...fundamental basis to our Democratic system here in the USA. Unfortunately if you go back not even a century ago African Americans and women was denied this fundamental right to vote, securing the right to vote in United States was a long battle both for African-Americans and women. We can see how voting outcomes is essential to the true democratic process by having tight voting requirement it hinders the process and effects turnout. Voting Turnout, while undergoing new legislation since the repeal of the Jim Crow Laws, are still undergoing voting suppression, still disproportionately effecting racial minorities and the poor. To truly understand how voting requirements effect voter’s turnout we would have to look at the history of voting requirements in the U.S. Throughout United States history there have been many barriers that states have imposed that restrict voting rights especially for racial minorities and the poor. One requirement that definitely made voting a little more difficult was with requiring Americans to register prior to voting this meant that not only a citizen was care enough to go out and vote on election night they also must register prior to doing so. Registration was mainly intended to stop voter fraud, so each state was allowed to create their own registration laws this led to some states having more strict registration laws than others. The south took advantage of having the ability to create state registrations laws and used it deny African American the right...
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...This racial mistrust can often be traced to past racist and discriminatory practices. Clients who present cultural mistrust often appreciate an acknowledgement and acceptance of their hindrance with the system. The counselor should also challenge to make an environment where African-American clients are able to express themselves freely without prejudice or judgment. Acculturation pressure and financial issues often play a key role in contributing to mental health issues in Latino communities. When counseling Latino clients, it is important to recognize the deep impact that immigration laws and racial discrimination have had in Latino communities. Casual rather than persistent eye contact along with genuine empathy-based paraphrasing may also be helpful in building rapport with Latino clients. Also, recognizing the vital roles of the nuclear and the extended family in counseling can be important to Latinos, who often consider themselves closely tied to family and the...
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...accurate images and positive role models, obstruct public understanding of the Asian American community, which can contribute to an anti-Asian climate. Despite the diversity among Asian Pacific Americans, they are often misperceived as a monolithic group. Thus, even though an act of anti-Asian sentiment might be perpetrated with a particular ethnic group in mind (e.g., Indian, Filipino or Korean), a failure to make distinctions between Asian Pacific American ethnic groups causes members of all groups to become potential victims of hate crimes. Hate incidents are expressions of hostility based on race, religion, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation or disability. Hate incidents are not illegal. They may take the form of name-calling or using racial slurs, hate speech, the distribution of racist leaflets or other disrespectful behavior. Hate crimes are defined by federal or state statutes. A hate crime occurs when a person commits an act such as assault, battery, criminal damage to property, criminal trespass to property or mob action because of the victim's real or perceived race, religion, nationality, gender, sexual orientation or disability. Hate crime laws vary from state to state. Hate crimes are another type of abuse, and one which can occur anywhere and anytime. In the United States today, the most commonly publicized hate crimes are those perpetrated on particular ethnic groups (such as persons of Middle Eastern descent, or...
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...perception of Arabs and Muslims. Nonetheless, this evidence also seems to be concerning since it displaces the negative perception Americans have on to them, Anika Rahman, can attest to these claims. She wrote in the New York Times days after the attack on the world trade center that, “I am so used to thinking about myself as a New Yorker that it took me a few days to begin to see myself as a stranger might: a Muslim woman, an outsider, perhaps an enemy of the city. Before last week, I had thought of myself as a lawyer, a feminist, a wife, a sister, a friend, a woman on the street” (11). It is evident that the perception Americans had of 9/11 affected the way they saw Muslims, which in turn affected the way they treated them. Along with this in a report published by IZA, the issue about the possible decreasing amount of...
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...Do Peers Affect Student Achievement? by Eric A. Hanushek, John F. Kain, Jacob M. Markman, and Steven G. Rivkin* December 1999 Abstract Empirical analysis of peer effects on student achievement has been limited, and what exists has been open to question because of the difficulties of identifying peer effects per se. Our strategy to identify peer group effects involves the elimination of problems introduced by unmeasured or mismeasured influences on achievement through the estimation of achievement growth models with fixed individual and school-by-grade effects. Our basic estimation of elementary school achievement growth indicates that the achievement level and racial composition of peers has a direct influence on achievement. All students appear to benefit from having higher achieving schoolmates, although the effect is quite small. The variance in achievement appears to have no systematic influence, and the effects of mean differences in peer achievement levels are roughly constant across quartiles of the achievement distribution – suggesting that ability grouping policies have primary influence on the distribution of performance and not the level. Moreover, ceteris paribus schools with higher concentrations of minority students lead to lower achievement for Black students but minimal effects on whites or Hispanics. Paper prepared for the Conference on Empirics of Social Interactions Brookings Institution...
