...Psychology p.1 Psychology Experiments Psychology p.2 Abstract I have just been asked to teach the concept of adaptation to a psychology class. I will conduct three experiments for this. Then I will write a paper that describes adaption and how I experienced it in my experiments. The paper will cover the following. I will fully describe process and results of the experiments that I chose. I will also answer what is sensory adaptation. Then I will explain the concept of sensory adaptation, and refer to my text for the definition of sensory adaptation. Next I will explain how adaptation is evident in each of my experimental results. I will provide a comprehensive description of the sensory systems that are involved in the experiments that I performed. This description will include what happens from the receptors to the brain. My discussion will illustrate what was experienced in each experiment. Finally I will discuss how adaptation is important from an evolutionary perspective. Psychology p.3 There are three experiments I will conduct and they are as fallows. Experiment 1: Rub your index fingers gently over a piece of very coarse sandpaper a few times and rate its coarseness on a scale from 1 (very soft) to 7 (very coarse). After a minute or two, rub the same finger over the paper and again rate its coarseness. Did your perception of the coarseness change? How? Record your reaction. In experiment 2 we will Prepare one cup with sugar water and one with fresh...
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...Cassidy Hanson (W0495976) PSYC 101 SEC 1 Sport Psychology Sport psychology is simply the psychology that goes with athletic activity and exercise. This subfield of psychology is used mostly with athletes and coaches to test the athletes speed, agility and improve his or her motivation. This paper will provide some insight on how this subfield of psychology came to be, some examples of certain topics discussed and researched as well as some examples of research still used today. First let us begin on the history of sport psychology. Sport psychology is a relatively new subfield of psychology dating back to the 1920s. A psychologist by the name of Coleman Griffith organized the first American sport psychology laboratory at UIC. After a few years, in the 1930s the laboratory got shut down due to insufficient funding. This did not stop Coleman Griffith when he consulted with professional sports teams like the Chicago Cubs. Meanwhile three men from Stanford University, B.C. Graves, Walter Miles and football coach Glenn Warner, all created and experiment to find the fastest way to get the offense to run together once the center hikes the ball. Miles created a durable chronoscope to...
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...Classical Conditioning Paper Accidently founded by Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning is basically learning by association behavior. A better definition would be “A process of behavior modification by which a subject comes to respond in a desired manner to a previously neutral stimulus that has been repeatedly presented along with an unconditioned stimulus that elicits the desired response” (Farlex, 2011). This paper will describe the theory of classical conditioning and demonstrate how one would apply the classical conditioning in everyday life. Theory of Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, was performing research on the digestive system of a dog by using the data from the dog’s salivation when in the middle of these tests he by accident noticed that certain behaviors can be conditioned (Alloy, Riskind, & Manos, 2005). First, one must understand that behaviorism in psychology is based on the belief that learning happens through relations with the environment (Cherry, 2011). Pavlov found that several of the reactions were occurring due to prior learning. He obtained this important information by noting that the dogs would salivate even before they were offered the meat. Pavlov concluded that the dogs were conditioned and learned from the entrance of the lab assistant, who was generally the person who brought in the meat. He expanded his experiment further by introducing a bright light or a loud sound to see if the dogs would salivate when seeing them...
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...Social Psychology Dawn S. Peck PSY 400 12/22/2014 David Brueshoff Social Psychology What is Social Psychology all about? Why is the study of it so important? Is there truly a purpose and benefit from the findings of the studies? Let’s look at each of these questions, break them down, and try to make sense of it all. Simply defined, Social Psychology is the scientific study of individual attitude and how it effects or influences others in a social context. It is helpful to understand the why, what, or could be, behind a behavior or reaction. Those that research this field, can provide credible insight to assist with understanding and ultimately contribute to the success of peace-keeping within society. There are many meanings behind Social Psychology, and it should be noted this branch of psychology is unique from other disciplines in the same field. Social Psychology Basics To be considered a “scientific study” there must be a theory, followed by a hypothesis and tested to support or reject the original theory. Methods of research include public surveys where both targeted and random speculation occurs. Work can be done in a laboratory with a controlled subject or in the field where everyday life happens. Social Psychology researchers pay particular attention not only to the cause and effect of behavior but they look deeper into the relationship we have with ourselves in effort to explain the overall difference of opinion and responses amongst...
