...Trends and Issues in Victimology Trends and Issues in Victimology Edited by Natti Ronel, K. Jaishankar and Moshe Bensimon Trends and Issues in Victimology, Edited by Natti Ronel, K. Jaishankar and Moshe Bensimon This book first published 2008 Cambridge Scholars Publishing 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2008 by Natti Ronel, K. Jaishankar and Moshe Bensimon and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-0069-4, ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-0069-3 TO THE VICTIMS OF TERRORISM AND VIOLENCE. LET US PRAY THAT EXPANDING THE RIGHT KNOWLEDGE INTO THE RIGHT HANDS WILL CONTRIBUTE TO THE ATTENUATION OF HUMAN EVIL AND CONSEQUENT SUFFERING. TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ..................................................................................................... x Gerd F. Kirchhoff Editors’ Introduction ................................................................................... 1 Between perception and victimization: Trends and issues in victimology Natti Ronel, K. Jaishankar & Moshe Bensimon Part I: Justice for victims Chapter One.....................
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...community based to try and help offenders with a range of services such as employment, housing, and so on. A young offender is a young person that has been convicted or cautioned for a criminal offence. The criminal justice system often deals with young offenders to adult offenders. The term young offender is applied to different age group depending on the age of criminal responsibility. In the United Kingdom there are three separate and distinct criminal justice systems; in England and Wales the age set for young offenders is 10 years and in Scotland the age for criminal responsibility is set at 12 (need citation). II. In a study conducted by Brookins and Hirsch (2002) entitled “Innocence Lost: Case Studies of Children in the Juvenile Justice System” the two talks about how the juvenile justice system is ineffective in working with young juveniles in helping them integrate with their families and communities based on reports. They pointed out the juvenile justice system lacks in providing information on the young offenders and family backgrounds as well as their efforts in engaging justice and social services to them over time. In addition, there seems to have a downward age trend in juvenile cases, the youngest being a six-year old. The research proposes examining this issue using the developmental perspective including family...
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...Social Justice This week, I explored the role of leaders in creating team trust and social justice. At some point, the team exists as a part of a larger organization and success or failure of the team can be affected by the organization’s culture within which it resides. Hegtvedt (2004) refers to distributive justice as encompassing the distribution of both benefits and burdens to the members of a group. Hegtvedt (2004) discussed three fundamental questions: “What is justice?” “Why do people differently perceive injustice?” and also, “How do people respond to perceived injustice?” Justice can actually be comparative and proportional. People desire their outcomes to be positive, referring to rewards, honors and prestige along with being in proportion to their contributions of efforts, abilities and expertise. Individuals and groups also compare their outcomes and measure their contributions with others. This will ultimately affect whether they perceive the distribution as just or unjust. Tyler, Dienhart, and Thomas (2008) state “outcome fairness is determined by what people think they deserve.” Many professionals, political scientists, psychologists, social psychologists, sociologists, and others offer a variety of theoretical ideas to address justice analysis. Justice theory and research apply to many diverse social domains, with a heavy focus on interpersonal dynamics and organizational policies. Within an organization, the application of distributive justice principles...
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...respectively as a family that results in severe harm to different individuals of the family. They further state that severe injury may include corporeal or emotional maltreatment or an infringement of another family member’s rights and autonomy of choice (Wallace & Roberson, 2013). The United States Department of Justice (2014) defines family or domestic violence as an example of oppressive conduct in any relationship that is utilized by one person to gain or sustain power and control over another close person. Family violence can be physical, sexual, passionate, financial, or mental activities or coercions that impact someone else. This includes any practices that intimidate, control, humiliate, isolate, frighten, force, debilitate, accuse, hurt, harm, or wound somebody. Family violence can happen to anybody regardless of race, age, sexuality, religion, male or female. It happens in both same-sex and opposite sex relationships and can happen to close partners who are married, living respectively, or dating. Family violence impacts individuals from all walks of life, financial backgrounds, and educational levels (United States Department of Justice, 2014). Assessment Indicators According to the website, Caring Unlimited (2015), no one can precisely calculate when an abuser’s violence will intensify to life-threatening levels, however, indicators can be used as warning signs that the abuser is reaching that level. It is essential to note that while these indicators...
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...Outline labelling theory and consider its usefulness in understanding youth crime and anti-social behaviour in Britain today. Labelling theory claims that deviance and conformity results not so much from what people do but from how others respond to those actions, it highlights social responses to crime and deviance Macionis and Plummer, (2005).Deviant behaviour is therefore socially constructed. This essay will describe in full the labelling theory and comment on the importance of the theory to the deviant behaviour of the youth and the anti-social behaviour of the youth in Britain today. The labelling theory becomes dominant in the early 1960s and the late 1970s when it was used as a sociological theory of crime influential in challenging orthodox positivity criminology. The key people to this theory were Becker and Lement.The foundations of this view of deviance are said to have been first established by Lement, (1951) and were subsequently developed by Becker, (1963).As a matter of fact the labelling theory has subsequently become a dominant paradigm in the explanation of devience.The symbolic interaction perspective was extremely active in the early foundations of the labelling theory. The labelling theory is constituted by the assumption that deviant behaviour is to be seen not simply as the violation of a norm but as any behaviour which is successfully defined or labelled as deviant. Deviance is not the act itself but the response others give to that act which means deviance...
