...The system is not perfect and hasn’t always work as it’s suppose too; there is always flaws in the system. The structure of the government system has allowed groups to form and these groups have helped in creating some laws and policies in our system these groups are called interest groups. I will discuss the 3 types of theories with interest groups, the function of interest groups, and the different type of interest groups. There are three theories that cover the interest groups. The first out of the three is the pluralist theory. The pluralist theory is competition amongst individuals trying to get their preferred policies. An example be the groups allowing for abortion and the other against abortion; there both competing against each other to get a policy to their reason. The next theory would be the elite theory. The elite theory is that the upper-class elite hold most of the authority and control most of the government. An...
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...DEVELOPMENT STUDIES FACULTY OF PLANNING AND LAND MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING Social policy primarily refers to guidelines, principles, legislation and activities that affect the living conditions conducive to human welfare. Social policy often deals with wicked problems. Social Policy is defined as actions that affect the well-being of members of a society through shaping the distribution of and access to goods and resources in that society It is sometimes referred as "public policy and practice in the areas of health care, human services, criminal justice, inequality, education, and labor. The term 'social policy' can also refer to policies which govern human behavior. In the United States, the term 'social policy' may be used to refer to abortion and the regulation of its practice, euthanasia, homosexuality, the rules surrounding issues of marriage, divorce, adoption, the legal status of recreational drugs, and the legal status of prostitution. Social policy aims to improve human welfare and to meet human needs for education, health, housing and social security. After Nkrumah’s era, successive governments, including military regimes tried to improve upon the social well-being of citizens in the nation. After 1996 the various governments instituted some social policies. The elaborations below highlight on the various social policies formulated by the various governments from 1969 to date. 1. Dr. K.A Busia (The Progress Party 1969-1972) The Progress...
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...for national security, countries sometimes argue that it is necessary to protect certain industries (like aerospace, steel, advanced electronics, etc.) because they are important for national security. Finally, with regard to retaliating against foreign competition, some people argue that governments should use the threat to intervene in trade policy as a bargaining tool to help open foreign markets and force trading partners to "play by the rules of the game." In addition to these, political arguments for government intervention might also be motivated by the desire of governments to protect consumers from unsafe products, further its foreign policy objectives, protect human rights in trade partner nations, and protect the environment from pollution and degradation arising from growth of international trade. Describe briefly, with examples, the use of trade policies by governments to support their foreign policy objectives. Governments sometimes use trade policy to support their foreign policy objectives. A government may grant preferential trade terms to a country with which it wants to build strong relations. Trade policy has also been used several...
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...3.1 Financing the Plan with Macroeconomic Balance Given the grim looking macroeconomic scenario which is further marred by global slowdown, it seems unlikely for India to be able to cut down its fiscal deficit by a whopping 2.2 % as being forecasted. Moreover high inflation, even higher interest rates makes the need for lowering the fiscal deficit even more difficult one to achieve. Measures taken to curb inflation have not borne fruits till now, and some policy implementation is required in this direction. The target figure of fiscal deficit is 4.6 % during 2011-12. It is further targeted to reach 4.1% and 3.5% in FY13 and FY14 respectively. These estimates are majorly based upon two factors * An optimistic growth in tax Revenues * A substantial decline in the subsidy expenditure. We would analyze the feasibility of the aforementioned assumptions and would argue the difficulties that lie ahead in the realization of the two factors. GOI has assumed a growth in tax collections of 18% with a real economic growth of 9%, which seems highly optimistic given the poor implementation of tax reforms and seemingly unstable global macroeconomic environment. Budget at a Glance Rs. Bn | 2009-2010 A | 2010-2011 BE | 2010-2011 RE | 2011-2012 BE | 1. Revenue Receipts | 5,728 | 6,822 | 7,838 | 7,899 | 2. Tax Revenue (net to Centre) | 4,565 | 5,341 | 5,637 | 6,645 | 3. Non-tax Revenue | 1,163 | 1,481 | 2,201 | 1,254 | 4. Capital Receipts $ | 4,517 | 4,265 |...
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...ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR WESTERN ASIA (ESCWA) IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL POLICIES ON THE COMPETITIVENESS OF SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES United Nations Distr. GENERAL E/ESCWA/SDPD/2007/7 11 December 2007 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR WESTERN ASIA (ESCWA) IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL POLICIES ON THE COMPETITIVENESS OF SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES United Nations New York, 2007 The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Mention of firm names and commercial products does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations. References have, wherever possible, been verified. Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. 07-0488 Preface This study has been prepared by the secretariat of the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) as part of its regular programme of work for the 2006-2007 biennium. The study draws upon work that ESCWA is implementing within the framework of harnessing technology and enterprise development for the improved productivity of small and medium-sized enterprises, with a view to...