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...Applying Organizational Psychology Organizational psychology utilizes scientific methodology to get a better understanding of people behavior who works in organizational settings. Organizational psychology has principles to help employees understand the behavior of the people working in organizational settings (Jex & Britt, 2008). The knowledge obtained from organizational psychology helps organizations to become more effective. Organizations are defined through defining characteristics, behavior patterns, and structures imposed on the perspective applicants. This paper will contain discussion of these principles within the recruitment process from both organizational and applicant perspectives along with how organizational psychology principles is used in the recruitment process, organizational socialization concept, and applying organizational psychology to organizational socialization. This paper gives personal insights of how they relate to work experiences. Organizational and Applicant Perspective of Recruitment Process According to Taylor and Bergmann (2006), organization’s recruitment process is toward green production. Employees and organization receive benefits that attract ideal employees because organizational recruitment has affected the reactions applicants have towards organizations and the job attributes associated with the positions such as salary and organizations locations. Organizational perspective of the recruitment process is that behavior...
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...Foundations of Psychology Quandra Johnson Psychology/300 General Psychology March 07, 2014 Bradley Johnson, Ph.D. Foundations of Psychology Psychology is the study of the nature of homo sapiens, better known as scientific study and investigation of mental stabilities and activities. Through knowledgeable psychology was established from a powerful history of human beings that endeavored to acquire practical insight into one’s consciousness or demeanor. This type of study teaches what influences the behavior and mindset of men. Psychology has obtained roots in philosophy. There are numerous major schools of thought along with fundamental theories and assumptions which will be examined within this paper. Behavioral neuroscience or behavioral psychology involves evolution, heredity, adaptation, and ability to learn. The first psychology research laboratory ever launched was by Wilhelm Wundt that led to acknowledgement of psychology as a science in 1879(Peterson, &Nelson, 2011). In the early 1900’s it was thought that an individual’s environment affected learned reactions and behaviors. Maslow believed that people acquire and improve responses from incentives in their surroundings (Maslow, 1982). The Four Main Psychological Perspectives Are: The Psychodynamic Perspective This method was formed by a man named Sigmund Freud who thought ones actions dictated their mental thoughts or they were connected in some way (Robin Kowalski, 2011). Also he believed our mental...
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...WORD ASSOCIATION TEST Experiment No. 2 NAME: CRISELLE M. MACASPAC SCORE: DAY/TIME: W 7:30-4:30 DATE: TITLE: Word Association Test ABSTRACT: The formation of word association and perceptual defense aim to measure signs of emotional complexes and to be able to identify the degree of threshold for each selected stimulus. The apparatus needed were paper, pencil and ninety-nine (99) stimulus words. For the procedure, the experiment has 1 phase: determination of association reaction time and the measurement of recognition thresholds. Ninety-nine carefully chosen words were presented one at a time. The experiment concludes that there were different signs of emotional complexes and different degree of threshold for each selected stimulus words. Because the subject had difficulty in reacting to certain stimulus word, the subject felt unpleasant with the stimulus words so the individual laugh. INTRODUCTION: Perceptual defense not only do absolute threshold vary from person to person; they also vary from time for a single person. The type of stimulus, the state of one’s nervous system, and the cost of false “detections” all make a difference. Emotional factors are also important. Unpleasant stimuli, for example, may raise the threshold for recognition. This effect is called perceptual defense. “Dirty” words took longer to recognize when flashed on a screen that did “clean” words. Apparently, it is possible to process information on more than one level and...
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...Hutchins Russ Lewis PSY 110 Behavioral Perspective: Peace of a King * Psychology should be seen as a science. Theories need to be supported by empirical data obtained through careful and controlled observation and measurement of behavior. Watson (1913) stated that “psychology as a behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is … prediction and control” (p. 158). * Behaviorism is primarily concerned with observable behavior, as opposed to internal events like thinking and emotion. Observable (i.e. external) behavior can be objectively and scientifically measured. Internal events, such as thinking should be explained through behavioral terms (or eliminated altogether). * People have no free will – a person’s environment determines their behavior * When born our mind is 'tabula rasa' (a blank slate). * There is little difference between the learning that takes place in humans and that in other animals. Therefore, research can be carried out on animals as well as humans (i.e.comparative psychology. * Behavior is the result of stimulus – response (i.e. all behavior, no matter how complex, can be reduced to a simple stimulus – response association). Watson described the purpose of psychology as: “To predict, given the stimulus, what reaction will take place; or, given the reaction, state what the situation or stimulus is that has caused the reaction” (1930, p. 11). * All behavior is learnt from the environment...
