...From its early beginnings, psychology has remained a rapidly changing science. Starting in the late 1800’s through the 1930’s, psychologists disagreed about many aspects of the field of psychology, including fields of study and research methods. Out of this conflict, four major schools of thought developed – Structuralism, Behaviorism, Gestalt psychology, and Psychoanalysis. Structural psychologists believed the purpose of psychology is to describe, analyze, and explain conscious sensations and feelings. Behaviorists believed conditioning could change human behavior. Gestalt psychologists theorized humans and some animals perceive the world around them in an organized pattern. Psychoanalysts believed that powerful inner forces from the unconscious mind develop and influence human behavior. This paper will discuss the personality theories proposed by Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung. This discussion will include a description of each theory. In addition, this paper will analyze the strengths and limitations of these theories. Finally this paper will compare and contrast each theory based on basic and underlying assumptions, deterministic versus free will, and awareness of self. Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud, a psychologist from Vienna, was the first person to propose the Psychoanalytical Theory of Personality. Though his work, he suggested the personality is comprised of three separate elements, the id, the ego, and the super ego (Burger 2008). The id, present at birth...
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...Cognitive Psychology Definition Paper Gregory Finch PSY/360 Axia College/University of Phoenix Cognitive Psychology Definition Paper Because of a prominent contrast, behaviorism and cognitive psychology are often compared. Cognitive psychology focuses on determining understandable explanations of the human mental processes, whereas behaviorism does not address the concerns of mental processes. The main objective of cognitive psychology is to explain the human transformation of thoughts into manifistations by a cognitive process. As behaviorism was being questioned and at the end of popular opinion, cognitive psychology, with the assistance of the application of abstract concepts, neuroscience, and new technology sprung into existence. With a scientific approach of the psyche, cognitive psychology has allowed new applications in the treatment of human dysfunction and disease. It is the intension of this paper to discuss the importance of behavioral observation in cognitive psychology while identifying a minimum of four prominent milestones in the development of the discipline of cognitive psychology. Cognitive Psychology Defined According to Merriam-Webster, by definition, cognitive psychology is “a branch of psychology concerned with mental processes (as...
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...Cognitive Psychology Definition Paper Gina S Washington Psychology 360 May 28, 2014 Keisha Pou Cognitive Psychology Definition Paper Cognitive Psychology According to psychologist, cognitive psychology is associated with behaviorism due to the shrill differences of the perspectives (Willingham, 2007). While behaviorism neglects to deal with mental processes, cognitive psychology target to create a logical description of these processes typical to humanity. Opposed to other perspectives in psychology, cognitive psychology has a reputation founded in the scientific and experimentation technique (Willlingham, 2007). The key goal is clarify how humans convert ideas into actions and thoughts by the composite and frequent peculiar process of cognition (Eyesnck, 2004, Willingham, 2007). The human psyche nature is addressed through nature and observation through cognitive psychology while using abstracts to produce observable behavior and nature causing a further understanding of these processes (Willingham, 2007). Through the fall of behaviorism and by the help of technology, neuroscience and the application of concept abstract is when psychology essentially came to life (Willingham, 2007). The cognitive methodology has infused contemporary psychology by way of scientific interpretation of the convoluted human psyche, also the opportunity to infuse this knowledge in treatments of dysfunction and human disease (Eyseneck, 2004). Cognitive Psychology Defined Cognitive...
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...Aspects of Psychology Arnecia Anderson American Intercontinental University Aspects of Psychology In this assignment we were to get a healthier understanding about psychology. In this paper I chose three perspectives to research. The three perspectives I chose were Behaviorism, Cognitive, and Psychodynamic theories .I answered questions relating to the perspectives such as, how they are even related to today’s Psychology .I hope this paper is as informative to my readers as it was to me. Aspects of Psychology In this assignment we were to get a better understand psychology in the present day. With doing so I researched the various theories of psychology. I chose three perspective to talk about in my paper Behaviorism, Cognitive, and Psychodynamic theories. The word behaviorism converses to the school of psychology founded by John B. Watson created on the belief that behaviors can be measured, trained, and changed. Behaviorism is also called behavioral psychology, which is a theory of learning established on the idea that all behaviors are learned through conditioning. What is conditioning? Conditioning transpires through interaction with the environment. Behaviorists trust that the environment around human beings forms our behaviors. For starters how a person was raised plays a big part in there...
