Premium Essay

Public Affairs

In:

Submitted By apostleyomi
Words 3492
Pages 14
LAGOS STATE UNIVERSITY
ADEBOLA ADEGUNWA SCHOOL OF COMMUNICATION

MASTER IN COMMUNICATION STUDIES
MSC 1
TAKE HOME EXAMINATION

TITLED
(ETHICAL THEORY CRITICISM)

COURSE MAC 851 APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF MASS COMMUNICATION

LECTURER
MR. JIMMY KAYODE

WRITTEN
BY
AKIYODE ESTHER OLADUNNI
MATRIC NO 01/09/AV/4018
TABLE OF CONTENT

INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES • BENEFICENCE • LEAST HARM • RESPECT FOR AUTONOMY • JUSTICE

ETHICAL THEORIES • DEONTOLOGY • UTILITARIASM • RIGHTS • CASUIST • VIRTUE

VIEW OR NOTABLE SCHOLARS • PLATO ABSOLUTION • ARISOTLE: EUDEMONISM • ST. THOMAS AQUINESS – NATURAL LAW • IMMANUEL KANT: DEONTOLOGY • JOHN STUART MILL – UTILITARISM • JOHN RAWLS – CONGRATURIANISM • TOM REGAN: RIGHTS THEORY (BONUS THEORY ) • TENTATIVE COMPARISON (TABLE & GRAPH) • CRITICISM AGAINST DEONTOLOGY: “ “ UTILITARIANISM “ “ RIGHTS “ “ CASUIST “ “ VIRTUE • CONCLUSION • REFERENCES
CRITICISMS OF ETHICAL THEORIES

INTRODUCTION
The art of critiquing is basically to appraise a work i.e articles, write-ups, novels etc. Critiquing does not aim to condemn or castigate a paper but to seek the flaws, identify the various meanings, put up better explanations on the subject, seek the weaknesses and strengths and give opinions to enhance the quality of the discourse. The topic of this discourse is ETHICAL THEORIES CRITICISM. We shall examine the definition of ethics, the meaning of ethical theories, types of ethnical theories and the various submissions of famous scholars, its relevance to the society interactivity and criticize them in comparison with what obtains in the modern day.

DEFINITION
Ethical theories and principles are the

Similar Documents

Free Essay

Rebuilding Public Affairs

...Rebuilding the Public Affairs program at the Navy Region Southwest Reserve Component Command after four years of no existence can be a challenge within the command and in the Southwest regional offices. Recently, leadership has begun revitalizing the program with the use of a Public Affairs Officer that has been permanently assigned to deal with the issues of starting a Public Affairs program. Summary The Public Affairs(PA) program has been nonexistent in the last four years at the Navy command, Navy Region Southwest Reserve Component Command (NRSWRCC). The program has had no one in charge of the program at the command or its subordinate commands throughout the Southwest. The program lacks leadership, implementation, structure, training, equipment, and manpower. Background Public Affairs (PA) is a term for the formal offices of the branches of the United States Department of Defense whose purpose is to deal with the media and community issues. The term is also used for numerous media relations offices that are created by the U.S. military for more specific limited purposes. PA offices are staffed by a combination of officers, enlisted personnel, civilian officials and contract professionals. Public Affairs offices play a key role in contingency and deployed operations (SECNAVINST, 2012). The typical PA office is led by an officer who is in charge of planning, budgeting for, executing and evaluating the effectiveness of public affairs programs, and provides public affairs...

Words: 1332 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Public Affairs Memo

...Memorandum To: Attorney General Eric Holder CC: Department of Justice; U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime and Terrorism From: Kieran Wheeler Date: 2/28/2012 ------------------------------------------------- Re: S. 436 Fix Gun Checks Act of 2011: Policy Memo I. Abstract/ Executive Summary The Fix Gun Checks Act of 2011 is a bill that was proposed to the United States Senate by New York Senator Charles Schumer. The bill is meant to better ensure that individuals who are meant to be prohibited from purchasing firearms within the United States are unable to do so, by making sure that they are placed in a national background check database. This bill is meant to put an end to many of the gun-related incidents that have resulted in deaths in the United States as a result of individuals being able to purchase weapons although they would have otherwise been prohibited. Hopefully by financially penalizing those states that do not provide an adequate amount of information regarding those individuals who are prohibited from purchasing firearms, these states will start to abide by the bill. As a result, this bill should make the United States a safer place for all of its citizens. II. Introduction There is no doubt that firearms pose a major threat to the safety of criminal justice agencies and United States citizens alike. This holds especially true when these firearms fall into the hands of criminals or those who are simply unlicensed and...

