...Regenerative Brakes INTRODUCTION: Stop... start... stop... start. If you make a habit of driving in city traffic, you'll know it can be a huge waste of time. What's less obvious is that it's also a huge waste of energy. Getting a car moving needs a big input of power, and every time you hit the brakes all the energy you've built up disappears again, wasted in the brake pads as heat. Wouldn't it be good if you could store this energy somehow and reuse it next time you started to accelerate? That's the basic concept of regenerative brakes.What are they? How do they work? Let's take a closer look! Why does braking waste energy? [pic] If you get about town on a bicycle, it's very obvious that braking is a huge waste of energy. You have to peddle to get yourself going, and each time you brake and come to a standstill you waste all the momentum you've gained. Next time you want to move off, you have to start from scratch all over again. Put your hands anywhere near the brake pads on a bicycle and you'll know exactly where the energy goes: each time you brake and the rubber pads clamp on the wheel, friction between rubber and metal converts the energy you had when you were moving into heat, which disappears uselessly into the air, never to be seen again. (WARNING: Be very careful if you try this because brakes can get really hot!) Car drivers are pretty much oblivious to the energy that braking wastes because driving doesn't require any real, physical...
Words: 3348 - Pages: 14
...Hybrid Vehicles A hybrid is a type of automobile that utilizes two or more propulsion systems. Current hybrids integrate an internal combustion engine and an electric motor and battery. Depending on their design, certain hybrids can operate primarily on the internal combustion engine with some assistance from the electric motor. Other systems rely predominantly on the electric motor; these systems use the internal combustion engine only when significant power is needed to propel the car or when the battery system needs recharging. The Basic Types of Hybrids: * Mild Hybrid: The electric motor and battery act as an assist to the internal combustion engine. * Full Hybrid: The two propulsion systems (electric motor and internal combustion engine) can work independently or in conjunction with each other. * Plug in hybrids: The internal combustion engine acts only as a back-up to the main rechargeable motor and battery system. How Mild & Full Hybrids Work Both mild and full hybrids never need to be plugged in, however there are some features that distinguish the two. A mild hybrid is one that cannot drive on the electric motor alone—it always needs the internal combustion engine to propel the vehicle while the motor acts as an assist. One such example is the Chevrolet Silverado pickup hybrid, which features a massive V8 power plant, incorporating two small electric motors. These motors act only to start the internal comusbtion engine, and recharge the battery...
Words: 879 - Pages: 4
...Applications of the Sciences| SCI215 M3_A2 “A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses an on-board rechargeable energy storage system (RESS) and a fuel based power source for vehicle propulsion. These vehicles use much less fuel than their counterparts and produce less emissions. Hybrid vehicles recharge their batteries by capturing kinetic energy through regenerative braking. Some hybrids use the combustion engine to generate electricity by spinning a generator to either recharge the battery or directly feed power to an electric motor that drives the vehicle. This takes place when cruising or in other situations where just light thrust is needed.” (Orloff) Hybrid Car Advantages Clean energy. An electric motor together with a gas powered engine make a vehicle that has lower emissions and better gas mileage. It conserves energy while having the power of a standard engine. Performance improvements. New technologies allow hybrids the same kind of performance as normal cars, and they are continuing to develop, improving efficiency, getting better mileage, and reducing emissions even further. Incentives. Varying from state to state and federally, hybrids may come with a tax benefit and savings in the form of much less money spent on fuel. Regenerative braking. Each time you brake, the battery is recharged a little, eliminating the need for stopping to recharge the battery periodically. Lower fossil fuel dependence. Because...
