...Assess sociological explanations of the functions and forms of punishments of offenders. Note- Make sure the points link to the question. Don’t just talk about theory. Write about what it tells you about the forms and purposes of punishment. 1- Define punishment. There are many different forms such as…. There are also many different aims such as…. Punishment is the process that enforces a sentence/ penalty for a crime committed. It is one of the main ways sociologists believe we can prevent and control crime. There are many different forms of punishment such as deterrence that sanction the offender to prevent them to commit crimes. There are also many different aims of punishment such as protecting the interests of the ruling class and preventing the working class from rebelling, as foretold by Marxists. 2- Reduction. Say what it is and what it does, including giving examples… Also, say the three types of reduction, what they are and how they help/ effect Reduction is a sociological explanation for the punishment of offenders. They are carried out to prevent future crimes from occurring. There are three ways in which it can be carried out. Deterrence is punishing the individual to discourage them from future offending. “Making an example” of them may also serve as a deterrent to the public at large. An example of a punishment is Anti Social Behavioural Orders (ASBOs). These help deter others from offending because…. You publicly humiliate them to deter others to avoid...
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...Human rights have been a controversial issue because it is very difficult to draw the boundary between the rights of the individual versus the rights of a group. At the same time, it is accepted that while all humans are entitled to protection of natural, basic rights, there are always limits on these rights. The best example is the generally accepted principle that when one infringes on the rights of another (for example murder), they forfeit their own claim to such rights. These people are condemned to different levels of punishment according to the Law. Here comes my topic for today: Prisoners should Be Used for Medical Experiments Without Consent. In this debate, I will define “prisoners” as those who are sentenced to the death penalty in the United States. The “medical experiments” are limited exclusively for the purpose of the development of vaccines and cures for pandemic diseases (example is the Measles vaccine or Tuberculosis vaccine which saved millions of human lives). Under our definition, this House should allow medical experiments on prisoners without consent under the supervision of U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Prisoners who are sentenced to death should have without consent, under the supervision of U.S. Department of Health & Human Services to have medical experiments conducted. It is realized that most medical experiments are cruel, so why not scope medical experiments for vaccine development only, and only when facing the threat of a...
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...With this principle, it limits everyone that follows it to be morally active. Kant provides a simple example, I ought to help someone that needs help because maybe I myself would need help and I would be grateful to receive the help. Kant’s universal rules include that lying should be strictly prohibited. If a lie was told, then according to the categorical imperative, lying would be done by everyone. A society full of liars would cause havoc and no one could trust each other, thus defeating the purpose of the categorical imperatives to keep everyone acting morally. A hypothetical was imposed, is lying to save someone’s life acceptable. Kant argued that lying no matter the circumstances was unacceptable. If the killer asked you for the location of a person he/she was going to kill and you knew, telling him any information would cause the outcome to be completely in your hands. If you told the killer the location truthfully and the victim was there and then killed, it’s your fault. If you told the killer the...
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...The United State Constitution CJ 310-02 Criminal Law April 7, 2011 In Criminal law, there is an ancient proposition saying,” no crime without law, no punishment without law. That in criminal law is based on the principle of legality. The ancient saying means that no one can be convicted or punished, unless there is a law that defines it’s as a crime. The case of Treva Hughes, Ms Hughes was driving while under the influence. She ran into Ms. Reesa Poole and killing her unborn child and was convicted. The Appeals Court reversed her conviction because the law didn’t give Ms. Hughes fair warning that it included the unborn in homicide stature. An Ex Post Facto Laws criminalizes an act that was innocent when it was committed. It is the clearest example of ex post facto laws, they’re also the rarest. Ex Post Facto also increases the punishment for a crime after the crime was committed. Just as clear an rare like the first one. An example is raising the age of statutory rape form 16 to 21. Finally it takes away a defense that was available to a defendant when the crime was committed. The Ex Post Facto ban is protect private individuals by ensuring that legislature give them a fair warning about criminal and that they can rely on that requirement. The other purpose is to prevent legislators form passing arbitrary and vindictive laws. The Void-for-Vagueness Doctrine takes aim similar to the ban on ex post facto. Void laws fails to give fair warning to individuals...
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...Capital Punishment, a very contradictive topic, has significantly received increase support to abolish it. Society considers it to be unethical and barbaric; the attitude portrayed by the abolishers is impractical. Capital Punishment is not meant to for cruelty, it's meant for true justice for the murderers. In an online article, Ten Reasons to Oppose the Death Penalty, one of the ten reasons was that even the guilty have a right to life (Americamagazine.org). When you let a guilty man or woman live while their victim(s) are dead is an injustice for society. When someone takes another person's life there's an unbalance in justice. If we do not fix the balance between good and bad, society will be overcome by the bad, which is the inequality of letting someone who willingly kills someone live. An ethics guide points that the retribution is just a "sanitized from of vengeance" (BBC- Ethics Guide). To this argument I would like to turn the attention to a famous quote, "An eye for an eye will make the whole world blind." This quote means that getting revenge on someone can cause everyone to end up harmed, and that at the end revenge could only lead to negative effects. The rebuttal would have made a good point if capital punishment was meant for revenge, it is meant to punish those who did unforgivable acts. The criminal is getting punished for his actions like everyone else in society does when the law is broken. Of course there must be proportionality between criminal and...
