin’s research and studies turned to people and the study of the human life span (Beddall, 1968). The study of the human life span gained momentum in the years that followed the publishing of Darwin’s famous book as psychologists around the world developed different perspectives and theories regarding life span. The following examination focuses on explaining the life span perspective of development, summarizing two different theories of life span development, and offering an explanation to how heredity and the environment produce differences in overall development. The study of human development centers on how a person changes over a lifetime. A person starts life with the birth stage, and then moves through infancy, adolescence and puberty, adulthood, and finishes with death (Berger, 2008). Berger (2008) describes these changes as being linear, gradual, predictable, and sometimes steady. During their life spans, humans learn to communicate, work together, experience emotions, and how to survive. The life span perspective of development comes directly...
Words: 1266 - Pages: 6
...explaining the life span perspective of development. I will be listing the eight developmental stages throughout life, and the three key developmental domains. I will then summarize two of the theories of the life span development. I will list the four I will then explain how heredity and the environment interact to produce individual differences in development. I will then summarize everything that I have wrote in this paper in a conclusion of the paper. I will also list the references that I have used to write this paper. After several hours of research, I have put this paper together. I hope that you like it as much as I enjoyed writing it. Throughout this paper you will know how the life span development works and what all is entailed in it. You will be able to understand the two theories that I have chosen. You will also know how heredity and the environment interact to produce individual differences in development. Explain the life span perspective of development. The life span perspective is all about understanding all of the changes that take place throughout ones’ life and the changes have to be observed as a result of the culture and the situations that surround each change. Life span is also known as and referred to as being life-long changes that continue and is not based by just one age period. The life span perspective consists of physical, cognitive, and social domains. According to Santrock (1999), “Some aspects of our development increase while others decrease”...
Words: 1311 - Pages: 6
...Stages of Cognitive Development Jean Piaget is a Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher known for his epistemological studies with children. Piaget believed that children play an active role in the growth of intelligence. He regarded children as philosophers who perceive the world as he or she experiences it (ICELS). Therefore in Piaget’s most prominent work, his theory on the four stages of cognitive development, much of his inspiration came from observations of children. The theory of cognitive development focuses on mental processes such as perceiving, remembering, believing, and reasoning. Through his work, Piaget showed that children think in considerably different ways than adults do and as such he saw cognitive development as a progressive reorganization of mental processes resulting from maturation and experience (1973). To explain this theory, Piaget used the concept of stages to describe his development as a sequence of the four following stages: sensory – motor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations. There are three elements however to understanding his theory of cognitive development. They are schema, the fours process that enable transition from on stage to another, and finally the four stages themselves. He began his studies by making naturalistic observations. Piaget made careful, detailed observations of children, typically his own children or their friends, from these he wrote diary descriptions charting their development. He also...
Words: 2023 - Pages: 9
...08 Fall Test One, Take Home Test 1,2,3 Jamella Aljumail [JAljumail@mercycollege.edu] Mercy College of Ohio REL 250:01- Death, Dying, and Bereavement Dr. Karen Elliott, C.PP.S. September 15, 2013 Question 1: Chapter 3 discusses the understanding of death in the Native American, African, Mexican, Asian, Celtic, and Hawaiian cultures. Choose ONE of the cultures discussed and state specifically what, in that culture’s understanding of death, is particularly meaningful to you. Explain in detail WHY it is meaningful. Mexican cultures “joked about death and poke fun at it in their art, literature and music”. In early times Aztecs believed in the sacrificial rights. Aztecs believed that a person who was a sacrificial victim was known to be the “divine dead”. Mexicans also believed a way a person lives, that’s the way a person will die. “Tell me how you die and I will tell you who you are” (DeSpelder and Strickland, 2005). Mexicans decorate graves and death is apart of everyday life in the Mexican culture. Mexican cultures have a day to celebrate the dead called El Dia de los Muertos. The celebration begins the evening of November 1st and goes into the next morning. Mexican also believe that “shedding to many tears and excessive grief may make the pathway traveled by the dead slippery” (DeSpelder and Strickland, 2005). In Islam, we follow the Quran and the beliefs that the prophet passed on to us (it states in the hadith). In my Muslim belief that the prophet (peace...
Words: 1288 - Pages: 6
...provider would provide their 8 week old baby, Tyree, the best start to her future. Although Child Care B is less expensive than Child Care A, Tyree is not as independent as the other children so she will need more attention given to her while she is awake. Child Care A has enough staff that Tyree can have the care she needs immediately instead of having to wait for a staff member to get to her like she would with Child Care B. Therefore, I choose Child Care A as the best facility for Tyree to develop cognitively as well as receive the bonding she needs for her emotional and social development. According to Piaget, Tyree is in the sensorimotor stage, which is the first stage of cognitive development and is from birth to 2 years of age and thought is based primarily on action. (Bukatko, 2008, pg200-202) Piaget’s theory develops a cognitive structure for Tyree when choosing Child Care A. Cognitive psychology studies the mental processes, like perception, learning and memory. Infants learn by repetition and the use of their senses. By seeing the caregiver on a regular bases Tyree will learn whom she can trust, she will also learn to perceive those in Child Care A as a safe, friendly and loving place. Child Care A will only be beneficial to Tyree if the parents are consistent with their care of her. This is when nature vs. nurture would come into play. During infancy a child needs to have consistency, predictability, and reliability in their caregivers. This includes the parents...
Words: 834 - Pages: 4
