...to break, is smoking cigarettes. Unlike most, I am not addicted to the nicotine and I do not crave a cigarette unless I am drinking an alcoholic beverage. Hence, this is the habit that frustrates me the most. I do not wake up wanting a cigarette and I can run all day without having one or even thinking about one. To me this habit is strange. I would think smoking cigarettes becomes a habit because of the nicotine addiction, as for me it is only when I consume alcohol. I have gone weeks even months without a cigarette and of course I was not drinking during those times. Then I have an alcoholic drink and the urge to smoke a cigarette arises. I developed this habit in high school when a group of my friends started smoking and I tried one for the first time. At first I did not like the feeling and it actually made me feel quite sick. Now as I am writing this paper I cannot remember how the habit stuck. All I can remember is that I only want a cigarette when I drink. As far as this habit relating to my personality I am not quite sure. I have thoughts related to how it relates to my life but I feel it relates more on other aspects of psychology rather than personality. I may have more psychological issues due to my childhood that this habit relates to. When it comes to role models and people in general that have influenced this habit, where do I start? For a few years, who didn’t smoke cigarettes? You would see so many actors and actresses in movies and tabloids smoking. Now you...
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...Changing Behavior Case Study Analysis Excessive Drinking is something I've had to watch my father go through, so it wasn't a surprise when my friend Lucy came to me for advice. My friend Lucy is an Alcoholic. This undesired behavior impacts over 12 million Americans. Alcoholism is one of the leading forms of common bad habits along with Smoking and drinking caffeine. We do these things not out of spite, but because we benefited from its effects at one point and now we go to it for relief every day. We humans tend to go for the quickest way out and that’s exactly what bad habits are. Lucy’s Drinking problem can be explained through classical conditioning. The definition of classical conditioning is a form of learning in which a response elicited by a stimulus becomes elicited by a previously neutral stimulus. (Morris 153) Basically, when it comes to drinking, we teach ourselves into a drinking habit. Every time Lucy gets stressed, she automatically wants to drink. It’s a trigger mechanism in her brain she literally taught herself. Pavlov was the first to test classical conditioning with dogs by ringing a bell every time he fed them, creating salvation every time he rang the bell. The unconditioned response for Lucy was to deal with her stress. The conditioned response now is to drink for stress relief. Lucy’s unconditioned stimulus was anything that could relieve stress while the conditioned stimulus is now drinking. Operant conditioning, sometimes referred to as instrumental...
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...In the context of the UK’s total ban on tobacco advertising and the potential future restrictions on alcohol advertising, critically review the debate between the strong or weak theories with regard to the effectiveness of advertising bans. The effectiveness of advertising bans has been a debated for many years. There are two dominant theories of the debate regarding the nature of how advertising works: the strong theory and the weak theory. The strong theory coined by John Philip Jones holds the belief that advertising exerts a powerful persuasive influence on consumer’s behaviour (Jones, 1990). In Contrast Andrew Ehrenberg developed the view of the weak theory of advertising. This view suggests that advertising reinforces rather than initiates consumer behaviour (Ehrenberg, 1992). These two theories have been discussed thoroughly by many theorists to understand how advertising works. Many countries have implemented restrictions in advertising for tobacco and have issued potential future restrictions for alcohol, with the objective that introducing an adverting ban would lower overall consumption. However, Studies analysing the effects of advertising being linked to consumption has led to two separate views on how advertising works and have led some to believe that advertising bans have no effect on overall consumption. The strong theory of advertising supports the belief that advertising has the power to persuade people who may not know of a brand or bought a product before...
