...Religion and Science: The relationship between science and religion up until the 6th century were one in the same. Philosophers believed that natural occurrences were due to a divine power. Earthquakes and thunderstorms were merely upset gods showing their wrath. Individuals sought to learn the language of the gods to comprehend these phenomena. After the 6th century, new ideas formed that excluded the gods. These philosophers did not personify nature. They believed the world to be orderly and predictable. This brought on a renaissance of thought. By examining everything up to this point in history, the distinction between science and religion became clear. This rift spawned modern thought and science as we know it. Primitive science originated from man’s desire to speak to the gods and learn about natural phenomena in the world. Almost all of the ancient civilizations (Egyptians, Babylonians, etc.) had myths and beliefs about the origin of the human race and the formation of major topographical features. Up until about the 6th century, people believed in demon possessions, ghosts, and a variety of other invisible ailment-causing entities. They also believed that magic rituals allowed one to control these anomalies. Such individuals were generally held in esteem amongst the community. The reason why such myths were taken as fact for so long is attributed to the notion of “oral tradition.” Oral tradition was a method of keeping culture alive before there was a written record...
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...Is Politics a science? This is a question that always seems difficult to answer and discuss. Personally, I have been asked this question and even when I feel like I have the answer there is always another opinion from someone else on how they think it’s not a science. It’s a question we always touch in my group and after everyone has given their opinion on this topic, there never still seems to be a good legitimate answer. Politics is always grouped and said to be part of the social sciences, but should it really be classified as a social science or even a science? Politics is a controversial field itself; it also seems to have a flaw in it. From the way it’s been run by the people elected into power, to other different aspects of it. Political Science is a science but also a very different kind of science Politics is the activity that influences the policies and actions of a government, and also keeping and getting power in a government. Politics is widely regarded as part of science, or as a science itself. Politics is usually referred to as “Political Science”, which is still the same idea, Political Science is also the study of people, and why people act the way do, it’s the study of how a person’s deep philosophical beliefs affects his/her political beliefs and actions. It is a science because it observes, and experiments the government systems, it also measures the political life of the people occupying a certain country or nation. The methods applied in science e.g...
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...Political science is governed by five myths: that it studies politics; that it is scientific; that it is possible to study politics separated off from economics, sociology, and history; that the state in our democratic capitalist society is politically neutral, that is available as a set of institutions and mechanisms to whatever group wins the election; and that political science, as a discipline, advances the cause of democracy.1 Politics, in the broadest sense, is the activity through which people make, preserve and amend the general rules under which they live. Politics is the process of who gets what, when, and how. Lastly, politics is a process of allocating scarce values.2 Various theorists and concepts define what the role of politics is in order to help us get a better understanding of how the study of politics is useful. Politics help us to understand the relationship between the government and the state’s minority citizens. Plato, the student of Socrates, defined politics in his own way. The ideal government proposed by Plato was the adherence of each individual to “universally valid principles” aimed at improving the lives of all the citizens instead of increasing power, prestige, or material wealth of a select few. Plato believed that this ideal government would be ran by individuals ho were full of wisdom and virtue instead of charisma and cunning. This is because in Athenian democracy, leaders were irrationally chosen based on irrelevant details such as family...
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... | | |Politics and political science | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Political science is the study of politics in all its aspects. Occasionally politics is used as a synonym for political science: sometimes| | | | | |as the title of university departments of political science. This may be confusing. Although a few political scientists have become | | | | | |politicians, and even more rarely politicians have become political scientists, the activities of the two, despite impinging on each | | | | | |other, are quite different. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |1.1 What is politics? | | | | | ...
