...series and mass production means. What other factors over time have contributed to the high turnover and international sales of manufactured products? Mass production, or otherwise known as series production, is the manufacturing of a product in bulk. Mass production reduces wasted resources and shortens the amount of time needed to produce the product as it generally utilizes an assembly line. Q3 Using your own words, explain the meaning of the term “form follows function” and its significance. The supporters of Modernist design and functionalism assumed two things about form follows function. What were they? What do you understand by the meaning of each of these? Explain in your own words. Form follows function is the idea that the final design should be based around the objects intended purpose. The supporters of Modernism and functionalism assumed “that the form of an object had only to suit its function” and “that the industrial conditions of production demanded a standardized, simple, geometric language of form in order to be able to produce good quality and durable products inexpensively”. I...
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...KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA Self Access Learning Module ICT Literacy for Secondary School Programme Computer Hardware System Unit PUSAT PERKEMBANGAN KURIKULUM KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA ICTL For Secondary School - Computer Hardware Module MODULE 3 SYSTEM UNIT Curriculum Development Centre Ministry of Education Malaysia 1 ICTL For Secondary School - Computer Hardware Module 1. Name of Module : System Unit 2. Learning Outcomes: The students should be able to: • • • identify the components of a system unit state the functions of the main components of a system unit state the functions of cpu, ram, rom and expansions slots found on the motherboard 3. Knowledge and Skills: • main components in the computer system 4. Module Summary: • • • At the end of the module, a student is able to : identify main components of system unit and motherboard state the functions of main components of system unit state the functions of CPU, RAM, ROM and expansion slot This module contains 2 activities: Activity 1 : Identify the components of a system unit Activity 2 : Identify the components of a motherboard As you are doing this module, use the computer in the lab to identify the components in the system unit. 2 ICTL For Secondary School - Computer Hardware Module Notes: What is system unit? Box-like case that contains computer’s electronic components Sometimes called the chassis Figure 1 Examples of System Unit 3 ICTL For Secondary School - Computer Hardware Module...
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...and quarterbacks: D = {Jets, Giants, Cowboys, 49’ers, Patriots, Rams, Chiefs} Q = {Tom Brady, Joe Namath, Troy Aikman, Joe Montana, Eli Manning} NOTE: (You can also use http://www.pro-football-reference.com to find this information, but here it is as well :) The following list gives you the relationships (mapping) between team and QB. * Jets – Joe Namath * Giants – Eli Manning * Cowboys – Troy Aikman * 49’ers – Joe Montana * Patriots – Tom Brady * Rams – Joe Namath * Chiefs – Joe Montana 1. Using D as the domain and Q as the range, show the relation between the 2 sets, with the correspondences based on which players are on which team. Show the relation in the following forms: Set of ordered pairs (20 points) Directional graph (like the pictures draw in class in our live chats – see HINT below). (20 points) The ordered pairs when D is the domain are: {(Jets,Joe Namath),(Giants,Eli Manning),(Cowboys, Troy Aikman),(49ers,Joe Montana),(Patriots,Tom Brady),(Rams,Joe Namath),(Chiefs, Joe Montana)} 2. Is the relation a function? Explain. (10 points) This is a function, because every element (Quarterback) of the domain is mapped to exactly one unique element (Team) of the range. So with the one to one relation of player to team, that makes this a function. 3. Now, use set Q as the domain, and set D as the range (reverse). Show the relation in the following forms: Set of ordered pairs (20 points) Directional graph (20 points) ...
