...Exam One Study Guide I. Types of Psychologists a. Clinical Psychologists: i. help people with psychological disorders adjust to the demands of life ii. Evaluate problems such as anxiety and depression through interviews and psychological tests iii. Help clients resolve problems and change self-defeating behavior b. Counseling Psychologists: iv. Use interviews and tests to define their clients’ problems v. Clients typically have adjustment problems but not serious psychological disorders c. School Psychologists: vi. Employed by school systems to identify and assists students who have problems that interfere with learning vii. Help schools make decisions about the placement of students in special classes d. Educational Psychologists: viii. Attempt to facilitate with learning, but focus more on course planning and instructional methods for a school system rather than on individual children ix. Research issues such as how learning is affected by psychological factors such as motivation and intelligence, sociocultural factors such as poverty and acculturation, and teachers e. Developmental Psychologists: x. Study the changes-physical, cognitive, social, and emotional- that occur throughout the lifespan xi. Attempt to sort out the influences of heredity and the environment on development f. Personality Psychologists: ...
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...The cognitive approach to human and comparative psychology rests on two main assumptions: 1) there are cognitive representations and processes that act on those representations 2) we can discover these representations and processes, albeit indirectly (Willingham, 2007). This approach offers a middle ground between B.F. Skinner’s cut-and-dry input—output relations and C.L. Hull’s hypothetical constructs and intervening variables. In the first case, there is no room for intermediary cognitive processes between stimulus and response, outside the realm of simple associative learning. In the second case, there is lacking an explicit scientific means by which to objectively observe the theoretical cognitive mechanisms in question. However, E. C. Tolman was one of the first psychologists to suggest that intermediary cognitive processes could be deduced through the results of scientifically rigorous experimentation (Zentall, 2002). It is on this very basic proposition, that theoretical cognitive processes can be inferred by observing behavior, which most informs the developmental milestones in the formation of the cognitive perspective as a branch of psychology. Development of Cognitive Psychology The development of the cognitive approach as a mainstream psychological perspective is marked by four major milestones: 1) the shortfalls of the behaviorist perspective of psychology 2) the ability for abstract constructs to account for the aforementioned shortfalls 3) the bridging of abstract...
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...Identify and describe each of the phenomena outlined in Chapter 3 that are attributed to how we perceive our social world. Priming Priming is when our mind picks up on certain things. For instance you may hear someone say something about food and you did not really pick up on it. However you may hear someone say pizza or ice cream and that is something that may interest you and you pick up on it right away. Perceiving and Interpreting Events Perceiving and Interpreting Events is how we see and understand things that we see or things that may be going on around us. Our mind at first look may make an opinion or understanding of what we think of something and most of the time we may be correct but we may not fully understand what we may see or what is going on around us until we get a better understanding about it. Then we can fully make a correct decision based on better understanding of the circumstances. It is like the saying that you should not judge a book by its cover. You will have to read the book in order to get a better understanding of the book once you have read Belief Perseverance Belief Perseverance is when ones belief out ways the actually truth. It is when someone has a belief that something is true no matter what facts may show or what someone tells them to be true. Their minds and what someone strongly belief in will out way any and everything even if there is proof to back it up. It is like telling someone that breast feeding will cut down...
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...Communicating the Value of Psychology Position Paper Nagle Catholic College Danni Carroll “Psychology is the scientific study of how we think, feel and act. It aims to answer important questions such as what motivates people to behave the way they do and what factors influence the way they think, feel and behave as they grow up and develop” (Fletcher and Garton, 2007). Psychology is applied to society as a whole; it can help us understand how we as individuals can function as members of society and the values and attitudes to things such as Culture, Social values and practices and Social, Historical and Political Influences. Psychology studies have also taken us into the minds of others and how they react to certain situations; from this psychologists have created the areas of Social Psychology, Relational Influences and Communication that their studies fall under. The study of psychology also lets us find out more about ourselves as individuals such as our Biological Influences, Cognition, Developmental and Personality (Fletcher and Garton 2007). This position paper is aimed at a year 12 Psychology class studying 3AB Psychology: Self, Others and Society. The class consists 17 students with the majority of the students being female and aged 16-17. The purpose of this paper is to provide the students with a clearer understanding of the Psychology areas of Self, Others and Society. Case Study 1 – Personality Personality is defined as the characteristics of a person...
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