...beginning of the computer era, the increased level of concern over the most recent attacks has resulted in devoting more resources to combat this threat. This paper analyzes numerous cyberattacks by Russian computer enthusiast group Chaos Hackers Crew and other hacktivists during Operation Allied Force in 1999, that included taking down and defacing various NATO and US Government websites, several successful virus propagation attempts on military servers and countless spamming storms. This particular case raises curious questions about the legal definition of term cyberconflict itself, magnitude of the damage from a potential cyberattack on U.S. Government by terrorists and the level of preparedness of key military and intelligence units for the cyberwar. The cyberterrorism threat is real, however it’s essential to recognize that preserving the state of continuous distress over computer vulnerabilities can be profitable. Based on this research, cultural differences play a huge role in the world of computer hackers who decide what entity to attack and how, also the scale of a cyberattack doesn’t matter as economic damage can be devastating regardless of its size. Global governments need to continue working on creating workable laws that accurately describe the problem of cyberattacks and effectively enforce the solution. The modern world still has a long way to go before all security threats are addressed, appropriate defence is in place and all the critical computer infrastructure...
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...Introduction David S. Wall, author of Cybercrime: The Transformation of Crime in the Information Age, once said, “In a nutshell, we are shocked by cybercrime, but also expect to be shocked by it because we expect it to be there, but – confusingly – we appear to be shocked if we are not shocked (if we don’t find it)!” In today’s society, cybercrimes are considered a greater threat than ever. Computer crime can be defined as a crime that is committed where the computer or electronic data device is integral to the criminal act (Kranacher, Riley, and Wells 114). Although many do not believe that they can cause any vital damage, cybercrimes such as wiretapping, piggybacking, and computer viruses can have significant repercussions on various organizations. By identifying the type of cybercrime, discussing how organizations can protect themselves from it, and multiple real-life examples, an insightful analysis of the implications of cybercrime can be better understood. Wiretapping Wiretapping has become a very common way of committing computer fraud. This occurs when perpetrators read information being transmitted between an organization’s computers. In order to decrease this, companies can implement various encryption techniques to help ensure that confidential information does not reach the hands of a person who can use it with malicious intent (Kranacher, Riley, and Wells 120-21). This information that is obtained could be pertaining to an organization’s consumers, employees...
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...Need of Cyber Crime Law In India Abstract A Cyber space is a virtual space that has become as important as real space for business, education and politics. The growing danger from crimes committed against computers, or against information on computers, is beginning to claim attention in the India. The digital age has dramatically changed the scope of a crime by adding the electronic component and it comes a new form of science ≴Computer Forensic Science≵. Computer Forensic allows for the evidence of cyber crime to be admissible in court when prosecuting the cyber criminal. In most countries, existing laws are likely to be unenforceable against such crime. Cyber laws, as it stand today, gives rise to both positive & negative consequences. The main negative consequences is the digital soup so vague that many refer to it as the dark sides of technology and that cyber criminal currently have upper hand. The applicability and effectiveness of our existing laws need to be constantly reviewed to face the risk coming from the cyber world. In this paper we are going to firstly describe the computer forensic, cyber crimes, cyber laws of nation & technology challenges. Aim of this paper is to act as a catalyst to raise awareness regarding computer forensic which continues to grow as one of the most important branch of science and help in investigation of cyber crime which continues to grow as one of the most potent threats to the Internet and computer users of the cyber society of...
