...Social Psychology Psych/555 April 8, 2013 Dr. Anthony Social Psychology Human social behavior has been studied for the last 100 years, giving social scientists insight into the influence of thought on behavior. In this endeavor, scientists have also provided theories on the human need to obtain and maintain close attachments as well as the influence of human interaction. The development of social psychology as a discipline has provided insight into the precarious nature of human behavior and social interaction. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the conceptual foundations of social psychology. Within this analysis will be the definition of social psychology, an analysis of its four key characteristics, an explanation of the concept of situationism, and identification of the five core social motives and how these concepts affect the field of social psychology. Social Psychology Social psychology can be defined as the study of how an individual’s situations influence his or her behavior, emotions, thoughts, etc., with particular focus on how individuals perceive as well as affect on another (Myers, 2008). Furthermore, social psychology primarily focuses on social relations, social influence, and social thinking. According to Myers (2008), social relations refers to certain attributes such as aggression, helping others, prejudice, and attraction and intimacy. Social influence comprises factors such as pressure to conform, biology and culture, groups of people, and...
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...Social Psychology Paper Christina Bacon Psych/555 April 4, 2016 Dr. Dobier Social Psychology Paper This paper will attempt to analyze the foundations of social psychology, and to do so this paper will explain what social psychology is, what the four characteristics of social psychology is and how they are addressed. Situationism will be discussed as well as what role it plays, and what the five social motives are and how they affect the field of psychology. Defining Social Psychology Firstly, the definition of social psychology is simply people influencing other people. It is the attempt, or rather the scientific attempt to explain how the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of other people are shaped by the presence of others. For instance, public speaking, now most people have a significant reaction to speaking in front of others. Usually they are nervous and scared or they are confident and comfortable. The role of social psychology would be trying to explain the reason the individual feels that way. Another example would be a professor in front of his or her classroom, if the teacher asked their students to remove their shoes and throw them into a nearby receptacle, most if not all of the students would comply. The role of the social psychologist would be to try and explain the different reactions that the students felt (Fiske, 2010). Analyzing the four characteristics There are four characteristics of social psychology and they are broad scope, cultural...
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...Issue Analysis: Pro-Social Behavior Psych. 555 April 29, 2013 Dr. Anthony Issue Analysis: Pro-social Behavior Human kindness has been studied for centuries and spawned debates over the reasons behind exhibiting kindness and the lack of it. Pro-social behaviors are those behaviors that involve helping another person; ulterior motives may or may not play a part. Altruism is a pro-social behavior in which helping behavior occurs with no indication of personal benefit. According to Fiske (2010), “altruism describes a motive that makes people help because of genuine concern for others, to increase the welfare of others,” (p. 347). A person acts altruistically when he or she feels empathy for another person and assumes responsibility for helping. Another concept of helping is Egotistic helping, that is the idea that the primary motivator is to decrease one’s own distress and places the decreasing another’s distress as the secondary motivator (Nier, 2009). The existence of true altruism has been a topic of longstanding debate in social psychology. Nier (2009) has provided information concerning both sides of this debate (Nier, 2009). Batson (et. Al, 1981) supports the concept of true altruism stating that individuals help others simply out of a desire to do so. This help earns the individual no reward. The opposing side is presented by Cialdini (et. Al, 1987) concludes that when individuals offer aid to others, they are doing so for a personal gain of some kind. The articles...
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...The Self Paper Trace Riley PSYCH/555 November 26, 2012 Gary McCullough, Ph.D. The Self Paper The concept of self is a multi-dimensional construct that refers to an individual’s self-perspective of how one represents his or her self. Self-concept develops from an individual’s viewpoint in relation to characteristics, such as racial identity or gender roles. For example, if a young boy develops in a family who favors baseball, the likelihood of the son playing baseball is strong because he may acquire the same likeliness for baseball as his peers. There are multiple factors that contribute to self concept and how it develops. Emotions play a significant role in how self-esteem develops and how self and behavior affects individual self-presentation. The purpose of this paper is to examine the concept of self, how self-concept develops, the relationship between self and emotion and how self and behavior affect self-presentation. Samuel Butler believed that a man’s work and his talent’s is simply a portrait of themselves. One may ask “Does self concept develop from individual behavior or the characteristics one may represent?” Self Concept A person develops self concept from a glossary in which he or she has lived. For instance, as mentioned above, the young son of a baseball player may distinguish a personality of a baseball fan or athlete because of his upbringing. Characteristics define an individual’s self-concept for example, his or her self-concept on cultures, races...