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...Relations, Functions, Sequences, and Graphs Part I: Suppose you are developing a statistical database in which information about professional football teams and records are stored. Consider the following 2 sets of data that list football teams and quarterbacks: D = {Jets, Giants, Cowboys, 49ers, Patriots, Rams, Chiefs} Q = {Tom Brady, Joe Namath, Troy Aikman, Joe Montana, Eli Manning} 1. Using D as the domain and Q as the range, show the relation between the 2 sets, with the correspondences based on which players are (or were) a member of which team(s). (You can use http://www.pro-football-reference.com to find out this information). Show the relation in the following forms: Set of ordered pairs {(Jets, Joe Namath), (Giants, Eli Manning), (Cowboys, Troy Aikman), (49ers, Joe Montana), (Patriots, Tom Brady), (Rams, Joe Namath), (Chiefs, Joe Montana)} Jets Jets Directional graph Tom Brady Tom Brady Giants Giants Joe Namath Joe Namath Cowboys Cowboys Troy Aikman Troy Aikman 49ers 49ers Joe Montana Joe Montana Patriots Patriots Rams Rams Eli Manning Eli Manning Chiefs Chiefs 2. Is the relation a function? Explain. Yes, this relation is a function since for every element on the domain side there is one and only one element on the range side. 3. Now, use set Q as the domain, and set D as the range. Show the relation in the following forms: Set of ordered pairs {(Joe Namath, Jets), (Eli Manning, Giants), (Troy Aikman, Cowboys)...
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...These interview questions test the knowledge of x86 Intel architecture and 8086 microprocessor specifically. 1. What is a Microprocessor? - Microprocessor is a program-controlled device, which fetches the instructions from memory, decodes and executes the instructions. Most Micro Processor are single- chip devices. 2. Give examples for 8 / 16 / 32 bit Microprocessor? - 8-bit Processor - 8085 / Z80 / 6800; 16-bit Processor - 8086 / 68000 / Z8000; 32-bit Processor - 80386 / 80486. 3. Why 8085 processor is called an 8 bit processor? - Because 8085 processor has 8 bit ALU (Arithmetic Logic Review). Similarly 8086 processor has 16 bit ALU. 4. What is 1st / 2nd / 3rd / 4th generation processor? - The processor made of PMOS / NMOS / HMOS / HCMOS technology is called 1st / 2nd / 3rd / 4th generation processor, and it is made up of 4 / 8 / 16 / 32 bits. 5. Define HCMOS? - High-density n- type Complimentary Metal Oxide Silicon field effect transistor. 6. What does microprocessor speed depend on? - The processing speed depends on DATA BUS WIDTH. 7. Is the address bus unidirectional? - The address bus is unidirectional because the address information is always given by the Micro Processor to address a memory location of an input / output devices. 8. Is the data bus is Bi-directional? - The data bus is Bi-directional because the same bus is used for transfer of data between Micro Processor and memory or input / output devices in both the direction. 9. What...
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...Computer Memory 1.Introduction: Just like humans, computers rely a lot on memory. They need to process and store data, just like we do. However, computers store data in digital format, which means the information can always be called up exactly the way it was stored. computer memory - an electronic memory device; "a memory and the CPU form the central part of a computer to which peripherals are attached" 1.1History of memory: In the early 1940s, memory technology mostly permitted a capacity of a few bytes. The first electronic programmable digital computer, the ENIAC, using thousands of octal-base radio vacuum tubes, could perform simple calculations involving 20 numbers of ten decimal digits which were held in the vacuum tube accumulators. The next significant advance in computer memory came with acoustic delay line memory, developed by J. Presper Eckert in the early 1940s. Through the construction of a glass tube filled with mercury and plugged at each end with a quartz crystal, delay lines could store bits of information within the quartz and transfer it through sound waves propagating through mercury. Delay line memory would be limited to a capacity of up to a few hundred thousand bits to remain efficient. Two alternatives to the delay line, the Williams tube and Selectron tube, originated in 1946, both using electron beams in glass tubes as means of storage. Using cathode ray tubes, Fred Williams would invent the Williams tube, which would be the first random...
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...Neumann architecture is the basic building block to the modern day computer. There are different types of functions within the Von Neumann architecture that have helped create an efficient design and allow computers to perform multiple functions rather than being used for one specific purpose. The Von Neumann model uses memory, system buses, and Boolean operators to communicate programs and perform functions. Computer Architecture- Von Neumann Architecture Explained A computer is an electronic device that operates under the control of instructions that are stored in memory. The concept of storing memory or instructions within the computer came from John Von Neumann. Von Neumann architecture can be best described as a stored program design. A stored programmed design means that the program that operates the computer and the instructions that carry out the program are stored on the computer in one location, memory. By having a stored program design, the computer doesn’t have to go through a rigorous process to be reprogrammed, or to perform multiple functions. The basic design of today’s computers is founded on the architecture of Von Neumann, which can be referred to as the “fetch-execute cycle”. The Von Neumann model consists of five major components that work together to make the computer perform. There is an area for memory to be held and processed; today we know this as RAM or Random Access Memory. There is a control unit, which manages the process of moving data and program...