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...Running head: WOMEN IN PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 1 . Women in Psychology Linda Wise June 7, 2012 Running head: WOMEN IN PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 2 Women in Psychology In the twentieth century, the thoughts and ideas from the different gender (women) were being heard, as the women started to educate themselves, it gave them the ability to influence decision making, which in that day was made only made by men. Women also had to push and fight to be heard when it came to politics and the economy issues. Soon they also fought for independency rights, which led them to the study of Psychology, which again was an aspect that had major effects on women who strived for competitive workplace positions. As Psychology grew, there were many times that educated women would make a significant breakthrough and realization in the field, but would go unrecognized or their work would be unimportant in the eyes of male researchers. There was one woman that broke through and was heard, her name is Anna Freud, her father was Sigmund Freud, a leader or what other would call him “fathers” of Psychology, Many thought the reason she was heard was because of her father’s reparation. Many believed that her father influenced his ideas while she was a child(http://www.biography.com/people/anna-freud-9302339). Anna Freud was born on December 3, 1895 and was the youngest daughter of Sigmund and Martha Freud. Anna had five siblings, but she was the liveliest and most mischievous of the bunch...
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...Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila (University of the City of Manila) Intramuros, Manila College of Human Development Department of Psychology Experiment #1 Simple Reaction time Submitted by: Antonio, Edgardo Jr. Q. Submitted to: Prof. Mary Easter Claire P. Torres November 17, 2014 I. Abstract This experiment looks at the simple reaction time of an individual. The experiment is used to measure a person’s reaction time during two situations (when the person is preoccupied or focused on a thing). The experiment was made out of an Experimenter and a Subject and it was partitioned into two parts. The subject is requested to do forty five trials in both section one and section two. Amid the first part, the subject is asked to do free association while assessing twelve seconds on his mind, without looking the timer. On the second piece of the experiment, the subject was again asked to perform forty five trials but for this time, there is no free association included and he is just focused on the timer. This experiment was carried out the other way around however the experimenter just performed 10 trials. II. Introduction The speed with which a response is made to a stimulus, is technically known as ‘Reaction Time’. It is the period between the onset of a stimulus and beginning of the responses. Reaction time being one of the classical experiments of any psychological laboratory has proved as a sensitive measure of the readiness of an organism to response...
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...Social Psychology Paper Christina Bacon Psych/555 April 4, 2016 Dr. Dobier Social Psychology Paper This paper will attempt to analyze the foundations of social psychology, and to do so this paper will explain what social psychology is, what the four characteristics of social psychology is and how they are addressed. Situationism will be discussed as well as what role it plays, and what the five social motives are and how they affect the field of psychology. Defining Social Psychology Firstly, the definition of social psychology is simply people influencing other people. It is the attempt, or rather the scientific attempt to explain how the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of other people are shaped by the presence of others. For instance, public speaking, now most people have a significant reaction to speaking in front of others. Usually they are nervous and scared or they are confident and comfortable. The role of social psychology would be trying to explain the reason the individual feels that way. Another example would be a professor in front of his or her classroom, if the teacher asked their students to remove their shoes and throw them into a nearby receptacle, most if not all of the students would comply. The role of the social psychologist would be to try and explain the different reactions that the students felt (Fiske, 2010). Analyzing the four characteristics There are four characteristics of social psychology and they are broad scope, cultural...