Words: 2401 - Pages: 10
...manufacturing, car’s impact on environment, and describe the scientific principles involved behind the technology. 2. Determine which type of car would work best for you and your family. Justify your decision based upon the result of your analysis of the 5 hybrid cars. 3. Analyze the impact this technology will have on our political relationships with oil-producing countries. Make sure that you address economic issues such as: trade, production, and supply in your analysis. 4. Express how you think this technology will influence world politics? Make sure that you address economic issues such as: trade, production, and supply in your analysis. 5. Explain what impact do you think these cars will have on our economy? Consider the following issues in your analysis: consumer buying, sustainability, recycling, and fuel economy. Abstract “The first hybrid gas-electric car in the United States, the original Honda Insight, reported its first 17 sales in December 1999. One decade and 1.5 million hybrids later, the auto industry is ready to embrace hybrids and other green cars like never before.” (Berman, 2009) Hybrid cars are extremely popular internationally and it’s easy to see why. “Hybrid cars complement gas engines with electric motors to improve gas mileage or to increase power through the use of a combined-propulsion system. Toyota and Honda are both major players in the hybrid space, but just about every other automaker is working on a hybrid model.” (Cunningham...
Words: 5747 - Pages: 23
...hybrid vehicle Abstract The topic of this research paper is the impact of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) on the environment and society. The methodologies used to carry out research on this topic include collecting information on HEVs, their components, pollution caused by the manufacturing of their batteries, their economics, and their safety. The conclusions of the report are that HEVs adversely impact the environment and society. iii Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... iii Table of Figures ............................................................................................................................. vi Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Definition of the Problem ........................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Fossil Fuels ............................................................................................................................ 6 1.2 Air Pollution .......................................................................................................................... 7 1.2.1...
Words: 12114 - Pages: 49
...foreign oil. * Illustrate the importance of Hybrid vehicles in order to get rid of high prices/cost of gasoline. * Demonstrate the benefits that hybrid vehicles bring to the firm i.e. high revenue, increased market share and greater profits. Scope Hybrid vehicles have a wide scope in upcoming future due to following reasons: * Increase companies revenues and profits because of reduction of gasoline usage. * Hybrids can operate on alternative fuels that have flex fuel possibilities. * Dependency on fossils fuels will be decreased. * Fuel efficiency is greatly increased (twice). * Emissions are greatly decreased. * Regenerative braking actually makes city driving more economical than on the highway. As Gasoline becomes more and more expensive, the hybrids will become more common and even plug in type electric vehicles will also be more popular all over the world. Terminology Hybrid vehicle: A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more than two distinct power sources to move the vehicle. The term most commonly refers to hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), which combine internal combustion engine and one or more electric motors....
Words: 756 - Pages: 4
...Table of Contents Section 1 – Motor and Load Basics.................................................................................................... 9 AC Motors........................................................................................................................................... 11 NEMA Design Types........................................................................................................................ 12 Motor Synchronous Speed............................................................................................................... 12 3-Phase Motor Connections - NEMA ............................................................................................... 13 Rotor Inertia – NEMA....................................................................................................................... 16 3-Phase Motor Connections – IEC Nomenclature............................................................................ 17 Rotor Inertia – IEC ........................................................................................................................... 18 AC Motor Operation above Base Speed .......................................................................................... 19 Synchronous Motors ........................................................................................................................ 20 Wound Rotor........................................................................................
Words: 7023 - Pages: 29
...gets better mileage. Or maybe worried that the car is contributing to the greenhouse effect. The auto industry has the technology to address these concerns. It's the hybrid car. You're probably aware of hybrid. Any vehicle is a hybrid when it combines two or more sources of power. This is an improvement over the electric car, which uses gasoline engine along with electric motor powered by batteries. In the series system of the hybrid car engine driven generator is employed to recharge the batteries while the electric motor drives the car. Where as in parallel system the heat engine is directly connected to the electric motor. The key to a hybrid car is that the gasoline engine can be much smaller than the one in a conventional car and therefore more efficient. INTRODUCTION We might wonder why anyone would build such a complicated machine when most people are perfectly happy with their gasoline-powered cars. The reason is twofold: to reduce tailpipe emissions and to improve mileage. The emissions standards dictate how much of each type of pollution a car is allowed to emit in to atmosphere. The amount is usually specified in grams per mile (g/mi)....