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...Between the basic problems of how policy would increase energy efficiency how does it bring in consumers and what consumers does it really include. The second issue of the conclusions is how much research is out there and what basis does it really have. The problem with the research out there about this subject is how biased it is there is not allot of research out there that includes the true consumer standpoint. Nevertheless, the available evidence from empirical analyses of weatherization, demand-side management programs, automobile and appliance markets, the “landlord–tenant” agency problem, and information elicitation suggests that while investment inefficiencies do appear in various settings, the actual magnitude of the Energy Efficiency Gap is small relative to the assessments from engineering analyses. Future research should utilize randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental techniques to estimate the impacts of energy efficiency programs on heterogeneous consumer types and to address the challenges posed by unobserved costs and...
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...The History of Psychology & Scientific Practice Modern Psychology is somewhat regarded as a science, I dispute this but, respect that science has made a claim to the modern practice concerning the control of experiments, the theories made from observations of these experiments and that of the many journals written. Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1926) is known as the father of psychology due to his laboratory (Leipzig, Germany 1879) of experimental psychology being the first to exist. The lab gave way for the controlled environment in which to study and document the experiments of Wundt and his students thus making it a science and not the relative discipline of Philosophy that had been the domination of the former Psychologists that date back to the 4th and 5th Century (Socrates / Plato / Aristotle). Wundts Physiologist method was relatively short lived and by the early twentieth century John Watson had begun to question Wundt and suggested it was behavior that need be studied. Behaviorism of course can only be observed (albeit deliberated actions to gain a behavior result), John Watson of course used his behaviorism studies on his own children and two of which did comit suicide. I cannot see how behaviorism is a science? the only evidence obtained is that of a theorists conclusions, it is biased and the actions taken to create a behaviour are cruel and unjustifiable (in animals and or humans) Most of Watsons work was basically cruel applications of treatment as a means to result in...
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...the New Age movement are immense. Many of Jung’s original theories and methodology still influences the way psychologists and psychoanalysts practice today. Psychological concepts such as ‘archetype’, ‘collective unconscious’, ‘the complex’ and ‘synchronicity’ are Jungian precepts. The ‘Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) which is used today to measure an individuals perception of their surroundings and how their decisions are formed, is based on Jung’s ‘Typological theory’. Jung’s father being a pastor and his mother an atheist (in modern day terms) from an early age gave Jung the opportunity to consider and reflect on both “sides” of the religious vs non-believer question, along with the subsequent impact and conflicts within his own psyche. Throughout Jung’s life he expressed a keen interest in nature and spiritual matters, both of which would go onto profoundly influence his work. Originally trained as a clinician Jung was drawn into (at the time, unfashionable) psychiatry whilst working with psychotic patients. It was whilst reading a psychiatric textbook that referred to psychosis as a ‘personality disease’ that Jung became really focused on psychiatry. He was aware that patient’s presenting...
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...Elijah cadena Feb 11, 2013 SOC 400 Short Paper #1 Freud's most continuing and principal idea was that the human psyche has more than one aspect. He affirms that the psyche is structured into three parts, the id, the ego, and the superego. These are the mechanisms through which self develops. The Id is the unconscious self and the source of our libidinal drive. It is what gives us hunger and appetite. The id is not socially constructed. The id is an amoral agency that is expressed in Eros and Thanatos, the life and death drives. The Id also gives us that strong emotional feeling like fear, anger and desire. It is a bundle of drives that derive at birth. The id is uncensored, not capable of waiting for gratification, quite selfish, and even violent. It can be a great source of creativity, but it needs to be controlled. Which is exactly what the ego does. The ego, Freud says is the conscious self. More broadly, the thoughts and behaviors of the self that can potentially be conscious. The ego responds to social pressures and standards such as mores, or the customs of a society. The ego is socially constructed, and as it grows in strength it gets better at impulse control, it makes us responsible, inhibits bad behavior, and plans for the future with a realistic eye for possibilities. Everyone needs a strong ego; it is what makes decisions for you. The superego is our conscience. It is like having an internalized parental representative in your head. This stage is what makes you...