Words: 1770 - Pages: 8

Free Essay

Hemingway

...Gritty Realism During the 1890s, many women were limited to what they were allowed to do. They could not go to school, have a job, or even vote. Men viewed women as though they were only meant to bear children and be a housewife. However, a writer by the name of Kate Chopin was a voice for women all the over the world. Two of her most famous writings are “The Storm”, and “Story of an Hour”. Within these two writings, she discussed issues that many other women writers would have avoided. Another writer who was famous for his portrayal of gritty topics was Ernest Hemingway. One of his most memorable writding is titled “Hills like White Elephants”. These writers were able to write about challenging realistic new ideas such as freedom after the death of a love one, abortion, and adultery. Although some of these stories are deemed gritty, Hemingway’s “Hills like White Elephants” deals with realistic issues couples often face. These writings also have ironic undertones such as, when Mrs. Mallards dies from seeing from dead husband and the girl who thinks about abortion, but notices greener fields on the other side of the track. Furthermore realism is when an author intends to tell real life events to his/her audience. Realism can appear in many different aspects of society. When it comes to writing, realism focuses on the average individual, and can be heard as a voice for the ordinary human being. There is a focus on realistic people and events. For example in...

Words: 1519 - Pages: 7

Premium Essay

Bus520

...Consensual Relationship Agreements Case Study The Purpose of this project is to examine the Consensual Relationship Agreement Case (CRA) Study. In developing the project concepts will be identified in the areas of organizational behavior models of individual, group, and organizational processes; how ethical decisions are made, and concepts of individual differences, personality traits, and perspectives. According to Hellriegel & Slocum (2011) the characteristics of a Consensual Relationship Agreement is defined as an written agreement in which consenting romantically involved staff members acknowledge their relationship is consensual and voluntary; to avoid actions that others may find offensive in the office; follow the employers workplace rules of conduct to include anti-harassment and anti-discrimination; relationship must not affect work performance and behave professionally; report actual or perceived harassment immediately; and not engage in favoritism. After reviewing a second CRA on the internet, an employer and employee confirms that a sexual or romantic relationship between employees is consensual and voluntary. (Bloomsbury Business Library, 2007) In analyzing the case, Consensual Relationship Agreements, the following categories will be addressed: (1) Argue for the use of Consensual Relationship Agreements in Your current (or future) Workplace; (2) Create a counter argument against the use of CRAs in your current (or future) workplace; (3) Discuss...

Words: 1901 - Pages: 8

Premium Essay

Effects of Adultery on the Parties Involved in the Works of Chekhov

...Flaubert’s “Madame Bovary”, but also short stories by the Russian writer Anton Chekhov. The topic of adultery could be explored in many different ways and where most writers focused on the social problems of infidelity, especially when committed by a woman, Chekhov presented the relationships between the lovers and their families. Furthermore, I feel like the characters always give some kind of justification for being unfaithful, may this be a sensible reason or not. Therefore, for the purpose of this paper, I would like to further explore the “justifications” given by the cheating parties, the way it affects their relationships with their spouses and family, but also the role that society plays in the way that they handle their respective affairs. Furthermore, I will take a look at the way in which the characters deal with the guilt that they have, concerning their spouses and personal consequences. For this reason, I will be examining two short stories by Chekhov, “The Grasshopper”, published in 1892 and “The Lady with the Dog” from 1899, as well as the play “Three Sisters” from 1900. Furthermore, I would like to start with a brief look at the socio-historic context that the texts were written, in particular, what women social status was and how it was affected by adultery and give a short overview of three important novels on adultery. 1 Overton, Bill. Fictions of female adultery. 1684-1890: theories and circumtexts. 1st Ed., New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2002, p. 3. 1 ...