Words: 3030 - Pages: 13
...Electric Vehicle Conversion Literature Review Southern Illinois University Carbondale College of Engineering Senior Design Project Brocton Barras Joshua Day Matthew Griffin Andrew Phegley Nathan Smith Alex Turek 1 ORIGINALITY STATEMENT This paper conveys research pertinent to the design and construction of a unique electric vehicle in a form that is easily understood. Unique characteristics include dual, independently controlled A/C drive motors, elimination of traditional mechanical power transmission devices, and traction control software with the ability to make changes several thousand times per second. These original ideas make for an environmentally responsible vehicle with few moving parts. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Brocton Barras – Wrote a brief recap of the history of electric vehicles. Joshua Day – Responsible for originality/acknowledgments page, as well as abstract and conclusions. Matthew Griffin – Provided research for innovative control methods section of paper. Andrew Phegley – Wrote a brief description of A/C vs. D/C motors. Nathan Smith – Provided research for the construction of battery packs. Alex Turek – Responsible for introduction, section on the CAN bus, and editorial duties. ABSTRACT The objective of this project is to design and build an electric vehicle that exhibits unique qualities not found in any production vehicle in its class. The vehicle will operate in a similar capacity to the average automobile so as to maintain familiarity...
Words: 3400 - Pages: 14
...SAE TECHNICAL PAPER SERIES 2003-01-2307 A Comparative Study of the Production Applications of Hybrid Electric Powertrains Harry L. Husted Delphi Corporation Reprinted From: Hybrid Vehicle and Energy Storage Technologies (SP-1789) Future Transportation Technology Conference Costa Mesa, California June 23-25, 2003 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 U.S.A. Tel: (724) 776-4841 Fax: (724) 776-5760 Web: www.sae.org All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. For permission and licensing requests contact: SAE Permissions 400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, PA 15096-0001-USA Email: permissions@sae.org Fax: 724-772-4891 Tel: 724-772-4028 For multiple print copies contact: SAE Customer Service Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-1615 Email: CustomerService@sae.org ISSN 0148-7191 Copyright © 2003 SAE International Positions and opinions advanced in this paper are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of SAE. The author is solely responsible for the content of the paper. A process is available by which discussions will be printed with the paper if it is published in SAE Transactions. Persons wishing to submit papers to be considered for presentation or publication by SAE should send the manuscript...
Words: 7015 - Pages: 29
...on Southwest's entire fleet”. This contract includes work on up to 520 aircraft, and will include future aircraft deliveries. Maintenance/repairs will include Honeywell's hydro mechanical units (HMU), avionics, lighting, mechanical components, as well as wheels and brakes, and – it’s Auxiliary Power Units (APU). Aircraft power systems generate, regulate and distribute power throughout an aircraft. These solutions can range from auxiliary power units that provide power when main engines are not running to complete electrical power generation and conversion systems that provide essential power for safe aircraft operation. Honeywell’s robust family of power systems led the industry by lowering cost of operations and increasing reliability. In Air Quality and Comfort in Airliner Cabins, Niren Laxmich and Nagda defines an auxiliary power unit (APU). An APU constitutes: “an engine used to provide aircraft air and electrical power when not provided by the main engines” (Nagda, 2000, p. 261). The following relates information regarding categories of APUs: Category 1 and Category 2 APU The criticality of an APU relative to flight safety in any particular aircraft installation will determine if the APU system should be considered essential, or non-essential. Airplanes that rely on...
Words: 1398 - Pages: 6
...automobiles. One of those modes is know as hybrid power. A vehicle is considered a hybrid when it combines two or more sources of power. For example, a mo-ped (a motorized pedal bike) is a type of hybrid because it combines the power of a gasoline engines with the pedal power of the rider. Hybrid vehicles are an alternative being used to decrease the emissions of vehicles and to decrease the amount of fossil fuels being used. Hybrid vehicles also cost less to operate because of the decreased fuel usage. The gasoline-electric hybrid car is a cross between a gasoline-powered car and an electric car. Hybrid vehicles are all around us. Most of the locomotives we see pulling trains are diesel-electric hybrids. According too How Cars Work, Cities like Seattle have diesel-electric buses these can draw electric power from overhead wires or run on diesel when they are away from the wires. There are two kinds of hybrids. The parallel hybrid has a fuel tank which supplies gasoline to the engine. But it also has a set of batteries that supplies power to an electric motor. Both the engine and the electric motor can turn the transmission at the same time, and the transmission then turns the wheels. In a parallel hybrid, both the electric motor and the gas engine can provide propulsion power. The other type is a series hybrid. In the series hybrid the gasoline engine turns a generator, and the generator can either charge the batteries or power an Hybrid Vehicles 3 electric motor that drives...