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...SEE HOW WE CAN HELP Outline labelling theory and consider its usefulness in understanding youth crime and anti-social behaviour in Britain today. Outline labelling theory and consider its usefulness in understanding youth crime and anti-social behaviour in Britain today. Labelling theory claims that deviance and conformity results not so much from what people do but from how others respond to those actions, it highlights social responses to crime and deviance Macionis and Plummer, (2005).Deviant behaviour is therefore socially constructed. This essay will describe in full the labelling theory and comment on the importance of the theory to the deviant behaviour of the youth and the anti-social behaviour of the youth in Britain today. The labelling theory becomes dominant in the early 1960s and the late 1970s when it was used as a sociological theory of crime influential in challenging orthodox positivity criminology. The key people to this theory were Becker and Lement.The foundations of this view of deviance are said to have been first established by Lement, (1951) and were subsequently developed by Becker, (1963).As a matter of fact the labelling theory has subsequently become a dominant paradigm in the explanation of devience.The symbolic interaction perspective was extremely active in the early foundations of the labelling theory. The labelling theory is constituted by the assumption that deviant behaviour is to be seen not simply as the violation of a norm but...
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...Participants read a fictional scenario and were then asked to determine a fine and answer four questions that judged fairness and justice. The hypothesis was that the ingroup would judge deviant ingroup members higher on a retributive justice scale and give them a higher fine. The results of this study showed that when it came to justice the ingroup rated deviant ingroup members lower then the outgroup but created a higher fine. Expectations of an Ingroup: interactions within ingroups and how they punish deviant members In society people are divided into two groups the ingroup and the outgroup both Social Identity Theory and the Black Sheep Effect deal with the idea of these two types of groups. Social Identity Theory is the expectation the ingroup offenders would be treated less harsh than outgroup offenders (Gollwitzer & Keller, 2010). While the Black Sheep Effect states that people see unlikable ingroup members more adversely than unlikeable outgroup members (van Prooijen & Lam, 2007). The theory that these two support is that ingroup members judge deviant ingroup members more harshly than they would outgroup members. Gollwitzer and Keller (2010) hypothesized that a repeat ingroup offender would be given a more harsh punishment than a first time ingroup offender or an outgroup offender and that a repeat ingroup offender would create more social concerns and anger or outrage leading to a harsher punishment. This study was done through...
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...protection of life, liberty and property to all citizens. Police officers work tirelessly to accommodate regulations adopted to ensure only criminals are convicted. These restrictions have been part of the United States since the Bill of Rights was generated in 1791, but in the 1960s, as “Law and Order,” the view that crime must be dealt with harshly to deter citizens from breaking the law, the Supreme Court was forced to decide the constitutionality of the rules of interrogation. In the Sixties, crime was escalating and public safety was becoming a growing concern; police began to treat suspects harsher in an effort to raise conviction rates and promote public safety. In 1966, however, the jurisprudence of the entire US justice system changed when the court of Chief Justice Earl Warren was presented with the case Miranda v Arizona. In this case, the majority decision ruled to protect suspects’ rights, extending equality of protection regardless of legal knowledge or background, not only highlighting the trends of human rights and equality in the Sixties, but also the tensions between criminal rights versus public safety, demonstrating a shift from the conservative ‘law and order’ jurisprudence to more liberal methods of interrogation and conviction. On March 2, 1963, Ernesto Miranda kidnapped a woman (whose name was not released to the press for her safety), drove her into the desert, and raped her. After an eleven day investigation, Detectives Cooley and Young caught Miranda and took...
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...What is the policy alternative? The Elder Justice Act represents one set of policies that exist in the more great setting of domestic social policy to address the complex issue that is elder abuse. (Morgan 2017) That is, as a federal legislative reaction, the Elder Justice Act may best catalyze further national coordination and action that can achieve more prominent public awareness and attention regarding the needs of a developing, and possibly vulnerable, aging population (Morgan, 2017). According to Morgan (2017) the GAO, the Elder Justice Act "provides a vehicle for setting national priorities and establishing up a comprehensive, multidisciplinary elder justice system in this country." Such a response touches a scope of domestic policy...