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...April 2009 I usually avoid politics, but since we now seem to have an administration that's open to suggestions, I'm going to risk making one. The single biggest thing the government could do to increase the number of startups in this country is a policy that would cost nothing: establish a new class of visa for startup founders. The biggest constraint on the number of new startups that get created in the US is not tax policy or employment law or even Sarbanes-Oxley. It's that we won't let the people who want to start them into the country. Letting just 10,000 startup founders into the country each year could have a visible effect on the economy. If we assume 4 people per startup, which is probably an overestimate, that's 2500 new companies. Each year. They wouldn't all grow as big as Google, but out of 2500 some would come close. By definition these 10,000 founders wouldn't be taking jobs from Americans: it could be part of the terms of the visa that they couldn't work for existing companies, only new ones they'd founded. In fact they'd cause there to be more jobs for Americans, because the companies they started would hire more employees as they grew. The tricky part might seem to be how one defined a startup. But that could be solved quite easily: let the market decide. Startup investors work hard to find the best startups. The government could not do better than to piggyback on their expertise, and use investment by recognized startup investors as the test of...
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...risks and to ensure that we manage the expectations of our customers, it is essential that we clearly explain to our visitors what our e commerce web site, company and privacy policies are. So in the short term, the company will need to come up with policies both internally and externally for how customer data and information is handled and what our policies are. Since we are accepting online payments for purchases made using our e commerce web site, we will need to let our customers know in the Security Policy of our ecommerce web site, how we will protect their credit card details and personal information. We will also need to have a policy that requires all sensitive data to be encrypted. We should also include this in our security policy. We also need to insure that our ecommerce site and any other portion of our site that asks for personal information is being protected by an SSL Certificate. Operating our ecommerce web site also requires keeping a record of our customer’s details. It is very important to treat this information carefully and respect their privacy. Providing customer details to a third party is illegal in most countries and there may be penalties for doing so without their permission. It would be recommended that we have a dedicated page on our website outlining our Privacy Policy, where we clearly state what we will and will not do with our customer’s personal details and to let them know...
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...this essay I am going to explore reasons behind Somerset’s fall, was it the rebellion or was there other factor that contributed to the fall. It can be said that the rebellion played a considerable part in Somerset’s downfall because the two main rebellions were due to his social and religious policies. The Western Rebellion ‘the prayer book rebellion’ was sparked by the reformation of religion. This was because the reformations of religions were radical and completely changed people’s experience of religion. Especially, as the prayer book was translated from Latin to English and the western rebellions often referred to the new prayer book as a ‘Christmas game’. The most radical change in religion came when the Elevation of host got abolished and the attack of images of saints sparked off the acts of iconoclasm. Not only were the Western rebellions angry about the religious reformations but there were class tension between the peasants and rural labourers. Incidentally, to deal with the economical problems that were caused by enclosures Somerset placed taxes on sheep’s. Instantly this sparked the rebellion among the farmers who had few sheep’s and this proved that Somerset’s policies on economy was flawed. Also Somerset was instrumental in causing the Kett’s rebellion as a...
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...Power and Politics in Organizations: Public and Private Sector Comparisons Joseph LaPalombara Wolfers Professor of Political Science and Management School of Management Yale University A chapter for the “Process of Organizational Learning” section of the Handbook of Organizational Learning, ed. Meinolf Dierkes, A. Berthoin Antal, J. Child & I. Nonaka. Oxford: Oxford University Press, forthcoming. DRAFT: Please do not cite without author’s permission. Power and Politics in Organizations: Public and Private Sector Comparisons Joseph LaPalombara Yale University Political Organizations and Their Milieu Organizational learning derives most of its knowledge from research on organizations in the private sector, particularly from the study of the firm. Its rich interdisciplinary quality is reflected in the range of social sciences that have contributed to the field’s robust development. The contribution from political science, however, has been minimal (reasons are suggested in the chapter on ‘politics’ by LaPalombara in this volume). The mutual failure of political scientists to pay more systematic attention to organizational learning and of organizational learning specialists to extend their inquiries into the public/political sphere is unfortunate in at least three senses. First, a general theory...
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...Public policy is embedded into the day-to-day lives of Canadian citizens. Although some may not be actively aware of the multitude of policies, they do determine every aspect of the Canadian society. There are policies that govern air, water, food, transportation, technology, taxes, health and immigration. But this is not an exclusive list of Canadian public polices. Two domains of public policy are domestic and foreign. Internal rules and regulations that govern within a nations border are known as domestic policies (Gale, 2008). Foreign polices are diametric in that they consist of international relations that take place outside a nation’s border (Elman, XXXX, p. X). When take together on a global scale, they can be described as global public policies. Globalization can be defined by “homogenized culture, a global economy, and a borderless world” (McBride, 2011, p. 10). To fully understand globalization one should consider all aspects such as, social, culture, technology, economic and political. Globalization has mainly impacted foreign policy, but it has also had an effect on domestic policies. Both policies are not only influenced by globalization, there are various other factors that contribute to the formation of public policies. Often times it can prove difficult to separate the effects that impact both forms of public policy because they are intertwined. Need thesis statement – what are you arguing or exploring in this paper. Also, should there be definitions in your intro...