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...English essay Topic: capital punishment The causes, effects and solutions to the problems of serious crimes are causing a big debate all over the world. Should ‘capital punishment’ be restored? Capital punishment (also called death penalty or execution) is a way of punishing an inmate on the death row, who is accused of committing crimes. Everybody knows the expression “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth” - but is this really how we want to live our lives? Is capital punishment all about getting revenge, or is it more about getting rid of the guilty prisoners - and how do we know whether they are guilty or not? And should one even be able to decide another one’s destiny, and whether they have a right to live or not? Either you punish, because there will be a beneficial outcome, or else you punish because the prisoner has deserved it. But the big question is: where do we draw the line of whether it’s right or wrong - which criminal actions deserve capital punishment, and which does not? The text “Capital punishment in the US” reads: “An argument often made by opponents of the death penalty is that innocent people are sometimes executed.” p. 31 ll. 8-10 A big problem could be, that if the prisoner is acquitted of the charge, they hand the prisoner some money, to make up for the “lost years”, but how is a human’s life even measured in the value of money? Perhaps it’s not, it’s just a way for the government to show that one actually is able to escape the death row, if...
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...Evil in the World Holocaust survivor, Elie Wiesel in his speech “The Perils of Indifference”, argues that indifference is a punishment to the victims and dangerous to the world because the “lines blur” between “good and evil.” He supports his claim by first stating what indifference is which is when the “lines blur” between right and wrong, then Wiesel questions indifference and how someone could possibly see it as a “virtue.” Finally, he explains how indifference could seem easier to some even though it's bad, but at the same time “seductive.” Wiesel’s purpose is to inform the audience that indifference is an aggressor to the world in order to prove that the world would be better if people weren't indifferent. He creates a serious yet hopeful tone for “Mr.President, Mrs.Clinton, members of Congress, Ambassador Holbrooke, Excellencies, friends.” Ultimately, Wiesel strongly disagrees with indifference and believes it's an “end”, “not a response”, a “sin” and “punishment.” He thinks without indifference the world would be better. This is important because the innocent people wouldn't be in pain for no reason. The general argument made by author Elie Wiesel in his speech, “The Perils of Indifference”, is that indifference is a “sin.” More specifically,...
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...subject to a number of certain punishments, which are selected by relevance and effectiveness as seen fit by the prosecution. This concept is not a recently implemented part of the criminal justice system. Systems of criminal punishment can be traced back to the beginning of human civilization. Whether or not the Bible is considered to be fact or fiction, the commonly used concept of “an eye for an eye” was mentioned in Exodus 21:24, where the criminal’s punishment is proportionate to the harm caused. (Sterling) An aristocrat named Cesare Beccaria was a man dedicated to reforming the criminal justice system that was in place at the time (late 1700’s). His views and ideas on the justice system are nowadays commonly referred to as classical criminology. There are many current day supporters of a more classical approach to the system and Beccaria’s influence on the common idea behind punishment helped shape the system for the ages. When looking at today’s forms of punishment from a classical criminological perspective, there are many commonalities in the main purpose behind these measures. Some of Cesare Beccaria’s ideas are evident in the justice system of today, proving to be logical and effective. However, many of the currently adopted philosophies behind the purpose of punishment go completely against those ideas of Baccaria’s as well. Cesare Beccaria was an advocate for the Utilitarian justification to crime. Through this practice, punishments are centered around reforming...
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...In the United States corrections system, there are many different forms of punishment that help ensure the safety of all citizens. The main objectives of those types of punishments are to create justice and ensure that the offender who committed a crime will be punished for their wrongdoing. In fact, for many centuries, governments have found ways to remove and punish criminals with the purpose of protecting the citizens in this country. Many punishments in those centuries were cruel, violent, and humiliating for their offenders. Today, the state and federal prisons goals of punishment are equally important as any other form of punishment but they’re less violent. All punishments in the correctional system are created to prevent further crimes from happening again and ensure the offender to commit the same offenses multiple times. Some believe that certain punishments need to be significant enough to ensure that the offender will no longer want to break the law again. All punishments are enforced to help the community be protected from offenders. Not only are offenders being kept off the streets, they are also changing for the better and rehabilitating themselves to change their behaviors. In fact, the sole purpose of punishment within the state and federal corrections system is to deterrence, incapacitate, and rehabilitate criminals to reduce further crimes from occurring. Most importantly, punishments are helping offenders realize what harms they have done to the victims of their...