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...Gilliam Psych 555 December 9, 2012 Dr. Jay Greiner The Self This paper is about self-concept and how it is developed. Self-concept is important to the field of psychology because it explains one’s attitude and how they view themselves. This paper will define self-concept, the relationship between the self and emotion and the effect on individual self-esteem. Lastly, the author will explain the relationship between self and behavior and the effect on individual self-presentation. Define the concept of the self. Explain how an individual develops a self-concept. Explain the relationship between the self and emotion and how this relationship affects an individual’s self-esteem. Explain the relationship between the self and behavior and how this relationship affects an individual’s self-presentation. According to Fiske (2010) social psychology is about the influence people have on one another. Social psychology is also the scientific explanation of how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the presence of other human beings. The presence can be actual, imagined, or implied (Fiske 2010). Social influence plays a big role in society and the decisions that individuals make. There are four key characteristics of social psychology and they are broad scope, cultural mandate, scientific methods, and search for wisdom. Broad scope is exactly as it sounds. It explains that social psychology consists of many aspects of human behavior and is affected by social influence...
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...The Self Judith James University of Phoenix Social Psychology/PSYCH 555 Glorivy Arce April 10, 2014 The Self “Identity is part of drama to me. Who am I, why am I behaving this way, and am I aware of it?”- American writer, Matthew Weiner (Brainy Quotes, n.d.). Most people are like Weiner, we ask ourselves “Who am I?” and our reply will usually be a description of our outside self, our personality traits, and the role we have in life. “The term self-concept is a general term used to refer to how someone thinks about or perceives themselves” (McLeod, 2008, para. 1). However, there is more to the concept of self, and how an individual develops the concept of self. Included in the aspect of self is the relationship between the person and his or her emotions, which affect a person’s self-esteem. How one presents themselves to others involves the relationship between the self and his or her behavior; a certain degree of a person’s self-presentation will also affect one’s concept of self. “A conceptual definition of the self includes the body, the inner self, the interpersonal self, and the collective self” (Fiske, 2010, p. 185). While the concept of self develops from the time of birth, it is a slow process simply because as a child one is concerned about how he or she fits into the world around them. A child will develop self through learning what he or she likes, or does not like; such as enjoying being outside, or preferring to be naked instead of wearing...
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...The Self Paper Maggie Morrison PSYCH/555 November 11, 2013 Deirdre Teaford The concept of self The concept of self is an assortment of belief and understanding of how each person see things differently because of their feelings, beliefs, interpersonal relationship, and attitude. The term self identifies a person racial, sexual and gender roles, it is what makes them different from everyone else. In order to determine a successful investigate, social psychologist have separated self concept in two structures: conceptual and operational. Conceptual is define as self-concept which is separated into four characteristics, that consist of the material self, the inner self, the interpersonal self and the societal self, which is a reflection of a person and their different roles interactions with others. A person’s personality, characteristics, appearances, and social qualities is what makes you, it creates a difficult person of knowing and understanding the real you is not so easy. Finally, this image was created in many ways; however, it is influenced by our interactions with significant people in our lives (Cherry, 2013). Each person self consists of characteristic and personality traits distinguish us from other people. The relational of self is having personal relationships with your husband, wife, mother, father, sister, and brother. Self-concept represents the person I am or the person I have become. Self-concept is also made up as one self schema, which works together...
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...Conformity and Obedience Psych/555 May 11, 2013 Dr. Anthony Conformity and Obedience Humans are known as social animals as they live life together while forming a variety of groups and try to improve their relationship within groups. Interaction with others is a natural consequence of residing in society. During this process the interaction of society and its rules has social implications of each. If the people face no social impact, like peer pressure, a large portion of them to demonstrate compliance by modifying their behavior, thoughts, decisions, as expected. This paper will discuss the issues of conformity & obedience. Compare and contrast the concepts of conformity and obedience. Conformity is well observed when people are in groups, which exerts pressure in their lives on things they do not normally do in their routine life. When an individual is compatible with group of self, it presents the devotion of the individual to group norms. Gender, culture, personality & other factors have great influence on how individual recover in a group (Fiske, 2010). Conformity has a wide impact, as it refer to people who have a common behavior with peers, and these people are thought to help some social rights to their behavior. In groups, people also believe that correspond to group as their behavior is often inspired by the principal group members. (Martin & Bull, 2008). The chances of people who responded, can only be determined when they are all alone, experience which...
