...Psychological Testing Tabitha Taney PSY/475 September 18, 2013 Maggie Boone Psychological Testing There are tests of every type that most people will have to take throughout their lives. There are driving tests, tests to get into college, tests in all varieties of schools and even in the workplace, when being hired or promoted. There are also tests in the world of psychology, including testing in schools and the workplace. Psychological testing will be defined, with a few different varying descriptions from a few sources, since there is not just one definition for this type of test. The major categories of tests will be described and the major uses and users of these tests will be identified. The concepts of reliability and validity will be compared and contrasted, and how they both impact the field of psychological testing will be discussed. Definition of the term “test” “The glossary of the authoritative Standards for Educational and Psychology Tests,” according to our textbook, “says that a test is an evaluative device or procedure in which a sample of an examinee’s behavior in a specified domain is obtained and subsequently evaluated and scored...
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...distressing psychological experience. Unfortunately, everyone will experience some form of trauma throughout their life span rather it is a loss of a love one or an unforeseen event (car accident). Both are detrimental to healthy human growth and development. The physical effects of trauma are visible to the naked eye in forms such as the following: broken limbs, deformities (scars), or body abnormalities; were as, the psychological effects are deep embedded emotion. The psychological effect due to the exposure to trauma is classified as post-traumatic stress disorder. This emotional disorder creates a feeling of hopelessness, fear, anxiety, and depression that can occur at any time after exposure....
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...towards a woman, majority of the time, physical and sexual assaults comes to our mind. However, violence needs to be narrowed to nonviolent acts such as psychological and emotional abuse. Most people don’t consider emotional abuse a serious matter in comparison to physical abuse. Unfortunately, the wounds from verbal abuse can run just as deep and take longer to heal than the black eyes, bruises or broken bones of physical abuse. It is harder to identify for the victim, the abuser and the environment. The thesis of my presentation is how to understand and recognize emotional abuse on women. Today I will be talking on what emotional abuse is, physical and psychological effects of emotional abuse and the pattern of emotional abuse. What is emotional abuse? Like other forms of violence in relationships, emotional abuse is based on power and control. Most people think emotional abuse is criticizing each other but it is much more than verbal abuse. One could define Emotional abuse as any nonphysical behavior or attitude that is designed to control, intimidate, overpower, demean, punish, or isolate another person through the use of degradation, humiliation, or fear. Emotionally abusive behavior ranges from verbal abuse to more subtle methods like intimidation, manipulation and refusal to be pleased. Emotional abuse accompanies other forms of abuse, but also may occur on its own. When a woman endures such behavior for a prolonged period of time, she becomes a shadow of her...
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...sexual abuse or exploitation; or an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm” (Childwelfare, 2008, pg. 3).The number of confirmed reports of child abuse in 2005 is 899,000 (U.S. Department, 2007). In 2005, 12 children out of every 1,000 children up to age 18 in the United States was a victim of some form of maltreatment or abuse. Child abuse falls into six categories, some that are more self-evident such as physical abuse that leaves marks on the outside of the body and others, such as emotional, which leaves no mark save the one on the child’s heart and mind. The various forms of maltreatment for 2005 fall into the following categories: Neglect 62.8% Physical Abuse 16.6% Sexual Abuse 9.3% Emotional/psychological 7.1% Medical Neglect 2.0% Other 14.3% The listed percentages equal over 100% as children are not always the victim of just one category; regrettably, children may be the victim of both physical and emotional abuse. Studies into the cycle of abuse has shown that a person abused as a child becoming abusive as an adult, reveals “about one-third of people who are abused in childhood will become abusers themselves” ((NYTimes, 1989, pg. 1). Research has also revealed that abused children are more likely to have issues as an adult with depression and alcoholism, along with sexual maladjustment, and mental illness of multiple personality (NYTimes, 1989). The cycle of abuse needs to stop for the child, the parent, and society’s...
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...examination to determine the correctness of something” (Harper, 2010, Para. 1). According to Hogan, 2007, p. 38) The standards for Educational and Psychological Testing defines test as, “an evaluative device or procedure in which a sample of an examinees’ behavior in a specified domain is obtained and subsequently evaluated, and scored using a standardized process.” Furthermore, Hogan stated that a test is a systematic and standardized qualification procedure or device that produces information about behavior, and cognitive processes, and measures a sample of behavior rather than an extensive examination of the variety of individual’s behaviors Describe the major categories of tests and identify the major uses of these tests. The major categories of psychological tests are, mental ability, achievement, personality, interests and attitudes, and neuropsychological tests. Mental ability tests measure cognitive functions, such as intelligence, memory, spatial visualization, and creative thinking. Achievement tests assess capability within certain areas of expertise, and sometimes include assessments of reading, math, science, and social studies, at the same time identify more specific achievement. Personality tests are designed to produce information about personality and are most widely applied of all psychological tests. These tests compare an individual’s responses to different clinical groups for similarity, and sometimes measure depression, eating...