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...Various computer crimes – week 2 The rapid growth computer technology and internet in 20th century has increased our dependence on computers and networks, which also led to the growth in new form of crime –“cyber crime” throughout the world. In the first chapter of Principle of Cybercrime, Clough describers the various definitions of cybercrime. It can be defined as crime that committed through internet on a computer. It uses computer as a tool to commit the crime like child pornography, fraud, copyright, piracy and etc. However, computer can also be a targeted victim. There are various types of cyber crime such as hacking, spamming, malware, and etc. More serious, cybercrime can move on to cyberterrorism which the attack on a computer is political, national security, or religious based. In the cyberspace, I believe that cybercrime is same as traditional crime that has three major categories, which are crime against person, crime again poverty, and crime against government. First, cyber crime against person is included cyber-stalking, threat, harassment or even violence/murder in a cyberspace. However, how did law perceive these problems? The law has suggested physical ground. In the case of violence and murder in a gameworld is hard to justify if it can consider as offences since no one is physical injured. Second, cyber crime against poverty includes hacking, fraud, spamming, and spreading virus. Cyber criminals can transform harmful programmers to other computer through...
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...Cyber crime: The internet has become a part of our everyday lifestyle and made it easier for us in many ways. Although like many things in life, it also has its disadvantages as well. One of the major disadvantages with the internet is cybercrime. Cyber crime is the latest and perhaps the most complicated problem in the cyber world. The term “Cyber Crime” has nowhere been defined in any statute or Act passed or enacted by the Indian Parliament What exactly is cybercrime? A simple way to put it is, any crimes committed on the internet. It can range from something like illegally downloading music from the internet to cyber-terrorism. Any criminal activity that uses a computer either as an instrumentality, target or a means for perpetuating further crimes comes within the ambit of cyber crime. It is rapidly evolving from simple e-mail mischief where offenders send obscene e-mail, to more serious offences like theft of information, e-mail bombing to crashing servers etc. The types of cyber crimes include pornography, cyber fraud, defamation, cyber stalking, harassment, IPR theft, data hostage, money laundering, phishing, e-mail bombing, cyber war, illegal EFT. Conclusion There will always be new and unexpected challenges to stay ahead of cyber criminals and cyber terrorists but we can win only through partnership and collaboration of both individuals and government. There is much we can do to ensure a safe, secure and trustworthy computing environment. It is crucial not...
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...Cyber crimes essay THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACT AMENDMENT OF 2008 Cyber law, in a general sense, has been envisaged as a term that encapsulates the legal issues related to the use of communicative, transactional, and distributive aspects of networked information devices and technologies. And the crimes against these issues are termed as cyber crime Cyber law and cyber crime Cyber crime spans not only state and national boundaries, but the international boundaries as well. At the Tenth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and Treatment of Offenders, in a workshop devoted to the issues of crimes related to computer networks, cybercrime was broken into two categories and defined thus: * In a narrow sense, the term cyber crime has been defined as any illegal behavior directed by means of electronic operations that target the security of computer systems and the data processed by them. * In the broader sense, cyber crime has been defined as any illegal behavior committed by means of, or in relation to, a computer system or network, including such crimes as illegal possession [and] offering or distributing information by means of a computer system or network. The extent of cyber crime is so vast and complicated that an act which may be crime in one nation may not be so in another. Some of the basic examples of cyber crime are unauthorized access, damage to computer data and program, computer sabotage, unauthorized interception of communications, computer...
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...Cyber-Crime Trends Melody Ann Lovelace CJA570 October 10, 2011 Ray Gagne Cyber-Crime Trends In the dawn of the 21st century, the evolution of new technology and science concepts have made changes to everyone’s daily life. Cyber-crimes are a creature that did not exist 15-plus years ago. Back in the day, before technology, were only the conventional crimes such as illegal behaviors people thought were criminal behaviors. However, in today’s time an individual must be extremely careful because not only are people combating traditional crimes but cyber-crimes as well. Cyber-crimes are the newest and most complicated crimes for the new century. A cyber crime is an individual conducting actions such as disrupting communications and devices, disrupting networks, Internet, and telephone; both landlines and mobile. Individuals of various ages are committing cyber crimes because these types’ crimes are easier to commit than the traditional kidnapping, murder, or human trafficking. According to Parthasarati (n. d.), cyber criminals fall into one of four categories or groups including children and adolescents between ages six to 18, organized hackers, professional hackers/crackers, and the discontent employee(s). The child or adolescent will partake in such behaviors to prove his or her self superior or outstanding over other individual in his or her age group. The organized hacker will want to fulfill objectives such as political bias and fundamentalism to name a couple. The professional...