Words: 4617 - Pages: 19

Free Essay

Breakdown of Relationships

...There are many reasons relationships can break down, Duck suggested 3 main reasons in 1999. Firstly, lack of skills; this refers to to inability to connect with one another for example if someone lacks social skills they will be unable to communicate their satisfaction or attract with their partner, this leads to an unrewarding outcome and the relationship may breakdown. This theory of thinking your partner isn't interested is supported by extramarital affairs, Boekhout(1999) used university students to say what would lead to an affair; for males it was lack of sexual stimuli and for women it was lack of emotional satisfaction. Both suggesting that their partners aren't interested in them either sexually or emotionally. This study lacks population validly as only university students were used, therefore it can't be generalised to the majority of the population. The reasons for to have an affair may change with age and the marital statues of the couple. This is supported by real world application, couples who struggle with social skills can take part in a Couples Coping Enchantment training, this sensitises couples to the idea of equity and aid them in communicating. Cina et al (2003) compared to groups of couples a controlled group who didn't receive CCET and the test group who did, she found that the test group had a better quality of marriage after receiving the training. This study despite having a large participant number can not be generalised to the entirety as it has cultural...

Words: 811 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Interpersonal Comms

...one single instance of interpersonal conflict was most difficult. However, I chose a conflict that has been ongoing since the show’s inception. The communication issues between Olivia Pope and Abby Whelan has developed, much in the way that their relationship has evolved. Both characters are strong and powerful women and, as it is with such personas, their communication tends to lack finesse. In episode 4 of the 5th season, aptly entitled “Dog-Whistle Politics,” Olivia and Abby finally have an epiphany with regards to their communication issues. Olivia opts to go public about an extramarital affair she has been having with the President. Abby had questioned Olivia several times about this situation and Olivia lied. Every time she was questioned, Olivia denied having feelings for the President, as well as having an affair. Upon seeing a news interview that Olivia does, during which she confesses the affair, Abby is crushed about the deception. A confrontation in the White House occurs between the two. It was during this exchange...

Words: 542 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Adultery and Why It Matters

...marriage matters and Olivia Stren from Flare discusses why women are optimistic about being given the opportunity to have an affair. As if it is now fashionable to cheat on your wife or husband, adultery has become a socially accepted “norm” as a result of changing demographics and its prevalent nature. This moral regression will leave our society scarred if left unchecked. Adultery cannot be dissected and understood without first understanding the institution of marriage and what it stands for. Let us forgo the typical, contract idea, “in sickness and in health” and the whole “love” thing and settle with the belief, for this argument, that marriages are the beginning of a new generation. Marriage is intended to raise the children, to protect, and instill in that new generation the teachings we want them to take into the future to make our world the best it can be (Flanagan, 2009). With that said, what is marriage as it stands today? If children are watching the moral fabric of society, one of the oldest traditions in the history of our people, melt away and be replaced with selfishness and depression? We are creating the ultimate “Me-Generation” who has less value in and of marriage. This issue can be blamed on modern technologies; social presentation of marriage. With radio, television, and internet came advances in media, so much so that the public can now see into the homes and lives of anyone from the homeless to the rich and famous. We have “Reality TV” to show us...

Words: 1355 - Pages: 6

Free Essay

Tangled Webs 1

...Ernest & Young’s New York office. He was looking for an affair on AshleyMadison.com. He focused on the fine details of severance pays and compensation for executives at takeovers. Over time, Gansman came into contact with Donna Murdoch who he sent stock tips and hints to after they had become comfortable with each other and had moved to daily phone calls and messages. Eventually the communication became more than just trading tips for personal favors. Murdoch shared tips with another man she met online who happened to become her supervisor and she shared tips with her father who was charged with securities fraud earlier on. Over time, the SEC caught wind of her trading activities and started an investigation on her which led to a full blown criminal investigation about her activities. She eventually; after many tries; decided to plead guilty for a lighter sentence and gave up all the information she could about Gansman. Eventually Gansman was barred from the state of New York and was not allowed to practice law there anymore. He was sentenced to one year and one day in jail. By the SEC case, Gansman settled on a $250,000 case, Murdoch was charged $404,054 which was waived due to inability to pay and her father was charged with $265,924. Murdoch has not been sentenced on the criminal case yet. 2. Identify (lists) the ethical issues that have arisen in this case. (about 100 words) * Extramarital affairs: Seeking avenues apart from marriages for excitement. Not...