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...Spousal Abuse Domestic violence is considered to be one of the most unreported crimes in the United States. Spousal abuse has always been an issue across the nation, it can be found in many different cultural, genders and social classes. Spousal abuse is abuse that is physical, emotional, mental or sexual abuse caused by a partner, or a spouse. According to American Bar Association (2011), "Approximately there are 1.3 million women and 835,000 men that are physically assaulted by an intimate partner annually in the United States” (Domestic Violence Statistics). Noticing and acknowledge signs of an abusive relationship is key for trying to end the violence. Laws that Help Protect Spousal Abuse Spousal abuse has become more common over the last forty years. Before then, women were abused on a regular basis. Now, due in part to cultural diversity among neighborhoods and the internet, many of these crimes have come to light. Because of spousal abuse, new laws have been put in place to curb the violence. Crimes such as assault, sexual abuse, spousal rape, assault with deadly weapon, and even murder are only a few violent acts that the victim’s partner can be arrested for today. Although the crimes remain the same for many individuals, crimes involving spousal abuse have changed a bit. In past decades, when a spouse would report abuse, law enforcement would go to the place of the complaint looking for evidence of a crime (i. e., witnesses, physical marks...
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...Post-traumatic stress disorder is a widespread psychological disorder that has fairly recently been discovered and properly diagnosed. Post-traumatic stress disorder is a condition of persistent mental and emotional stress occurring as a result of trauma that includes injury or severe psychological shock. Medically, trauma refers to a serious or critical bodily injury, wound, or shock and in psychiatry, trauma refers to an experience that is emotionally painful, distressful, or shocking. In the novel Snow Falling on Cedars by David Guterson, the story takes place on an island named San Piedro where characters within the novel carry a similar trait. A great range of trauma is displayed within the characters throughout the novel as an effect of experiencing World War II. The characters that portray trauma the...
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...PERSONALITY EVALUATION CRITERIA AND TECHNIQUES Introduction 1. Personality is something that we informally evaluate and describe every day. When we talk about ourselves and others, we frequently refer to different characteristics of an individual's personality. Psychologists do the same thing when they evaluate personality, but on a much more systematic and scientific level. Personality testing refers to those techniques that are used accurately and consistently to measure personality. 2. Humans are precious asset for any organization. Recruitment and selection is costly effort in terms of money and time. Personality of employees effects their roles and responsibilities in the organization. The personality pattern has great influence on their work attitude. Evaluations of personality provide a measure of how an individual works with his colleagues, how he approaches towards tasks and change, how he communicates and how he deals with pressures. Differences between people in their behavior and mental approach make them more or less effective in different jobs. For instance, an outgoing person will tend to be more successful in a job that requires frequent interaction with other people. On the other hand, a less outgoing person tends to be more successful in a job that primarily involves independent work. Almost, all organization uses personality evaluations to match an individual’s skills to the job requirements or to find an organization fit person. Such evaluations identified...
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...Follingstad, Brennan, Hause, Polek and Rutlaedge (1991) found stronger correlations between depression and psychological abuse rather than physical abuse, supporting a link between sense of self and depression in abusive relationships. Jack and Dill (1992) also observed that depressed women reported ―a loss of self‖ either they were with the history of domestic violence or not. Findings of another study indicated that physical and psychological violence by close family members is very common and leading to intimidation, emotional trauma, continued depression, suicidal ideations, and suicidal attempts among women (Sheikh, 2000). Women with the history of domestic violence are fatally depressed and demeaned by their abuser, there seems to be...
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...Many trauma victims report being disoriented and anxious after a trauma and have difficulty sleeping and concentrating. Victims are often reluctant to talk about the trauma or deliberately contemplate it; nevertheless the traumatic memory intrudes on their thoughts quite frequently. In recognition of the severe distress and psychological dysfunction that often occur immediately after a trauma, a new diagnostic classification called Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) was adopted in the DSM-IV in 1994. The focus of this disorder is on dissociative features, and, consequently, the symptom criteria include at least three of the following: a sense of numbing, detachment, or lack of emotional responsiveness, a reduction in awareness of surroundings (e.g., being in a daze), derealization, depersonalization, and dissociative amnesia. Reexperiencing of the trauma, avoidance, and arousal, as defined in the criteria for PTSD, must also exist. A diagnosis of Acute Stress Disorder is warranted when such symptoms last between 2 days and 1 month, occur within 1 month of the trauma, and interfere...