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...Categories of Computer Crimes Valencia Faye Walker Information Technology Dr. Patricia White (Instructor) April 9, 2012 The “Integrity’ in the criminal justice field is that of duty, obligation, morality, discretion and fairness. The type that shows each individual has moral worth, wherein the individual is endowed with certain rights that cannot be taken away. The tradition of moral rights maintains that each ‘moral subject’ has a right to integrity. The subject of computer criminal takes away some form of freedom from us as individuals. We have select categories of computer crimes that present a great threat for our future. Piracy involves downloading and distribution of copyright media without paying for it, vandalism the computer. Even though I feel that this is not a serious issue, it seems that the Federal law states that this is very wrong on a moral standard and a legal one. The penalties involve the infringer paying anywhere from $200 to $150,000 for each work infringed with attorneys fees and court cost, also jail time is also a possibility. Illegal Hacking is a serious crime, especially those who can and will use their skills to rob people of personal information, invaded secure networks and vandalize virtual property. The computer is the instrument they use to obtain this information. The law enforcement and government agency have relied on programmers who are...
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...CYBER CRIME Crimes refer to any violation of law or the commission of an act forbidden by law. Definition: cybercrime can be defined as crimes committed on the internet using the computer as either a tool or a targeted victim According to Wikipidia.com cybercrime also known as computer crime that refers to any crime that involves a computer and a network Cybercrime includes any criminal act dealing with computers and networks (called hacking). Additionally, cybercrime also includes traditional crimes conducted through the Internet. For example; hate crimes, telemarketing and Internet fraud, identity theft, and credit card account thefts are considered to be cybercrimes when the illegal activities are committed through the use of a computer and the Internet. Definition: cybercrime can be defined as crimes committed on the internet using the computer as either a tool or a targeted victim Computer can be considers as a tool in cybercrime when the individual is the main target of cybercrime. But computer can be considers as target when the crime is directed to the computer. In addition, cybercrime also includes traditional crimes that been conducted with the access of Internet. For example hate crimes, telemarketing Internet fraud, identity theft, and credit card account thefts. In simple word, cybercrime can be defined as any violence action that been conducted by using computer or other devices with the access of internet. This action can give harmful effects to an...
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...crises and natural disasters. To support the implementation of our objectives we have committed new funding of £650m over four years for a transformative National Cyber Security Programme (NCSP) to strengthen the UK’s cyber capabilities. The new Cyber Security Strategy we have published today sets out how the UK will tackle cyber threats to promote economic growth and to protect our nation’s security and our way of life. One of our key aims is to make the UK one of the most secure places in the world to do business. Currently, around 6 per cent of the UK’s GDP is enabled by the internet and this is set to grow. But with this opportunity comes greater threats. Online crime including intellectual property theft costs the UK economy billions each year. So we must take steps to preserve this growth, by tackling cyber crime and bolstering our defences, to ensure that confidence in the...
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...standards and why I chose the job that I chose. Information Technicians, Cybercrime Investigators and Web Technicians are the careers that I closed took write about. I chose these three careers because they each have something in common. They all require the use of some type of computer. The only difference is the person doing the job, type of computer and what needs to be worked on. Each job was based on a certain criterion and from that I can determine which of the three categorized jobs was better for me or someone else to do that catered to my independent job category and what I prefer to do or of each one. Basically, it's a rating of a job like I would compare cars or a mortgage. Each of the three jobs had a rating and a Weighted Score. All of the jobs I had, I had to rate on a scale of benefits, environment, hours, location, Outlook, qualifications and salary. Then based on the totals determined which one of the three jobs would best fit me for my area of expertise the best and be best in my comfort zone. The information technician is an industrial occupation whose responsibility is maintaining communications and the computer systems. They are responsible for installing and maintaining computer hardware, software, and networks. The Information Technician reports to the Senior Administrative Officer and provides the hardware and software maintenance, training and consultation, and recommendations about future planning and development of resources. This job requires the person...