Words: 758 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Billy Ansel Dark or Light

...brings their own understand and view of the accident. Billy Ansel was one of the characters used to convey his message. Billy is a parent of two children in the town of Sam Dent. Billy is a veteran, business owner, and widower. All of these moving parts have played huge roles in shaping the character that Billy portrays but nothing could prepare him for losing his children. At the beginning of the story Billy is shown as a person to look up to and rely upon in hard times. But there is another side to Billy that is explored in the latter half of the book. Through the revelation of more detail Billy’s character is better-rounded and with that rounding he also slips into a darker side of himself. This side which is far darker and hidden from the public is brought to the surface when Billy losses his children and changes forever. Billy first appears in the story as a father who was raising his twin children on his own after his wife passed away from cancer. He is waiting in the kitchen for the bus to arrive like he does every morning. Dolores Driscoll is the school bus driver picking up Billy’s children. Dolores is fond of Billy and gives us a view into who she thinks he is. “I always liked stopping at Billy’s. For one thing, he used me as an alarm clock, not leaving for work until I arrived to pick up his children, Jessica and Mason, nine year old twins.”(26) This initial view of Billy portrays him as a loving father and a reliable man to the people of the town. But this is only part...

Words: 2068 - Pages: 9

Premium Essay

Mgmt 308

...Tangled Web #2: Were the punishments for James Gansman, Donna Murdoch, and Gerald Brodsky fair? This is an opinion question in which everyone has their own judgment on. I personally think that the punishments for James Gansman and Gerald Brodsky were somewhat fair because they both did something wrong. The sentence for Gansman should have been harsher because he was really the one who gave out the information. Gansman was being really unfaithful to Ernst and Young by giving out private information. He had agreed that he wouldn't leak anything when he first joined the company. His sentence was not very big, but the fact that he was not allowed working for Ernst and Young anymore seemed very fair and a good punishment for him. I am sure that in the future if he tries to find another job it would be difficult for him. On the other hand, Donna should have gotten a sentence too because she shared the information to Gerald. She also was breaking the law. If she got a sentence, it definitely should have been harsher than Gansman's. Murdoch being freed is somewhat ridiculous. #3: Is Ashley Madison based on an ethical business model? In my opinion Ashley Madison is somewhat based on an ethical business model. They have turned the business into something that is in the limit of the law. It also replicates rules like any other business. Though, since it is a dating site it is also not totally on the business side. In my opinion it is kind of half and half. On one side...

Words: 476 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Samurai & Geisha Symbolism Within Thermos Bottles

...dominance-based relationship in their marriage. They lived customary lives in which Kimiko was loyal and dependent of her husband. Though in his absence, infidelity caused a rift between the two sides of the family. Kawase disregarded his family's "loneliness" (56) the night in San Francisco where Asaka "stayed the night" (54). Kawase and Kimiko have a relationship in which their roles are similar to those of a samurai and geisha. Although they are married, Kawase only gives so much concern for his wife while staying in San Francisco. Instead of returning home to her, he put it off to spend time with a woman whom he had an affair with. The samurai, similar to Kawase, did not fully commit to a geisha as she was used for pleasure or entertainment. Kimiko likewise respected and highly regarded her husband as would a geisha to a samurai. The two's extramarital affairs exemplify the samurai and geisha's satisfying but disloyal relationship. Though the geisha and samurai's roles and Kimiko and Kawase's roles contrast, aspects of the marriage are what make up the other association. Considering that Asaka was originally a geisha, her relationship with Kawase was one of brisk "expediency" (53). Kawase made sure "all his relations with women contained a tacit understanding...

