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Relationship Politics Science

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Las investigaciones sociológicas de Max Weber sobre la relación entre el político y el científico son esenciales en Ciencia Política. Weber deja insinuado el tratamiento de dos campos diferentes de la acción humana que a nuestro juicio son: el político busca la verdad de clase y el científico la verdad objetiva; el primero defiende intereses de grupo o clase social y su arma teórica es la ideología y el segundo defiende integralidades conceptuales de la humanidad y su arma teórica es la ciencia. Lucaks recordó la definición de ideología como conciencia falsa de la realidad, falsa en el sentido que es sesgada por los intereses económicos principalmente del grupo o clase social que la sustenta. Contrariu sensu la definición de Ciencia podría enunciarse como conciencia cierta de la realidad, por ser objetiva, integral, independiente de los intereses económicos.

Max Weber, el Político y el Científico

Max Weber, (Efurt 1864 - Munich 1920), historiador y sociólogo alemán. Estudió economia, derecho y filosofia.

Nacionalista y a la vez liberal, se opuso a la política de los epígonos de Bismarck y formó parte de la comisión redactora de la constitución de Weimar. Sus trabajos abarcan muchos aspectos y muy variados, y solamente de una manera parcial manifiestan las tensiones internas del autor y sus enfrentamientos con los utilitaristas, los marxistas y los historicistas. Preocupado por la influencia mutua de los intereses materiales i espirituales en la interacción de las clases y grupos sociales, ivestigó los vinculos entre ideas religiosas y conductas económicas tanto en las sociedades occidentales como en las orientales: en su obra más conocida, Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus (La ética protestante y el espíritu del capitalismo, 1904 - 05), estudió nexos entre el protestantismo y la génesis del capitalismo. También se interesó por la naturaleza del poder y sus modalidades, y en todo momento remarcó la pluralidad de las causas del desarrollo de la histórico y la necesidad de conocer los contenidos culturales para interpretar los cambios sociales, en la perspectiva de llegar a una conceptualizaciñon de los colectivos en función del comportamiento social y no de las estructuras.

Al morir dejó inédito, un monumental tratado, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft (Economia y sociedad) publicado a partir de 1922.

"El político y el científico" (Weber, 1984) tan oportuna en estos tiempos de descrédito de políticos y de escepticismo en las ciencias. Estos dos discursos de Max están encaminados a observar las diferencias entre la vocación del político y el deber del científico. Y se podria describir a éste como un político frutrado y un científico insatisfecho de sí mismo y de su objeto.

La primera pregunta que se formula en este libro es: ¿Qué debe ser un político? Weber sabiendo que el político, en su época, como hoy también, no era precisamente un modelo, propuso un "deber ser" de político a ser imitado por los que sentían esa vocación.

Decía: "un político debe contar con tres virtudes: pasión, sentido de responsabilidad y mesura".

Una definición difícil, por no decir imposible, de ser encarnada. Y es aquí donde está el problema.

Dos virtudes racionales y una irracional excluyentes entre sí y con un equilibrio donde es exigible el sacrificio de una de ellas. Sin duda, podríamos decir que el dilema del político de Weber proviene de dos filósofos griegos: Aristóteles que decía que la mayor virtud de un político era la prudencia, y la pasión, venida de Platón.

Por otro lado Max quiere diferenciar entre la moral de la convicción y la moral de la responsabilidad.

Weber decía que hay dos formas de luchar políticamente por los fines que cada quien concibe. Pero hay una diferencia fundamental: el sacrificio o no de cosas y personas en función de los fines. En efecto, estamos ante el viejo dilema de si el fin justifica los medios o no. Para el convencido de su causa, sólo hay el tipo de moral derivada de los fines por los que combate. "El que triunfa siempre tiene la razón".

Weber llama a estas personas "irresponsables" porque no miden las consecuencias de sus propios actos que recaerán de modo negativo precisamente sobre las generaciones que dicen defender.

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