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...recently, within the past twenty-five years, has the issue been "brought into the open as a field of concern and study" (Violence Against Women in the Family, page 38). Domestic violence is not an isolated, individual event but rather a pattern of repeated behaviors that the abuser uses to gain power and control over the victim. Unlike stranger-to-stranger violence, in domestic violence situations the same perpetrator repeatedly assaults the same victim. These assaults are often in the form of physical injury, but may also be in the form of sexual assault. However the abuse is not only physical and sexual, but also psychological. Psychological abuse means intense and repetitive humiliation, creating isolation, and controlling the actions of the victim through intimidation or manipulation. Domestic violence tends to become more frequent and severe over time. Oftentimes the abuser is physically violent sporadically, but uses other controlling tactics on a daily basis. All tactics have profound effects on the victim. Perpetrators of domestic violence can be found in all age, racial, ethnic, cultural, socio-economic, linguistic, educational, occupational and religious groups. Domestic violence is found in all types of intimate relationships whether the individuals are of the same or opposite sex, are married or dating, or are in a current or past intimate relationship. There are two essential elements in every domestic violence situation: the victim and abuser have...
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...Intimate partner abuse, as known as (IPV), is a problem amongst America that affects millions. The term intimate partner violence, describes physical, sexual, or psychological harm by a current or former partner or spouse. The abuse can occur among heterosexual or same-sex couples and does not necessary include sexual intimacy (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). There are many issues associated with intimate partner abuse and changes have occurred in recent times. The criminal justice system has made changes accordingly to protect the victim and ensure safety from the abuser. Elder abuse occurs to those who are older, vulnerable, frail, and cannot help themselves. Elder abusers can be men, women, family, or caretakers with no extent of harm they cause on the elder. Abuse is a problem that is present in today’s society among all race, genders, and ethnic groups. Special populations experience different types of victimization in society as well. The problem of abuse effects all individuals and many factors play a role in the abusers intent to harm. Intimate partner abuse is defined as any intentional act or series of acts that cause injury to the partner. The acts may consist of physical, emotional, or sexual (Wallace & Robinson, 2011). Intimate partner abuse occurs among all socioeconomic, religious, and cultural groups. Intimate partner violence is just as the term “family” it is ever-changing and dynamics differ. The issues associated with intimate partner...
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...Ego Defence Mechanisms Introduction Ego psychology embodies a more optimistic and growth oriented view of human functioning and potential than do the earlier theoretical formulation. It generated changes in the study and assessment process and led to an expansion and systemization Of interceptive strategies with individuals. It fostered a re-conceptualization of the clinic worker relation ship, of change mechanisms, and of the interventive process. It helped to refocus the importance of wok of with the social environment as well as work with the family and the group. Moreover, it has important implications for the design of service delivery, large-scale social programs, and social policy. DEFINITION OF DEFENCE MECHANISM Ego-defense mechanisms are learned, usually during early childhood and are considered to be maladaptive when they become the predominant means of coping with stressors. What is EGO psychology? Ego psychology comprises a related set of theoretical concepts about human behavior that focus on the origins, development, structure, and functioning of the executive arm of the personality _the ego_ and its relationship to other aspects of the personality and to the external environment. The ego is considered to be a mental structure of the personality responsible for negotiating between the internal needs of the individual and the outside world. The following seven propositions characterize ego psychology’s view of human...
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...children, disabled persons, gays, or lesbians. When most people think about domestic violence, they usually associate the term with husband and wife or boyfriend and girlfriend. Domestic violence can happen between other family members as well (Lien, Office on Child Abuse, and Neglect, & Children’s Bureau, 2003). The concentration of this paper will be on women of family/domestic violence. Definitions According to the Social Work Dictionary, domestic violence is the abuse of children, older people, spouses, and others in the home, usually by other members of the family or other residents (Barker, 2003). Another definition of domestic violence is a pattern of coercive and assaultive behaviors that include physical, sexual, verbal, and psychological attacks and economic coercion, and isolation and...
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...DEATH SCENARIO PSY225 – POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY ALISHA FRANK MAY 4, 2015 For this paper I was asked to read a death scenario provided and to explain the way I felt whilst reading and immediately following. The scenario was that of a being trapped in a burning building. I was told to imagine that I was visiting a friend on the twentieth floor of an apartment building. While sleeping I was awoken in the middle of the night to the sounds of frantic screams and the intense smell of smoke. The first thing the scenario describes is that you run to the door and immediately burn yourself on the door knob, you then grab a blanket and manage to open the door only to find that flames and smoke come pouring in. The only window in the room is basically painted shut and you collapse to the floor realizing that this is the end. In those final agonizing moments knowing that this is the end, how would you handle those final moments and how would you feel about your life up to this point. In reading the scenario the first emotion that hit me was that of anxiety. I was not necessarily feeling anxiety about the fact that I would inevitably die in the situation but anxiety about what my family would feel with my dying. It made me feel sorrowful. I imagine the things that my loved ones would experience after this type of scenario and also the things that I would not be present for in their future lives. I would want my husband to mourn my loss but I would also want him to be able to move on...
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