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...Theoretical Position Paper Outline Team B Tabatha Coots Kimberly Post Diana Turner Gary Elliott University of Phoenix PSY/310 November 26, 2012 Sara Molloy Theoretical Position Paper Outline I. Introduction II. Sigmund Freud a. A Fresh Look at Psychoanalytic Theory 1. Thinking which we chose as the central topic would be both experimental and conceptual. 2. The conscious mind includes everything we are aware of, and the unconscious mind feelings thoughts that we are unaware of these underlying influences. b. The Theory of Psychoanalysis 1. The study on mental disorders 2. Dream c. Metapsychology 1. Freud thought of it as something distinct from a clinical theorizing about psychopathology and treatment 2. He felt it was difficult but not impossible concept from physics, economics, and philosophy d. Theory of sexuality 1. 1. He is also known for his theory that all human energy is motivated by sexual desire. 2. He simultaneously developed a theory of how the human mind is organized and operates internally, and how human behavior both conditions and results from this particular theoretical understanding III. Alfred Adler a. Founder of Individual Psychology 1. Adler’s individual psychology presents an optimistic view of people of social interest, feeling equal with human kind 2. Adler’s notion present that behavior is shaped by people’s view of future...
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...simultaneously ignoring irrelevant information. It happens on a daily basis and seen in basically any interactions (at school, at work, at store and etc). Many different researches were done with relevance of Stroop Effect, which allowed scientist to examine differences in gender, age, as well as education on the intervention effect. The METACARD software was used to explore the effect of congruent and incongruent stimuli on the reaction time of participant’s performance. The data is from 46 participants are presented here. Results revealed that when word and color match, participants have faster responses and less errors. When word and color do not match, participants have slower responses and make more errors. The Stroop effect demonstrates the dynamic of selective attention, illustrates the nature of automatic processing, and shows that people can improve their selective attention. Keywords: selective attention, interaction, stroop effect, automatic processing. Introduction The phenomenon of interference takes a large place in experimental psychology and demands our attention. Many psychologist investigate inhibiting effects nowadays. However, the psychologists began to study interference prior to 1890. Many experiments were conducted to investigate color naming and word reading. The Stroop Effect was discovered by John Ridley Stroop. The Stroop task experiment was done and first reported in scientist’s Ph.D. dissertation that was published in 1925. In the colorword, Stroop...
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...Foundations of Psychology Larry Eckel PSY 300 December 5, 2011 Liz West Foundations of Psychology According to “Foundations of Psychology” (1948), “psychology is the study of human nature. It is the study of man, man as a living being, acting in an ever-changing world, responding to things and events and other people. If you know what man is, if you know the full answer to the question about the nature of man, then you know what human nature is and what psychology comprises” (Chapter 1, Para. 1). Many varying thoughts have changed over time to the study of psychology. These thoughts include functionalism, behaviorism, structuralism, psychoanalysis, and humanistic. According to Kowalski, R., & Westen, D. (2009), structuralism was introduced by Edward Titchener because of his interest in the study of structure in consciousness. He believed that with experimenting in psychology to be the best attempt for science to understand psychology. Titchener states that “attention implied too much free will” to be an accurate and useful. Later, psychologists continued to study the consciousness with feelings and sensations that could only be told by only the person reporting them. This was one of the thoughts that were most prominent in the early years of psychology. The other thought that was also prominent was functionalism. Unlike structuralism that focused on the mind, the work of functionalism looked at the function, or role, that psychological actions can help people...
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...and compared in basic terms, and their influence on present-day psychology is discussed. Unit 1 – Individual Project This paper discusses three methods in the evolution of psychology: structuralism, behaviorism, and gestalt. To better understand the concepts of each, it’s important to list examples of each method, as well as compare and contrast the differences of each and how each impact modern-day psychology. Structuralism The structural approach to psychology sought to quantify the human experience, the human mind, in a scientific way (Reed, 2010). Simply put, structuralism is the study of how people respond to stimuli; it’s the study of human perception (Education Portal, 2012). It was thought that, through the process of Introspection, surface behavior held clues to deeply buried issues that could only be identified by the therapist (Narrative Therapy Chicago, 2012). An example of structuralism, with regard to therapy, was the use of Introspection, wherein the therapist would, for example, play a sound, or ask the patient to jump in the air. He would then observe the reaction to the stimuli, and ask, “How does that make you feel?” Between the unconscious reaction and introspective response of the patient, the therapist believed he could uncover clues to the patient’s problem. Behaviorism Behaviorism asserts that conditioning the root cause of all behavior, parting from the idea that psychology is a science of behavior, not a science of the mind (Graham, 2010)...
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