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...Hispanic Identity Lecture Sociology 337 Hispanic Identity Lecture Ethnicity is a difficult topic to discuss. When discussing terms of ethnicity it is challenging to truly identify a Hispanic. The reason for this is because the term Hispanic is used for what seems to be a variety of ethnic backgrounds. If one looks at the term Hispanic in attempts to identify its origin, one will be taken back to a time when the Romans used the root of the word, Hispania, to refer to the Iberian Peninsula (Gracia, 2000). Eventually the term turned into España, and a term used to refer to people from Spain or Spanish descent. However, the term is now used to describe people not only of Spanish descent but also for Latin Americans and descendants of Latin Americans and Spaniards in the United States. The reason attempting to group Hispanics according to a common set of shared traits is problematic; is because Hispanics may have some common traits, however, they also have many differences. The problem is one cannot assume we are all the same, although the saying everyone is equal does come into play it is unlikely that we all in fact share the same traits. So, the idea of assuming Hispanics includes such a diverse group of people seems unrealistic. How can a Latin American, Mexican American, and Spaniard really relate? Although they do have some shared traits historically, they have many differences and this is where the arguments truly begin. Not one individual truly wants to lose their...
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...performed by a specialized medical doctor called a Pathalogist. MEANING OF POST-MORTEM. Post-mortem examination means an examination of a dead body which carries under the state law for the protection of the citizens of the state and for the identification and prosecution of the guilty. All general assessment in seen of occurrence is written in deceased report. Postamartem is not a conclusive evidence but it is corroborative type of evidence which is helpful in trial. PURPOSE The aims of death investigation are to answer the following questions: 1. Who died? (identification of the deceased) IDENTIFICATION OF DECEDENT The body of the deceased should be identified by the plice constable brought it or if necessary by the relatives in presence of the meical officer who should make a note of the names and addresses of such persons. 2. Where? (place of death) Place of death is also mentioned in the postmortem report which has the evidentiary value. A crime scene visit is worth undertaking, when scene exists. The medical officer should proceed with the examination only after the scene has been documented by photograph, diagram, or sketch, and the search for physical and trace evidence is concluded. 3. When? (time of death) In the postmortem report specialized doctor cant estimate the approximate time since death. 4. Why? (cause of death) The disease process or injury responsible for initiating the train of events, brief or prolonged, which produces the fatal end result. 5...
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...Witness Misidentification Freddricka Harris CCJ 4360-001 Monekka Munroe Misidentification can be defined as making a falsely or inaccurate identification. Witness can be defined as one who can give a firsthand account of something seen, heard, or experienced. (American Heritage Dictionary) When you put these two words together, you get witness misidentification which has been referred to as the single greatest cause of wrongful convictions nationwide, with nearly 75% of the convictions overturned through DNA testing. There have been 260 exonerations across the country based on forensic DNA testing with 3 out of 4 involving cases of eyewitness misidentification. (Innocence Project 1999) In 1907 or 1908, Hugo Munsterberg published “On the Witness Stand”; he questioned the reliability of eyewitness identification. As recent as 30 or 40 years ago, the Supreme Court acknowledged that eyewitness identification is problematic and can lead to wrongful convictions. The Supreme Court instructed lower courts to determine the validity of eyewitness testimony based on irrelevant factors, like the certainty of the witness, the certainty you express in court during the trial has nothing to do with how certain you feel two days after the event when you pick a photograph out of a set or pick the suspect out of a lineup. It has been said that you become more certain over time. (The Confidential Resource September 15, 2010) An eyewitness viewing a simultaneous lineup...