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...Clinton The world works in a series of actions and reactions. Everyday something happens that occurs as a reaction of something else, which respectively was a reaction of yet another event. Looking at the world today, many global issues are prevalent and are affecting the lives of many if not all. What the majority of the population fails to realize, is that, every one of these issues is a repercussion of another and is most likely causing more repercussions. The justice system never over passes a crime without searching for the motive, reason and effect. So why is the grand scale different? Without searching for the cause, the issues will never truly be solved. The inequality of wealth distribution is a root of many of the world’s most principal issues, affecting the world economically, socially, and physically. Without proper distribution of wealth, the rich get richer and the poor get poorer causing extreme poverty among many nations. Poverty strikes up many social issues among countries and within countries, causing wars and revolutions to occur; only increasing violence. Without money, and in a world where nations thrive based on economy, proper means for planet health, are not up to the standards they should be if the world intends to last. As the human race progresses as it is now, it will become more and more impossible to reverse the effects of the inequality of wealth distribution and its sub parts. The issue here is that those who have the power to reverse these...
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...Clinton The world works in a series of actions and reactions. Everyday something happens that occurs as a reaction of something else, which respectively was a reaction of yet another event. Looking at the world today, many global issues are prevalent and are affecting the lives of many if not all. What the majority of the population fails to realize, is that, every one of these issues is a repercussion of another and is most likely causing more repercussions. The justice system never over passes a crime without searching for the motive, reason and effect. So why is the grand scale different? Without searching for the cause, the issues will never truly be solved. The inequality of wealth distribution is a root of many of the world’s most principal issues, affecting the world economically, socially, and physically. Without proper distribution of wealth, the rich get richer and the poor get poorer causing extreme poverty among many nations. Poverty strikes up many social issues among countries and within countries, causing wars and revolutions to occur; only increasing violence. Without money, and in a world where nations thrive based on economy, proper means for planet health, are not up to the standards they should be if the world intends to last. As the human race progresses as it is now, it will become more and more impossible to reverse the effects of the inequality of wealth distribution and its sub parts. The issue here is that those who have the power to reverse these...
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...serious financial drain on the American health care system, with NAMI (2013) reporting around 200 billion dollars in lost revenue per year. Mood disorders such as depression can cause frequent hospitalizations; it is the third most common cause of hospitalization in the United States for both youth and adults (NAMI, 2013). The American Psychological Association (APA) found that the rates of mental illness among the homeless population were twice that of the general population (APA, 2014). Disparity Nyamathi & Marfisee (2012), identified factors in the homeless population that makes them susceptible to health care disparities such as age, homeless status, and lack of education. Johnson & Chamberlain (2011) found that while mental health issues are prevalent among the homeless population, it does not always precede homelessness. However those suffering from mental health illnesses experienced more long-term homelessness compared to those who did not. Wright (2014) found that 54% of homeless patients reported negative attitudes of health care providers and stated that it was the primary reason for not going to a hospital or general practitioner. Wright (2014) also reported that homeless people use approximately eight times more hospital inpatient services than the average person and their length of stay was almost triple that of the general population, simply because they were more sick. Less than one-third of...
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...Clinton The world works in a series of actions and reactions. Everyday something happens that occurs as a reaction of something else, which respectively was a reaction of yet another event. Looking at the world today, many global issues are prevalent and are affecting the lives of many if not all. What the majority of the population fails to realize, is that, every one of these issues is a repercussion of another and is most likely causing more repercussions. The justice system never over passes a crime without searching for the motive, reason and effect. So why is the grand scale different? Without searching for the cause, the issues will never truly be solved. The inequality of wealth distribution is a root of many of the world’s most principal issues, affecting the world economically, socially, and physically. Without proper distribution of wealth, the rich get richer and the poor get poorer causing extreme poverty among many nations. Poverty strikes up many social issues among countries and within countries, causing wars and revolutions to occur; only increasing violence. Without money, and in a world where nations thrive based on economy, proper means for planet health, are not up to the standards they should be if the world intends to last. As the human race progresses as it is now, it will become more and more impossible to reverse the effects of the inequality of wealth distribution and its sub parts. The issue here is that those who have the power to reverse these...
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...Model of Choice The model I have chosen to use to analyze my policy is the McInnis-Dittrich (1994) ANALYSIS model. I have chosen this model because it is specific to the social work profession and it is fairly easy to comprehend. The model asks questions that pertain to social and economic justice, which is important, the social work profession (Chambers & Bonk, 2013). Although the model lacks in areas such as outcomes specific to values, and the historical background of the policy, it is still sufficient enough to analyze my specific policy (Chambers & Bonk, 2013). This policy is well rounded and offers a combination of perspectives. The most important reason for me choosing this model is because it offers the client and professional’s view...
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...punishment and with punishment comes justice. All investigations should be led hand in hand with the pursuit of truth. Investigation must be closely regulated and administered so as to avoid variability and erroneousness. There are however cases in which the human makes mistakes. As members of the community with the ability to explore these potential mistakes, we can bring about proper consequence. Serial is an example of ethical reporting based on a key theory of consequence reporting: justice. The entire podcast is centered around seeking the truth of what exactly happened on January 13, 1999. Sarah Koenig, the host and producer of the Serial podcast, dedicated an endless amount of time to investigating the supposed...
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