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...Purpose and History Paper of Penitentiaries Ericka N. Williams CJA/234 May 14, 2013 Matt Holquin The development of prisons date as far back to the early Roman times, which forms of punishment were being used for offenders suspected or convicted of criminal activity. Prisons have developed and modified the effectiveness and appropriateness of punishment over time to function the way they do in today’s society. The correction process is among three of the major components of the criminal justice system, but could not be successfully complete without the police and the courts. There are two types of systems that prisons use to design and enforce punishment among offenders – Pennsylvania and Auburn. The systems tweaked and modified the original ideas, in order to form a prison system that would be effective and serve the purpose intended for criminals and impact and distinguish the amount of involvement of prison labor over time. History of punishment The history of the word punishment derives from the Latin word peonalis. Before the word punishment was used penology was the term used, which meant “punishment.” The term penology was later replaced by the term corrections. Our criminal justice system has a broad perspective of corrections for the criminal offenders convicted of criminal acts against another person or community. The use of punishment in earlier days resulted in public shaming, which was thought to prevent the accused from committing future crimes. These...
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...Punishment A Discussion Paper Submitted to Chase Porter In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for PSC 205 University of Alabama By Anna Yslava November 17, 2015 Discuss Nietzsche’s explanation for how we derive punishment and what role it serves. Do you agree or disagree with its analysis. We are generally tempted to see things as having inherent meanings. For instance, punishment is at once the act of punishing and the reason behind the punishment. However, Nietzsche argues, these things have had different meanings at different times. For instance, the act of punishment has been at times a celebration of one's power, at times an act of cruelty, at times a simple tit-for-tat. We cannot understand a thing, and we certainly cannot understand its origin, if we assume that it has always held the same meaning. Punishment was not meted out on the basis of guilt, but simply as a reprisal. The concept of punishment, for instance, has an aspect that is enduring and an aspect that is fluid. Contrary to what we might otherwise assume, Nietzsche suggests that the act of punishing is what endures, and the purpose for which we punish is what is fluid. Punishment has such a long history that it's no longer clear exactly why we punish. Nietzsche provides a long list of different "meanings" that punishment has had over the ages. In this list, Nietzsche nowhere mentions the development of "bad conscience," and suggests that even today, punishment does not awaken a feeling...
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...another, s/he will be punished with capital punishment. This basic proposition has been accepted by most of the earlier human societies and it has not been questioned until the modern humanitarian movement has taken momentum. Capital punishment is a relevant issue for every human society and it constitutes a “dilemma of hidden human divinity versus hubristic capital punishment.” The concept of a right to life is central to debates on the issues of capital punishment, euthanasia, self defense, abortion and war. In 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly declared in article three: “Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of person.” A central principle of a just society is that every person has an equal right to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” Within that framework, an argument for capital punishment can be formulated along the following lines: some acts are so vile and so destructive of community that they invalidate the right of the perpetrator to membership and even to life. Those who violate the personhood of others, especially if this is done persistently as a habit must pay the ultimate penalty. This punishment must be inflicted for the sake of maintaining the community whose foundation has been violated. We can debate whether some non-lethal alternative is a fitting substitute for the capital punishment. But the standard of judgment is whether the punishment fits the crime and sufficiently honors...
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...How To End Self-Punishment This e-book brought to you by Mark Ivar Myhre This is a free e-book. You may distribute as many copies as you wish. by Mark Ivar Myhre copyright 2010 To contact me, go to http://www.join-the-fun.com/contact.html (If you are a Clickbank affiliate, please contact me for a copy of this e-book with your own imbedded links. And without this notice!) How To End Self-Punishment - brought to you by Mark Ivar Myhre Limits of Liability / Disclaimer of Warranty This book is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Nothing in this book should be considered medical advice. If medical treatment is needed, the reader is encouraged to seek the care of their appropriate health care practitioner. This book is not intended as a substitute for the medical recommendations of the reader’s health care practitioner. The authors, contributors, and publishers of this book have used their best efforts in preparing this e-book. The authors, contributors, and publishers of this book disclaim any warranties (expressed or implied), merchantability, or fitness for any particular purpose. They shall in no event be held liable for any loss or damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. This book contains material protected under International and Federal Copyright Laws and Treaties. Any unauthorized reprint or use of this material is prohibited. This e-book may be offered by a Clickbank...
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...In the book In Cold Blood by Truman Capote, it’s about the murder of six people that took place in the small town of Holcomb, Kansas. The Clutter family was one of the four members that were savagely murdered from a shotgun held a few inches from their faces. The two murderers were captured, put in trial, and then executed by the end of the book. According to Thomas Brooks, punishment is a response to a crime whereas an individual is breaking the law and did it on purpose. Thomas Brooks’s explanation of punishment demonstrates the justice being done upon the death of the Clutter family through retributivism, Expressivism, and capital punishment. Thomas Brooks said, “Retributivists claim that criminals deserve punishment in proportion to...
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...When Jack spots a pig, he decides to kill it. He takes all of the cronies and shape shifts sticks into spears to make their weapons. By having all the cronies become hunters, they are taking the adult role of fulfilling the food duties by providing for all the others. For hunting purposes they make the spears, then at the end of the book they threaten Ralph with the idea that they are going to hunt him down and put his head on the spear like they did with the pig, “Roger sharpened a stick at both ends. Ralph tried to attach a meaning to this but could not.”(225). With the loss of adults in their world, they are replacing what the adults contributed with what they think is most...
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