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...unable to cope with the high emotions of social media sites. Individuals are being lured by fake profiles or fake people who would do harm to them. Computer crimes are on the rise. Law enforcements and agencies are doing everything they can to prevent the spread of these crimes. They have created special task divisions to protect our society better. New laws have been put to place to protect U.S citizens better. The four categories of crime: the computer as a target, the computer as an instrument, the computer as incidental to a crime, and crimes associated with prevalence of computer show that everyone can fall victim to some cybercrime. The computer as a target The computer as a target in cybercrime is what today’s society fears. Examples that are considered the computer being a target are denial of service attack, data alteration, and intrusion. Denial of service is when cyber criminals deny users to access to a machine or network. An example of this is when Yahoo was hacked into, and users could not open the website for a couple of hours until Yahoo had fixed the issue. Yahoo’s denial of service attack is a great example because it showed society that even big names are susceptible to being attacked. I believe intrusion is what fears most of today’s society. Hackers try to locate sensitive information on other computers. Over the years, technology has evolved, and there are so many different ways to pay for items. Online shopping is a big hit, but many people have...
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...Abstract: Rising era of computer and other technologies as internet and gadgets, explosively increase in number of cybercrime or other crimes using technologies. The growth of computer forensic has taken as huge success to control those crimes which are committed using computers. The main task of computer forensic is to examining and collecting electronic data as evidence from a crime scene. The work of computer forensic is to recover the data which has been hacked or lost by the criminals using different system. The growing dependency on computer forensic has decreased the cybercrime and professionals have to understand the computer technology that is used in computer forensic. Introduction Forensic roots from a Latin word, “forensic” which...
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...Rising Cyber Terrorism and Role of Law in India Abstract: This paper makes an attempt to realize how cyber-crime and the measures to contain it are implemented in India. With the rise of global terrorism, terrorists are more inclined to use the vast internet for their nefarious activities. Something that they can accomplish without them physically being present and having the assurance of not being caught has promoted this form of terrorism all the more. In this paper an attempt has been made to understand cyber-terrorism, its various facets and also the laws and legislations in our country that inhibit such acts of terror. Introduction: The separation between the real world and virtual world is vanishing. The dependence of life on computers has increased high level. This dependency is used by the terrorists to their advantage by the use of internet. There are several types of cyber-crimes, such as Cyber Theft, Cyber Trespass, Cyber Stalking, Cyber Pornography, Cyber laundering, Cyber Theft, Cyber Vandalism and Cyber Terrorism, but the most threatening and dangerous are ones the that come under the category of the term cyber terrorism. Techno legal experts of India have been warning against growing incidences of cyber-attacks, cyber-crimes, cyber espionages, etc....
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...International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 3 Issue 8, August - 2014 The Impact of Mobile Information and Communication Technology on Cybercrime in Nigeria Oyenike Mary Olanrewaju1, Faith Oluwatosin Adebiyi2 1,2 Department of Mathematical Sciences and Information Technology Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria Keywords: Cybercrime, Intelligent, Investigatory Security, Mobile I. INTRODUCTION Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is often used as an extended synonym for Information Technology (IT). ICT is a term that summarizes the role of unified communications networks and the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals), computers and all its form of networks as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage, and audio-visual systems, which enable users to access, store, transmit, and manipulate information to meet day to day needs of the society. A mobile device or mobile ICT basically describes a small, handheld computing device, typically having a display screen with a miniature keyboard and potable enough for users to carry with hands or conveniently kept in a pocket. They are also location independent. In other words their functionality is not confined to a specific geographical location. Nokia, LG, Motorola Mobility, BlackBerry, Samsung, and Apple are just a few examples of the many manufacturers producing these types of devices. A handheld computing...
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