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...that applies operant conditioning to change this habit. Between the behavioral and social/cognitive theories, I will also describe which one do I find best explains my personality. Analyze one of your habits. How did you develop this habit? Were there role models for this habit? Which people influenced the adoption of this habit? My smoking habit began before I even turned 18. I tried my first cigarette around the age of 16, and I was addicted by the time I turned 18. It was several reasons why I developed the habit of smoking. A lot of my family members that was closed too were smokers. Their friends encourage them to try cigarettes, and to keep smoking. They saw smoking as a way of rebelling and showing independence. They think that everyone else is smoking, and that they should, too. Also I used to see tobacco advertising all the time, which targeted a lot of teenagers around me to start the habit of smoking also. The majority of children at my middle school and the early part of high school have tried a cigarette. Most will tell you that they will never smoke cigarettes. But as they get older, some will become more open to the idea of smoking. Cigarette companies shape their advertising campaigns to portray smokers as cool, sexy, independent, fun, attractive,...
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...Taxation On Cigarette Smoking Economics Essay In the following paper you will be able to see who is likely to be more affected by tax increases on cigarettes: all adults or young adults. You will also be able to see how we can reduce the effects of cancer by reducing the cost of other tobacco products. You will also see long term elasticity of demand for cigarette smoking and what does this mean for the likely impact of taxes on long-term cigarette use and do you think taxing can be effective in decreasing the use of alcohol? Explain your answer using economic theory The people that are mostly affected by the increases in tax on cigarettes according to Frank J. Chaloupka would be the youth and Adults. The single most consistent finding of many econometric studies of the issue of cigarettes price being increased would lead to a drop in smoking. The ten percent increase in cigarettes price would overall drop the consumption of cigarettes sales by fiver percent. (Chaloupka, p. 3) By increasing the price in cigarettes it would most likely affect the youth and young adults do to the price increase. According to Study in 1996 by Chaloupka and Grossman they confirmed the earlier studies that the are three times as sensitive to the price increase then the adults (Chaloupka, p. 4) because they don’t have money like adults would have. Over all with the tax increase we will see a decrease in overall sales of cigarettes. To have the great effect on reducing cancer from the use of tobacco...
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... inducing people to smoke more when drinking alcoholic beverages. The findings provide a physiological explanation for the common observation that people smoke more in bars. The findings also explain statistics showing that alcoholics tend to smoke more than non-alcoholics, and that smokers are more likely to be alcoholics Cigarettes are not good for you, and this article which was interesting it did not change my opinion. I have always felt that cigarettes are not good for you and that they will lead to bigger problems in your future. Numerous articles stated that not only is it addictive and like this article that it could lead you into alcohol but it can cause bronchitis, Emphysema, Lung Cancer, and many other health risks. This author is actually an alcoholic as well also went through many twelve step programs so he really understands that this is not a joke. But on the other hand this is a non-biased paper so I am also going to list a couple reasons why cigarette smoking and alcohol could be good for you. For example, “studies have reported that nicotine counteracts the decline in the performance of certain visual tasks and the slowed reaction time induced by alcohol. Alternatively, using nicotine and alcohol in concert might serve to increase the feeling of pleasure associated with either drug alone. Both drugs have been shown to boost brain concentrations of dopamine a nerve cell messenger implicated in the positive reinforcement underlying addiction.” So to break that...
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...and encounters vices such as drinking and smoking is very rampant nowadays. Such vices cannot be ignored anymore as to the more students seem to be detaching from their spare time or even they intend to cut classes just for this so called vices, they seem to be enjoying freedom too much. A student may be influenced to be involved in any of the stated variables. High School is far different from being a college student. A person will have a new life when one goes to college. New environment which one has to adapt, new set of friends which one have to treat nice, and new subjects or topics that one has to study based on what course you will get. Although drinking, smoking, and drug-use for some usually result in adverse health consequences, there are some perceived benefits or advantages of these behaviors particularly from the point of view of the adolescents and youths. Adolescents may view drinking and smoking as privileges of adults and may want to engage in them to feel grown up and to present themselves as adults to others. Some of the reasons given are: the availability of cigarettes at home, parents being model of smoking and drinking behavior and consequently parents lack the credibility as advocates for non-smoking or non-drinking.(Aroyo 2001) Smoking and drinking are two of the most important risk factors explaining early mortality, accounting for an estimated 14 percent of deaths among youth worldwide. Most individuals try drinking alcohol for the first time in...