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...Week 4 Assignment 1: Computer Architecture Tony D. Everett Professor Jennifer Merritt CIS106 Intro to Information Technology July 28, 2013 Introduction The use of Information Technology is well recognized. Information Technology has become a must for survival of all business housing with the growing IT trends. The computer is the main component of any Information Technology system. Today, computer technology has filled every scope of existence of modern man. From airline reservations to auto repair diagnosis, from government services databases to manufacturing and production systems that are used by the likes of Pepsi, Kellogg’s and Kraft Foods-everywhere we witness the elegance, complexity and effectiveness possible only with the help of computers. These systems operate using the Von Neumann Architecture. The Von Neumann Architecture and Importance The von Neumann architecture is a design model for a stored-program digital computer that uses a processing unit and a single separate storage structure to hold both instructions and data. The instructions are executed sequentially which is a slow process. One shared memory for instructions and data with one data bus and one address bus between processor and memory. Commands and data have to be fetched in sequential order (known as the Von Neumann Bottleneck), limiting the operation bandwidth. Its design is simpler than that of the Harvard architecture. It is mostly used to interface to external memory. Neumann architecture...
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...when it boots up, after which the CPU keeps time – which is why system clocks are sometimes out of sync. Rebooting the PC causes the RTC to be reread, increasing their accuracy. In modern-day PCs the nonvolatile BIOS memory is generally an EEPROM or Flash memory chip. There is still a backup battery involved, but its role is not to maintain the data stored in the RAM, only to keep the RTC chip operational. This name is somewhat misleading, however, as most modern computers no longer use CMOS chips for this function, but instead depend on other forms of non-volatile memory. CMOS chips are still found in in many other electronic devices, including digital cameras. In a computer, the CMOS controls a variety of function, including POST or the Power on Self-Test. When the computer’s power supply fires up, CMOS runs a series of checks to make sure the system is functioning properly. One of these checks includes counting up RAM or random access memory. This delays boot time, so some people disable this feature in the CMOS settings, opting for a quick boot. If installing new RAM it is better to enable the feature until the RAM has been checked. CMOS memory size has remained relatively unchanged over the years - there was never any need to store more than 512 bytes in the memory as it holds the absolute basic boot settings for the system. The...
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...that incorporates the functions of computer’s central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit (IC), or at most a few integrated circuits. The microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable device that accepts digital data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and provides results as output. 2. A digital signal processor (DSP) is a specialized microprocessor (or a SIP block), with its architecture optimized for the operational needs of digital signal processing. 3. A graphics processing unit (GPU), also occasionally called visual processing unit (VPU), is a specialized electronic circuit designed to rapidly manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the creation of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display. 4. A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated µC, uC or MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of RAM. 5. Advantages of Microcontrollers a) Microcontrollers act as a microcomputer without any digital parts. b) As the higher integration inside microcontroller reduce cost and size of the system. c) Usage of microcontroller is simple, easy for troubleshoot and system maintaining. d) Most of the pins are programmable by the user for performing different functions. e) Easily interface...
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...Hacking Student’s name: Institutional affiliation: Computer Memory Hacking RAM hacking can be described as a form of hacking that makes it hard for a computer system to process encrypted data. In such a scenario of hacking, all the data that is stored in the attacked computer's RAM is left completely vulnerable for manipulation by unauthorized access in its processing stages. In order to prevent RAM hacking, all the data that needs to be processes and already in the computer's RAM must be entirely encrypted (Philipp et al., 2010, p. 35). There are several tools that hackers can use when RAM hacking, which include several programs and utilities. The most common tools of RAM hacking is Nmap and Metasploit. Nmap, also referred to as the swiss army knife of RAM hacking or any other hacking, is one of the best effective port scanner tool numerous functions. In its hacking, Nmap is used in a footprinting phase to scan the ports of the remote computer, where it finds out which ports are open in order to compromise their access. Metasploit, on the other hand, is also an effective tool in RAM hacking as it commands a large database of exploits. In addition, it offers thousands of exploits codes that are useful on attacking web servers and computers (Levy, 2010, p.28). This is a hacking tool that hacks not only the RAM, but the almost entire part of a computer. Hackers always attack and succeed where they see weaknesses. In this...