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...The Self Paper Kimberly Kline Psych/555 January 20, 2014 Tracy Masiello The Self Paper This paper will define the concept of self, and explain how an individual develops a self-concept. It will explain the relationship between the self and emotion and how this relationship affects an individual’s self-esteem. It will also explain the relationship between the self and behavior and how this relationship affects an individual’s self-presentation. The Concept of Self Self- concept is the knowledge and beliefs people have about themselves. According to Fiske, (2010) self-concept is broken down into conceptual self and operational self. Conceptual self can be broken down into the material self which looks at the boundaries of our physical bodies, the inner self which is more of our private self or our inner identity, the interpersonal self is the role we play in our lives and how we interact with others and the societal self which deals with the society we live in and/or our culture. The operational self relates to self-concept, self –esteem and self-presentation. Self-concept deals with the cognitive aspect of self. It is the knowledge and beliefs we have about ourselves and how we represent our self to others. Self-esteem is more of our self and our emotions. Self-esteem is measure by how people feel about themselves. If people feel valuable and meaningful their self-esteem is rated to be high. If a person feels insignificant...
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...Social Biases Paper Psych 555 May 5, 2013 Dr. Anthony Social Biases Paper Bias is generally described as favoring thinking of particular way, or something to watch. Being biased means attitude of that person or behavior is particularly prejudice. The person may be aware of that he is bias. Social prejudices are a social problem, because a group is looking at another individual or group as the group feels that they are superior to others. The social interaction among some groups might have to create common biases. Social biases may be very harmful and can interfere with human interaction (Fiske, 2010). Define the concepts of prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination Prejudice means feeling or having attitude towards members of a group, established solely on the basis of membership in this group. Stereotypes dealt with generalizations regarding others that usually cause display of others group predictable and typical characteristics. Discrimination means an act of a group or person against another group or person who is the prejudice subject. Stereotypes put people into groups having similar attributes or characteristics. Stereotypes have the ability to distort the perspective of a person. As soon as a stereotype becomes active, the features belong to the group, either positive or negative, they are easy to remember. Stereotypes can influence social judgments on how much a person loves another, and this behavior is normal. There was a time when because of the stereotyping...
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...Social Biases name Psych 555 date instructor Social Biases Bias comes in many forms, including race, age, gender, and ethnicity and can be universal or location specific (Fiske, 2010). It is described as favoring thinking of particular way, or something to watch. Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination are all forms of biases because of the treatment the individual receives from others (Fiske, 2010). Bias is defined as “a particular tendency or inclination, especially one that prevents unprejudiced consideration of a question; prejudice” (Bias, n.d.). Social interactions between some groups might create common biases. Social biases may be harmful and interfere with human interaction (Fiske, 2010). Define concepts of prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination Prejudice is a baseless and usually negative attitude toward members of a group. Fiske (2010) states “prejudice entails reacting emotionally to an individual on the basis of one’s feeling about the group as a whole” (p. 429). Prejudice can be based on a number of factors including, nationality, religion, sexual orientations, age, race, and sex. The most commonly seen prejudice in society is racism, sexism, ageism, religious prejudice, homophobia, and nationalism. Every race, culture, country, and community has a stereotype. By stereotyping a group, it has become a way to oversimplifying the group. Stereotyping is often negative and exaggerated; it is a set of generalizations about...
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...The Self Paper PSYCH/555 May 19, 2014 The Self Paper According to Greenwald, Banaji, Rudman, Farnham, Nosek, and Mellott (2002), the concept of self is defined as the association of self with one or more characteristic concepts. The concept of self is complex and made up of many different parts that contribute to the whole meaning, such as the conceptual and operational parts (Fiske, 2010). The conceptual part includes the body, inner self, interpersonal self, and collective self (Fiske, 2010). The operational part includes emotions that affect self-esteem, and behavior that affects self-presentation (Fiske, 2010). Self-concept is attained through different ways, including comparison with other people. The following research material gives an understanding of self in deeper measure. Concept of Self There are many factors that contribute to the concept and development of self. Conceptual self, operational self, and core motives are all a part of self. Fiske notes that the “self is not a single thing” but is more comparable to a coral reef rather than a bowling ball (pp.186). Self-concept is broken down into conceptual self and operational self. The conceptual section includes the material self. This is the body self, inner self, interpersonal self, and collective self (Fiske, 2010). The operational section is how psychologists measure self by researching self-concept, emotions, self-esteem, and self-presentation, or behavior (Fiske, 2010). The...