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...and its definition? • What is escape-avoidance conditioning and can you give a human example? • Why do your eyes quiver? • What is kinesthesis? • Why did Albert’s fear extend beyond the fuzzy rabbit to include other fuzzy white objects (remember the little baby I described in class while discussing classical conditioning?)? • What is a gestalt and what are the gestalt principles guiding vision? • What are the purposes of REM sleep? • What does it mean to be a smart/critical drug user according to our lecture in class? • How might our age and/or smoking and drinking influence our sense of taste? • Know all of Dr. Volkow’s key points in her interview; • What is the difference between punishment and a negative reinforcer and give examples of each? • What are the differences between the major three learning paradigms? • Why can you see in color and why can you perceive depth? • What effect does intermittent reinforcement have on a conditioned response? • Why is their truth in the adage “sleeping like a baby?” • What is bias in perception literature and what evidence do you have for it as applies to human systems? • What is BF Skinners take on human “free will?” • Why might fog lights help driving safety? • What is likely to happen to a child’s perception of a toy if you pay them to play with it and why? • What is the difference between bottom-up and top-down processing? • What is figure-ground perception? • What evidence is there for children...
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...more. You want your dog, Buster, to become toilet trained You want to study more. I want to stop smoking. 1. Identify the target behavior that you are seeking to modify. Be VERY specific (“I want to study at least one hour a day.”) I want to exercise one hour a day at home. I go to physical and occupational therapy twice a week for a total of 4 hours a week but that's not enough. I need to do more at home so I can reach my goal of independence. Since I do not exercise at home the behavior I want to modify is currently nonexistent. 2. If a desirable behavior such as reading is presently nonexistent, go to step 4. However, if it is present in limited form, or is a behavior you want to eliminate, monitor it for about a week to establish a baseline of occurrence. Behaviors can be recorded by frequency or by duration. For example, if smoking is to be decreased, count the number of cigarettes presently smoked per day. If studying is to be increased, record the number of hours presently invested daily. Also keep track of the situations in which it occurs as well as the favorable or unfavorable consequences. DAY OF THE DURATION FREQUENCY SITUATIONS CONSEQUENCES WEEK SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY *EX: MONDAY 15 MINUTES ONCE BETWEEN CLASSES FAILED QUIZ 3. Gain control over the behavior by controlling associative stimuli. Some people may smoke while drinking coffee, or snack only while watching television. Giving up coffee or limiting time in front of the...
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...addicts have a predisposed biological vulnerability. The model has 3 different aspects initiation, maintaince and relapse. Initiation is the stage in which the individual begins to become addicted which is then followed by maintaince whereby the individual continuous the addictive behaviour even with the occurring consequences. The final stage is relapse were the individual gives up the addictive behaviour but eventually sign’s and symptoms return and individual continuous these behaviours. The biological model of addiction see addiction as occurring through 3 different ways Biochemistry factors, Genetics and reinforcement. Research has been done in order to prove whether genetics may play a role in addictive behaviour. It is likely that multiple genes play a part in forming addictive behaviour rather than a single gene alone. For instance there is a link between tobacco smoking and genes which play a part in dopamine activity and cannabis having a link with genes in different parts of the brain. There have been many family studies to look at genetic transmission an example is Kendler et al (2000) who carried out twin studies to support the fact that genes play a part in addictive behaviour and found that there is nicotine dependency between 60 and 70 per cent. The problem with...
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...risk factors that can lead to substance abuse. It is important to understand the reasons behind why the adolescent begins the experimentation of drugs and alcohol. Media plays a role in adolescent substance abuse. Many times advertisement and movies betray alcohol or drug use as fun and not addictive. Many times the people are happy and having a good time. This gives many young people the wrong idea about substance use. Substance abuse among young people between the ages of 12 and 20 years of age is a serious national problem. This abuse can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Adolescent substance abuse that starts at an early age can lead to addictive behavior later in life. In a study it stated that when an adolescent starts drinking at or...