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...Do you agree with the suggestion in Source N that Henry and Wolsey conducted an effective foreign policy in the years 1515-25? There are many different interpretations of the effectiveness of the foreign policy in the years 1515-25. Some sources say that it was successful given England's poor resources and Henry's relatively low income and some criticise it and the way Henry and Wolsey conducted it as they think that Henry's aims and ambitions were often unrealistic. Source N suggests that Wolsey and Henry conducted an effective foreign policy. David Grossell says 'Henry and Wolsey did well to preserve an independent and active role and win glory, honour and prestige...'. It shows us that Wolsey was able to direct an effective foreign policy given the circumstances and England's resources. One example of how effective his policy was the Peace of London in 1518 which was one of his greatest achievements. The treaty bound the twenty foremost states in Europe together in a pact of perpetual peace. Wolsey was seen as an architect of the peace and this made London the centre of international relations and also England was no longer under threat of diplomatic isolation. Source L supports this as it shows the brilliance of Henry's foreign policy at the Field of Cloth of Gold on French territory in 1520. We can see in the painting that many people are gathering there and also in the background you can see the tent that is made out of gold cloth. Henry and Francis met at the Field...
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...Public policy issues paper Public policy issues paper Deardre Morgan, Brad Hudgens, and David Lawson University of Phoenix BBSB0808/POL215 Douglas Bryant III, JD January 24, 2011 Public policy issue paper In Columbus, Georgia seem very little differences between federal, local, and state government during analyzing current and previous public policy issues. Within the state of Georgia, the public policy issue at hand is the growth of community from 190,000 million families and individuals to addition of 35,000 thousand, which involve three-decision maker such as problems, players, and polices for a massage increase. In fact, intergovernmental relationships depends on address various issues within the community bias on laws and regulations from the city charter and state constitution. These laws and regulations involves various individuals and lobbyist groups with influential in forming plans that require multiple decisions before finalizing the course of action based upon government, non-government, religionist, cultural both public and private sectors. Previous example of public issues lies with the Clinton administration as they sought out health care policies, which were ineffective bias upon inadequate alliances with other staff members within the Senate and the House of Representatives. Another example of health care ineffectiveness with current Obama administration by spending over trillions of dollars with both houses disagreeing...
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...OF MISMANAGEMENT OF THE ECONOMY CAUSED BY THE GOVERNMENT. DUE: 14TH FEB 2011 Introduction Government plays a major role in the economy; government policies on the tax rates , and allowances ,levels and types of expenditure ,interest rates and credit availability ,public service provision ,pension installment and on many other issues have a major impact on the economy. So, with all this key roles its not unusual that mismanagement occurs courtesy of the government .and in a mixed economy like Kenya the government becomes the anarchist in all matters business. In Kenya the most outspoken mismanagement is seen in the embezzlement of public fund, so In this report we shall go further than just the obvious mistakes and craftiness of governments in general. How the government mismanages the economy. The government has policies in place that ensure easy control of the economy and sanity in the otherwise busy world of business. Although most of these measures are put in place to help the administrators to serve the people more effectively it end up doing the opposite. The most common of this is fiscal policy 1. Weak fiscal policy This is the name given to the government policies which seek to influence government revenue. Change in the fiscal policy influences the equilibrium level of the national income, which has great implications on output, employment and inflation. In most cases the VAT (value added tax) is the most abused of this...
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...example could be by identifying drug abuse by noting the use, intentional exposure to, or ingestion of any illegal chemical substances used in a nonmedical way, (Chambers and Wedel, 2005). This also can be defined in another way people are more prone to hearing and can identify better with, addiction; the problem would be better known as addiction instead of using. The definition of policy within the context of human services is a program of actions adopted by the individual, government agency or organization or is based on the specific set of principles, a specific course of action or a selected method chosen from alternatives as a guide to determine present and future decisions along with a plan which embraces the general goals of acceptable policies and procedures. The example of proper use of policy involving a drug addict leads most often to a situation needing or involving some figure of authority, a supervisor, or law enforcement. Breaking the law, a company’s zero tolerance policy, or any person or situation which is causing the present problem is resolved by following a form of policy and procedure. The definition of program within the context of human services is a systematic plan or course of action for meeting a specified goal or...
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...Social Policy and Social Programs HSM/240 7/1/11 Marilyn Gardner Axia College of the University of Phoenix Social Policy and Social Programs 2 The agency I had chosen from week one, was the Lincoln Park Community Shelter. This agency has a clear mission statement to bring community together to empower homeless men and women and to make life changes. This mission statement would be the first step in the fundamental policy elements. The second element, Forms of benefits or services delivered would be their vision statement. According to their website it states; • “We will work to become the model for interim housing in Chicago, focusing on attainment of permanent housing for each guest. • We will provide each guest with comprehensive social services, resources and tools to overcome personal and societal barriers in order to attain self-sufficiency. • We will celebrate guests' daily accomplishments and progress toward long-term goals, continually adapting our services to respond to the changing needs of guests (LPCS, 2011).” The third element would be the Entitlement (eligibility) rules. This is where I chose a program from this agency. LPCS has five programs sponsored by this agency. The one program I found interesting is their one-on-one program. The One on One Program provides direct financial assistance to people moving out of homelessness and into...
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