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...Separation Anxiety Disorder in Children Daphne A Janes American Military University Author Note This paper was prepared for EDUC533 Assessment, Evaluation, and Testing II, taught by Dr. Marie Isom. Abstract Fear in reaction to danger probably ends up to life-saving "fight or flight." Anxiety is intrinsic to fear, and therefore the young baby experiences anxiety throughout the earliest inevitable separations from caretakers. Childhood separation psychological disorder (SAD) has been recently recognized as a precursor of an anxiety disorder, a pacemaker of anxiety and different mental disorders, and could be an extremely frequent disorder. Intensive kinds of treatments are developed recently to any improve treatment effectuality, though cognitive-behavioral medical care (CBT) has proved effective for the cure for youngsters with anxiety disorders, as well as a separation anxiety disorder. This paper was written to have a better understanding of the causes, the prevalence, diagnostic criteria, progression, and lastly the treatment considerations for separation anxiety. Keywords: separation anxiety, causes, prevalence, diagnostic criteria, progression, treatment Separation Anxiety Disorder in Children Causes A psychological health disorder, begins in childhood; once a child is worrying about leaving home or be separated from a loved one. This happens when a child is separated from the primary caregiver (usually the mother) and this happens as part of the developmental...
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...Leadership in Shaping Organizational Culture Organizational culture is viewed as the “glue” that holds companies together or the foundation the company is built on. According to Schneider, Ehrhart, and Macey (2013) they stated, organizational culture may be defined as “the shared basic assumptions, values, and beliefs that characterize a setting and are taught to newcomers as the proper way to think and feel, communicated by the myths and stories people tell about how the organization came to be the way it is as it solved problems associated with external adaptation and internal integration” (p. 362). To further define, BusinessDictionary.com (2015) defined organizational culture as, “the values and behaviors that contribute to the unique social and psychological environment of an organization”. Leaders must have the ability to establish a culture in which the company is respected in society, and it is through the use of leadership the culture of the organization is passed to employees and the customers it serves. Diversity is another important factor of culture as having a diverse group allows for a variety of ideas to ensure innovation. Kapoor (2011) found it difficult to provide a clear definition of diversity, however she made clear the importance of remembering the cultural context of the organization and the society within which the organization exists to be prevalent (p. 290). In today’s society, diversity is a main issue within organizations. With the existence of global...
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...Contents 1. Abstract 1 2. Introduction 2 3. Methodology 10 3.1. Design 10 3.2. Participants 10 3.3 Materials 10 3.4. Procedure 11 3.5. Ethics 12 4. Results 13 5. Discussion 21 6. Conclusion 25 7. References 26 Appendix 1. The questionnaire 30 Appendix 2. Introversion Scale Scoring 39 Appendix 3. Locus of Control Scoring 40 Appendix 4. Picture-Frustration Test Scoring 41 1. Abstract The present study contributes to the understanding of the causalities of conflicting behaviour in adult males and females. The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between tendency to be involved in social conflicts (conflict potential) and locus of control beliefs (two types: intermal/external) as well as two types of typology (introversion/extraversion). Based on the previous studies (Holloran, Doumas, 1999; Benjamin, 1999; Williams and Vantress, 1969) it is hypothesised that that 1) there will be a significant difference between locus of control, extraversion and conflict potential; 2) introverts will score higher on group adaptation scale than extraverts; 3) externals will score lower on group adaptation scale than internals. Two more hypotheses derived from the earlier findings (Bookwala, Sabine and Zdaniuk, 2005; Harris and Bohnhoff, 1996): 4) the results will differ between age and gender groups; 5) with the increase of age the conflict potential will decrease. The findings of the study suggest that locus of control (β=-1.146, p<0.01) and...
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