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...NT1110 Notes · Unit 4 · motherboards & busses · topics of lecture · system bus · chipset · form factoe · memory slots · expansion slot · System Bus · Traits & necessities · Signal Pathway · A way of passing information betweem componets inside and outside the computer. · A modular way of expanding the functions or capabilities of the computer. · System Bus Architectures · PCI · AGP · PCIe (PCI Express) · Bus Mastering · Allows data to be passed from one device to another without CPU intervention. Allows a controller card to take control of the bus, leaving the CPU free to concentrate on other tasks. · Bus Mastering vs. DMA · DMA can send data from peripheral to RAM or from RAM to peripheral, without the intervention of the CPU. · Bus Mastering can send data from peripheral to peripheral, without the intervention of the CPU. · Peripheral Component Interconnect PCI · Developed for Pentium-class processors · 32-bit and 64-bit data path versions. · 33-MHz Clock · Processor Independant · Plug and play with bus mastering · PCI Evolution · 32-bit, 33 MHz · 64-bit, 33 MHz · 32- bit. 66 MHz · 64- bit, 66 MHz · Accelerated Graphics Port AGP · used exclusively for video carda, · Available in four gernerations (1x, 2x, 4x, 8x) · Considered more of a port than a bus · AGP modes 32-bits @ 66 MHz · data cycles per clock Bandwidth · AGP 1 266 Mbps · AGP 2x 2 ...
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...and brief description of what they do(Disks Drives, Hard disks, CD ROM Drives, Ports and Expansion Slots, Motherboards)…….1 Disks Drives………………. ............................................................................................. 1 Hard disks.......................................................................................................................... 1 CD ROM Drives................................................................................................................ 1 Ports and Expansion Slots...................................................................................................2 Motherboards……………………………………...............................................................2 RAM…………………………............................................................................................2 Firewire(IEEE 1394)...........................................................................................................3 System Comparison Chart.......................................................................................................4 AlphaServer GS 1280...
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...The RAM requires power in order to keep data accessible, all data contained in memory will be lost if the power goes. The RAM is a storage location within the computer that allows information to be stored and accessed from random locations. The computer accesses data much faster because the information is accessed randomly. As a result of drivers and part of the operating system being loaded into memory, the machine takes significantly less time to become operational because the CPU processes the instructions faster. Each program opened after the operating system has loaded, is loaded into memory while it is running. The computer will swap data between the RAM and the hard disk drive if too many programs are open. Ultimately, the amount of RAM a computer has affects how much multi-tasking occurs and how fast it will...
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...require special hardware. Many claim one operating system is better than the other. Windows does something better than Linux and Linux does something’s better than Windows. How each of these handles memory is the key to understanding. Linux has the unique ability to virtually extend system RAM capabilities with another form of partitioning called SWAP space. SWAP space is used by Linux to add more virtual RAM to the system. Virtual memory sort of trick the system to think it has more memory that it actually has by sharing it between competing processes as they are desired. This speeds up the capability of Linux to operate faster and with less system resources than a Windows machine with similar RAM specs. This swap space is dedicated specifically for paging operations. Paging is the function of writing parts of memory chunks to temporary space on a hard disk. Windows commonly uses a dynamically allocated temporary space on a hard disk called a “page file” for memory management. A “page file” is allocated on disk, for less frequently accessed objects in memory; things that would not necessarily be needed to be constantly in the hard drive or RAM memory buffer. This leaves more RAM obtainable to aggressively used objects. Windows and Linux have modern memory management architecture that in reality have lot in common. Linux implements the virtual memory data structure in a similar manner to UNIX, which is the oldest operating system still in use today. The two systems may...
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