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...The Great Gatsby Research Prospectus and Annotated Bibliography A prospectus is a summary of a proposed research project. The purpose of writing a short prospectus is to help you get a sense of your project and hopefully gain a starting point for your work. How to proceed? Start by reading and taking notes on 2-4 reference articles, review articles, or key research articles. You will most likely be using a search engine or online database. This initial phase is meant to familiarize yourself with America in the 1920s. As you read more and more, you will hopefully find a particular subject or topic that you think is worth writing about. Again, this is not only a research paper, but it is a synthesis work in which you must take elements from the time period and connect them to the novel. Key Questions for Statement of Thesis * What two motifs will you concentrate on? * How does these motifs connect with an element from the 1920s? * What articles and research best represent this connection? * What examples from the novel best represent this connection? Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography Provide a summary and critique of the sources you researched. Where did you find them? Who wrote them? Who published them? It is important at this point to realize you want to eliminate any unreliable or questionable sources. Once you have sifted through enough source material, now you will begin to write your prospectus. Below is a sample. For my...
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...Psychoanalytic Personality Assessment Hokulani M. Bailey PSY/250 March 15, 2014 Mrs. Laura Epstein Psychoanalytic Personality Assessment In comparison and contrast the psychoanalysis theories of Freud, Jung and Adler are similar in general but each holds their own unique differences in their personal unique way. Throughout this paper, I will first define each psychoanalyst characteristics, describe the eight stages of Freud’s theory, and explain the characteristics of personality using these stages. I will also provide three real life scenarios utilizing Freud’s defense mechanisms. . Everything on this earth is comprised of different, biological make up, situations, environments, evolution and timing on earth. Each individual person’s personality is comprised and developed based on those same factors. We have read about three very important men that have given their own psychoanalytical theories on how personalities are developed and come to be. These men are Freud, Jung and Adler. This paper will explain to you my understanding and opinions and on their theories. Freud’s theory describes ID, Ego, and The Superego. In the Theory and Practice of Counseling & Psychotherapy (7th deterministic, and evolve through key psychosexual stages in the first six years of life. I don’t want to take away from Freud’s work, but I have a hard time believing that everything before age six determines the people that we grow up to be or that everything is instinct. I agree that the Ego mediates...
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...Common Difficulties Encountered by High School Students in Philippines In: English and Literature Common Difficulties Encountered by High School Students in Philippines Common Difficulties Encountered by High School Students And their Coping Mechanism MR. RONNIE G. CAINGLET A research paper submitted to the New Era University research center Hanz Lumba Christine Keith Tercias Radnan Oneza Herminia Salamat Donna Valenzuela Shaira Martinez Marko Capili March 2013 IV-LEVI I. Background of the Study Students all over the world face a number of problems which dishearten them. There are so many issues they have to deal with- study, time, money, relationships, job hopes, and more. Parent’s previous experience and education does not always equip them in dealing with such pressures. Many students will not admit their problems due to various reasons and this may eventually hamper a student’s psyche. In Metro Manila, the most common problem a student encounter is their difficulty with certain academic subjects. Nowadays, most schools have five major subjects- Science, Mathematics, Social Studies, English, and Filipino. Although different opinions are made regarding these subjects, it is evident that certain factors affect the level of difficulty of the said subjects. One is the teaching method of the teachers. It is possible that the techniques, including the materials such as the visual aids or presentations used by the teachers, are not effective. Second...