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...Psychotherapies Analysis Donnette Morris BEH/225 03/25/2016 Graciela Pulliam In this paper I will summarize three psychotherapies the main tenants of each therapy, their effectiveness in treating psychological disorders and their strengths. The psychotherapies that will be discussed in this essay are client centered therapy, cognitive therapy and behavioral therapy. Psychotherapies are classified as either insight, action or both which describes ultimate goal of the therapy. Insight refers to the therapies goal to bring clients to a deeper understanding of their thoughts, emotions, and behavior (Coon & Mitterer, 2009). Action refers to therapies designed to bring about direct changes in troublesome thoughts, habits, feelings, or behavior, without seeking insight into their origins or meanings (Coon & Mitterer, 2009). Psychotherapies can be classified as directive, non-directive or both referring to the role of the therapist. Directive refers to the therapist providing strong guidance and advice. Non-directive refers to the therapist merely assisting clients, who are responsible for solving their own problems. Psychotherapy may involve individual counseling, group or both (Coon & Mitterer, 2009). Client centered therapy is considered part of the humanistic school of therapy. Client centered therapy is classified as nondirective based on the insights from conscious thoughts and feelings. It can involve individuals or groups. Carl Rogers believed...
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...behavior means leading a certain individual towards performing repeatedly a certain conduct bit by bit. Bit by bit since you cannot expect a lazy person to do his assignment habitually just by saying so. You can’t look forward seeing a chain smoker quit smoking overnight. Nor an alcoholic to stop drinking in just a blink of an eye. Everything is taken slowly but as they say surely. In which a person’s behavior can be applied. To make a person display evidently a certain attitude it must be performed repeatedly and deeply rooted within the humans’ heart and mind. It may not be performed quickly but is done in a slow pace within reoccurring exposures. To do this it is certain to use Skinners ideology. Taming a lion is never easy but taming a minacious child was never easier. It takes a lot of patience and hardship to lead one into the right track. Skinners theory is a lot of help. We all owe him one. Skinners methods of shaping human behavior can be trace back in Thorndikes works. As skinners theory is a modification of what have been the theories of Thorndike. For Skinner, there are four methods of shaping human behavior. These are: Positive reinforcement, Negative reinforcement, Punishment and Extinction. Positive and negative reinforcement are two related methods...
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...(such as being sick after food poisoning or drinking too much alcohol). (McLeod, S. A., 2014) When I was a child I inadvertently conditioned myself to have a fear of falling. I would run as a child and continue to fall. For me the unconditioned stimulus was falling and the unconditioned response was to get up and continue with what I was doing. After falling hundreds of times the stimulus of falling became conditioned with the fear of pain being the conditioned stimulus. I then learned to associate falling with severe pain. In the end the conditioned response to falling was fear and panic attacks, due to the association with severe pain. Watson and Rayner created an experiment that proved that classical conditioning applies not only for animals but also for humans. To prove this they took an eleven month old baby and conditioned him to be afraid of white rats and other stimuli that shared...
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...Phobias and Addiction Rachael Thomas PSY/300 January 26, 2014 Professor Chung Phobias and Addiction Webster Dictionary defines phobia as “a persistent, irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that leads to compelling desire to avoid it” ("PHOBIA," n.d) Whereas Addiction is defined as “the state of being enslaved to a habit or practice or something that is psychologically or physical habit-forming, as narcotics, to such extent its cessation causes severe trauma” ("addiciton," n.d). So can a phobia be classical condition or an addiction be operant conditioned into existence? Some scientists believe that it can, but then the question is what is operant and classical conditioning? Also what is extinction mean and how is it achieved in both conditions? These are the topics I will be answer and I will also be giving examples to each phobia and addiction that can happen through classical and operant conditioning. Classical Conditioning “Classical conditioning is when an environmental stimulus leads to a learned response through pairing of an unconditioned stimulus” (Kowalski & Westen, 2009). For example Ivan Pavlov experiment with dogs. He did a study based on dogs and conditioning them to salivate by hearing a bell or a fork being pinged. Basically he would give dogs food after the bell rang. So after a couple tries he would then noticed that the dogs would salivate even without food present if they heard the bell. Another example of classical...
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