Words: 579 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Consensual Relationship Agreements Case Study

...current (or future) workplace. Organizational culture reflects the shared and learned values, beliefs, and attitudes of their employees. In reality, organizational culture is the personality of the organization—which sometimes is difficult to fully express in words. This is the norm for most employees in the organization, they sense it and know it is their daily behaviors. Organizational cultures may vary from having a weak ethical culture to a strong one. "Consensual relationship agreements," the legal name for the love contracts, became the office buzz word about eight years ago in the wake of former President Clinton's relationship with former-White House intern Monica Lewinsky. White House Corporate counsels grew fearful that an affair involving one of their executives could end in a big-bucks liability payout. “Consensual relationship agreements” help employers avoid legal liability if an office romance has an adverse outcome for the parties involved. This relationship is voluntarily and occasionally involuntary which brings about sexual harassment. It should be encouraged that most workers, especially senior executives, sign a "love contracts" that shield employers from liability if intimacy later congeals into a sexual harassment lawsuit or some other discord. The contracts, most common in the entertainment industry, also act as a formal way for a couple to disclose a relationship in case their dalliance could affect the bottom line or generate negative publicity...

Words: 1894 - Pages: 8

Free Essay

Reconstructing a Relationship After Infidelity

...health issues and other disagreements can strain a marital relationship but such problems may not cause as much heartache and desolation as infidelity (Fife & Weeks, 2008). This is because unfaithfulness undermines the foundation of a relationship. Nevertheless, an affair does not necessarily have to mean the end of a relationship. Given time to heal and with a common goal to rebuild the relationship, it is possible for a couple to emerge from infidelity with a relationship that is stronger and more sincere than before. It is difficult to determine exactly how many couples have had affairs, but one study found 37% of men and 20% of women admitted to being unfaithful (Rutherford, 2008). Men tend to have affairs for sexual reasons while women stray more for emotional reasons. In other words, men may be seeking sexual gratification in an affair while women may be seeing emotional gratification of the need to feel special. Does the discovery of an affair mean the marriage is over or irreparably damaged? Not necessarily. Fifty percent of marriages stay together following the discovery of an affair. Two thirds do not divorce if the couple seeks counseling (Rutherford, 2008). Living with the after effects of an affair may be very unpleasant. The fact that one’s partner committed infidelity is likely to destroy that individual’s self-respect. He or she may begin to wonder about their own personal value. Surviving an infidelity must begin by repairing one’s self-respect. It is common...

Words: 2270 - Pages: 10

Premium Essay

Healing and Surrender: Two Different Ways of Coping with Emotional Impasse and Self-Induced Isolation

...Healing and Surrender: Two different ways of coping with emotional impasse and self-induced isolation Compare and contrast essay Student Number: T00557209 Assignment 3 ENGL 1001 Nir Light July 20th, 2015 “Death by Landscape” by Margaret Atwood and “To Room Nineteen” by Elizabeth Lesser are both stories of self-induced isolation, in which the protagonists are unable to expose their predicaments to the people around them. Lois, the protagonist in “Death by Landscape,” isolates herself due to the traumatic disappearance of her childhood friend, Lucy. Suzan, the protagonist in “To Room Nineteen,” is trapped in an emotional impasse caused by conforming to her roles as wife and mother, and being reasonable and intelligent, unable to express her true feelings. While Lois surrounds herself with landscape pictures, and finds a resolution in them, Suzan’s isolation progresses, until she surrenders to her predicament and ends her life. Despite the different ways they resolve their predicaments, both protagonists find relief in their choices. In “Death by Landscape”, Lois is traumatized by Lucy’s disappearance and by being condemned wrongly for causing her death. Enveloped by her trauma, she lives her life in emotional detachment from her husband and children. She can hardly remember getting married or nursing her boys (35). Wilderness provokes her trauma, and she avoids it. She does not expose her predicament to people in her social circle, and they think she purchases her...

Words: 804 - Pages: 4