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...ANALYSIS PAPER: In the previous ten years, the thought that talking about a culture definitely recommends an over the top level of boundedness, evenness, clearness, and soundness has picked up long/big backing, and some cultural/social (people who study people) have even called for giving up the idea. It is said/argued here, not prevented by/not part of the issue, that the unwelcome essences are not built-in in the idea yet connected with specific uses that have been less (put into a hospital)/(made a behavior acceptable) than these experts accept. The foundation of the messy confusion is the taking (or setting aside) of intelligent schedules crosswise over people: while these schedules are never perfectly/completely communicated, they are not randomly circulated. In the same way/in that way, "culture" should be held as a helpful term for selecting/naming the bunches of regular ideas, feelings, and practices that come out when people communicate regularly (all the time). Besides, outside human sciences and the educated community the statement is picking up very widespread and well-known nature and (more and more) seen in a harshly (related to human history) manner. Holding the idea while lighting/educational that culture is not imitated un-problematically, has its cutoff points in the amazing/surprising (or: single) and the widespread, and is not sounding the same as/equal to (family and cultural characteristics) and personality will safeguard the shared opinion the idea has...
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...Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper analyzing the components of the psychoanalytic approach to personality. Your paper should cover the following areas: • Compare and contrast the psychoanalytic theories of Freud, Jung, and Adler. What are two characteristics of these theories with which you agree? What are two characteristics with which you disagree? • Describe the stages of Freud’s theory and explain characteristics of personality using these components. • Describe uses of at least three Freudian defense mechanisms with real-life examples. • Psychologists have broken down the human personality into five distinct categories; neuroticism, extraversion, openness, conscientiousness and agreeableness. The acronyms used to refer to these personality traits are "CANOE, OCEAN and NEOAC." Each personality has visible traits which sets them apart from each other. The characteristics of individuals are what make them unique and special. This is why there are no two people that are exactly the same. Although, some people do share some of the same characteristics, it does not mean that they share the same personality. This is often referred to as idiosyncrasy. Idiosyncrasy describes the unique mannerism, or behavioral that an individual displays. It is more like their personal "signature", because they are recognized or identified by the one special behavior or mannerism they display. • Friedman,Howard S. and Schustack, Miriam W.; Trait Aspects of Personality: Identity...
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...ANALYSIS PAPER: In the previous decade, the thought that talking about a culture definitely recommends an over the top level of boundedness, homogeneity, lucidness, and soundness has picked up extensive backing, and some cultural or social anthropologists have even called to give away the idea. It is contended here, that the unwelcome ingredients aren’t intrinsic in the idea yet connected with specific uses that have been less institutionalized than these pundits accept. The foundation of the disarray is the appropriation of scholarly schedules crosswise over people: while these schedules are never conclusively imparted, they are not necessarily circulated. Accordingly, "culture" need to be held as a helpful term for designating bunches of regular ideas, feelings, and practices that rise when individuals communicate constantly. Likewise, outside human sciences and the educated community the statement is picking up pervasiveness and progressively seen in a harshly anthropological manner. Holding the idea while illuminating that culture is not duplicated un-problematically, has its cutoff points in the exceptional and the widespread, and is not synonymous with ethnicity and personality will safeguard the shared opinion the idea has made inside the order. Besides, it will detach imparting anthropological plans to the overall population and hence testing mixed up hypothesis ‘‘cultural turn’’ in the humanities. The examination of the relationship between culture and distinct attitude...
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...Foundations of Psychology Identifying the major schools of thought in psychology and examining their major underlining assumptions; has been very interesting in many aspects of my research. In researching the branches of psychology, provided to me were different answers regarding how many branches of psychology there are. Using my sense of reason, I chose to use the answer of 10 for my paper in Foundations of Psychology. 1. Abnormal Psychology ~ the study of particular behavioral abnormalities in a person’s psyche. • A young girl with a twin brother who was very close emotionally. The brother passed away because of a sudden accident. The once vicarious, outgoing and lively girl became very introverted and shy. Her once successful existence was facing fast; from failing grades to no social interaction except with her parents, whom she clung to for dear life. This girl showed early signs of fear of abandonment. 2. Behavioral Psychology ~ the studies in behavior of an individual (human or otherwise) go gage the psychological state of that individual. The most common term used for behavioral neuroscience or biopsychology or psychobiology is Behavioral Psychology. • A normal 18-year-old young man who loved partying and spending time with his boyfriend, the young man was gay. This created much heartache for him because of him experiencing constant insults and arguing with his family. The young man found solace...
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