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...Racial Profiling In America Racial profiling is a poisoning issue that has crippled our society since the early days of America. There have been many cases in America that all tie into to this problem. On February 26, 2012 a young black male by the name of Trayvon Martin was shot down walking home through a predominantly white neighborhood. George Zimmerman, who was a member of the neighborhood watch in his community, spotted Trayvon passing through the neighborhood. Zimmerman was under the impression that Trayvon was possibly involved in suspicious activity simply because of the color of his skin and the time of night he was passing through the neighborhood. After local officials recovered Trayvon’s body he was found to be unarmed with only...
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...An analysis of the representations of Afro-Peruvians in national television Introduction Despite the ethnic and cultural diversity that exists in Peru, the establishment of racial ideologies have influenced the ways in which these minorities are located in society and the levels of discrimination and systematic exclusion that they have suffered through time. This discrimination has affected them at a social level, but also at an institutional level, since they have been systematically marginalized and denied of their basic human rights. Although racial and ethnic discrimination might be manifested in multiple ways, the current research proposal will focus on the Afro-Peruvian population , one of the groups that are most vulnerable to experience racism and discrimination, and that has been invisible both to society and to the Peruvian government for decades. Because of it, the proposal will analyze the ways in which this...
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...Explain why communication and writing skills are important for police. The police written report is presented is reviewed by judges, politicians, lawyers and press. A poorly written report can leave a bad impression of abilities, intelligence, and dedication. A well written report make a remarkable impression and lead to new opportunities in future. Attorneys will decline to prosecute defendants if the arrest document is written with errors or unwisely. The reports are vulnerable to attack from defense attorneys who will portray the officer as incompetent and negligent. The media look in police reports when high profile incident occurs (Roufer, 2014). Therefore, failure to effectively communicate the details of the event can lead to...
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...social issue. Carding is theoretically meant to discourage people involved in criminal activity to not act criminally at that time4, and that it reduces immediate crime4. The argument that carding is racial profiling is true. It is impossible to have a carding policy without racial profiling.4 For example the following scenarios: an old white woman walking down a dark street, at night, with a bag, vs. a young black man walking down a dark street, at night, with a bag. Obviously the scenario where carding would most likely take place would be the second one. This isn’t a legal issue, rather a social issue because society in general has refused to let go of their stereotypes and prejudices that black people are dangerous, or criminally active when you see them at night. To conclude this position paper, despite the few benefits of carding, the controversial policy should be eliminated and replaced with improvements in concern of interactions between the police and the community and in the system, with new policies such as only asking for a person’s name and address, data retention for only 1 year, unless the data is required for an ongoing criminal investigation, body cameras on police that are on patrol, and a nationwide biometric identification card. Statistics, countless newspaper reports, and many personal experiences of Torontonians show that the policy of carding has clearly singled out the Black, African-American and other minority ethnic groups, and how it could potentially ruin...
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...The dominant image of Asian Americans as high achievers can be traced back to 1966 when Time Magazine (Peterson, 1960) and U.S. News and World Report (1966) reported on the ability of Japanese- and Chinese-Americans to achieve success in the face of the same adversities declared by proponents of the civil rights movement (Tran and Birman 2010). Direct experiences are pervasive, with research showing that over 99 % of Asian American adolescents have had at least one encounter in which they felt like they were being stereotyped as a model minority (Thompson and Kiang 2010). Yet, despite its prevalence and commonality, the developmental implications of the model minority stereotype are not well-understood. Most of the existing research has been...
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... now lies in its fractured set of opinions” The Justices’ split decision left the door open to reinterpreting the judiciable grounds for gerrymandering under the right circumstances. As displayed thus far, gerrymandering by Republicans has implied racial discrimination. While previous cases have...
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...fairness it is supposed to promise. One of the first aspects to look at is the perceptions and stereotypes that society has about the current offender. Many times, social media is the reason people have skewed perceptions on who is likely to be an offender and who is not. Media’s influence on crime can change what the reality of a criminal looks like to those who are believing everything media says or shows. One example of society being influenced by media is a racial hoax. Furthermore, this is “when someone fabricates a crime and blames it on another person because of his race OR when an actual crime has been committed and the perpetrator falsely blames someone because of his race” (Russell-Brown, K. 1998). Not only does this make it...
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