Words: 1638 - Pages: 7
...acceleration, all about an EV Basic concept in calculation 2. Energy consumption calculation in design phase 2.1. Weight and distribution effect 2.1.1. Weight and climbing 2.1.2. Weight and speed 2.1.3. Weight affect range, Balance and other important facts 2.2. Aerodynamic effect 2.2.1. Define of aerodynamic drag force 2.2.2. Other aerodynamic contributes 2.2.3. Effective of frontal area and coefficient of drag 2.3. Rolling resistance 2.3.1. Definition of rolling resistance 2.3.2. Combined analysis of aerodynamic drag and rolling resistance 2.3.3. Maximum power that can be transferred by the tires to the road 2.4. Transmission efficiency analysis 2.4.1. Structures about the transmission system available 2.4.2. Efficiency of the transmission system 3. Energy consumption calculation of EV 1 3.1. Calculation methodology overview and Target specification of our EV 3.2. Calculation and evaluation of the energy consumption 3.2.1. Required and available power 3.2.2. Motor output and acceleration 3.2.3. Acceleration time evaluation of our EV 3.3. Conclusion 4. Influence on energy output 4.1. Mileage capability analysis 4.1.1. Mileage capability verification 4.1.2. Mileage capability modification 4.1.3. Energy regeneration basic introduction 4.2. Total energy consumption link introduction 4.2.1. Best-case scenario with Well-to-wheel assumption 4.2.2. Life cycle assessment analysis for power consumption of the...
Words: 16791 - Pages: 68
...Facts * The Dubai Metro opened on 09/09/09 with ten stations operational under its red line * The Dubai Metro is also the world’s longest automated driverless train system * It has been launched in a record time of four years * The total cost of the Dubai Metro is estimated at 15 (28) billion dirhams * There are two metro lines covering the city – The Red Line and The Green Line * The Red Line has 29 stations covering 52 kms which is fully operational by Feb 2010 * The Green Line has 18 stations over 23 kms and opened in 2011 * Anyone with a valid ticket/Nol card is eligible to use the Metro – residents or tourists * There are four types of Nol cards – Silver, Gold, Red and Blue each serving customers as per their requirement * Train run from 6am to 11pm, Saturday to Thursday and from 2pm to midnight on Fridays. * The waiting time between trains during rush hours is 3 minutes 45 seconds and during off peak times is 7 minutes 30 seconds * 1,05,000 took the Metro during the launch weekend * There are four themes based on which the interiors of the metro have been developed – Earth, Fire, Water and Air * First aid crew, security crew in the train cars and station staff will help passengers have a smooth ride | 1.The Dubai Metro is the world’s largest automated driverless train system, with more than 70km of magnetic tracks. 2.The Metro will be able to carry up to 27,000 passengers in each direction every hour. When fully functioning, it is projected...
Words: 2461 - Pages: 10
...LEGEND Legend 3-Wheel Scooter Legend 4-Wheel Scooter SAFETY GUIDELINES WARNING! An authorized Pride Provider or qualified technician must perform the initial setup of this scooter and must perform all of the procedures in this manual. The symbols below are used throughout this owner's manual and on the scooter to identify warnings and important information. It is very important for you to read them and understand them completely. WARNING! Indicates a potentially hazardous condition/situation. Failure to follow designated procedures can cause either personal injury, component damage, or malfunction. On the product, this icon is represented as a black symbol on a yellow triangle with a black border. MANDATORY! These actions should be performed as specified. Failure to perform mandatory actions can cause personal injury and/or equipment damage. On the product, this icon is represented as a white symbol on a blue dot with a white border. PROHIBITED! These actions are prohibited. These actions should not be performed at any time or in any circumstances. Performing a prohibited action can cause personal injury and/or equipment damage. On the product, this icon is represented as a black symbol with a red circle and red slash. Please fill out the following information for quick reference: Pride Provider:______________________________________________________________________ Address:___________________________________________________________________________ Phone...
Words: 13287 - Pages: 54