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...11/SS/PA/1095 Department of Political Science and Public Administration Faculty of Social Sciences University of Uyo, Uyo. Submitted To Dr Uko Uwak Lecturer in change Pol 314; Politics of Development and Underdevelopment Department of political science and public administration Faculty of Social Sciences University of Uyo, Uyo. July, 2014. BOOK REVIEW Title: Development and underdevelopment: Politics of the north-south divide Author: O. O. Okereke/ A. E. Ekpe Place of Publication: Enugu-Nigeria Publishers: John Jacobs Classic Publishers Ltd. Year of publication: 2002 Numbers of Chapters: Nine Chapters Price of the book: Not Stated Numbers of pages: XV + 198 = 213 ISBN: 978-050-276-9 Reviewer: Johnson, Nsikak Emmanuel INTRODUCTION - PURPOSE OF THE BOOK Development and underdevelopment: The politics of the north-south divide is written specifically to keep the students and the general public abreast of the causes and reasons for Africa, Asia and Latin America Perpetual underdevelopment despite the enormous human and materials resources God deposited in the continent. According to the author of the book, development and underdevelopment: Politics of the north-south divide was written with the intention to familiarize the readers with exciting and challenging subject of political economy of development and underdevelopment. It endeavour to expose the students to various strands of perspectives that are inherent in the study of politics of development and underdevelopment-...
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...Following World War II ecology gained the reputation of being a subversive science. The question is was this reputation warranted. According to the online Merriam-Webster dictionary subversive is the adjective form of the noun subversion and is defined as a systematic attempt to overthrow. Using this definition most sciences, not just ecology, can be argued are subversive. Science should attempt to, at the very least, grow upon earlier knowledge and, if needed, to subvert previous thought in order to replace older ideas that are proved to be wrong. The ecologist Paul Sears declared, in the 1950’s, ecology was indeed a subversive science (Worster, 1994). Research in ecology following World War II attempted to overthrow the centuries old notion that man lived apart from nature and in being separate were not bound to the same rules. The idea was, as humans, what happened in the environment did not have an effect on us. The researchers and scientific writers of the day were able to show what humans did to the environment did, in fact, have an effect on us even if we did not realize it. In this sense then, yes, ecology was and is a subversive science. In 1962, Rachel Carson published her work Silent Spring. She had spent years gathering scientific evidence that showed that persistent pesticides, such as DDT, progressed through the food chain and even had an effect on penguins in Antarctica thousands of miles away from the application site (Worster, 1994). Steinberg (2009)...
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...Philosophy of Science (All Science, not just social science) During the time of the ancient Greeks—that is, Socrates and Plato, but before them and after them as well, the study of “philosophy” (Greek for “love of wisdom”) began. At that time, philosophy included both the natural and physical sciences as well what we know as philosophy today. The development of philosophy created a tension between philosophy, science, and religion. Remember that Socrates was put to death for allegedly questioning the existence of the official state-worshiped gods. This tension between philosophy, science and religion continued through the 1400’s and 1500’s when the European “Enlightenment” emphasized the concept that both “rational thought” and “science” was separate from religion. Today, they are still generally in tension. Whether these methods of gaining knowledge are consistent or not is constantly debated among scientists, theologians, and philosophers. Science=observation of the physical universe which includes (beginning in the late 1800’s) the study of human behavior using our five senses (sight, hearing, taste, touch, smell); Religion=the study of the “divine” (i.e., god, however a person conceives of that notion, and it’s implications) Philosophy=the study of questions unanswerable by science through the use of “reason” (rational thought) alone. Thus, there are 4 different philosophical views on how humans can obtain knowledge: 1. mysticism/divine revelation—a...
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...The Social Sciences Anthropology, economics, geography, history, political science, psychology, and sociology are all sub-disciplines within liberal arts. Each of these disciplines contributes to our understanding of the physical and intellectual world. Anthropology contributes to our understanding of human behavior and biology. Economics helps us to make rational decisions about resources while geography explains the earth and its natural phenomenon. History is important because aids in our understanding of the world, and how it has transformed. Studying political science helps us to understand who gets what, when, and how. Psychology is important because it explains the mind and brain and their relationship to our lives. And, the study of sociology increases our understanding of how to develop good societies. Although each of these disciplines are important, based on opinion, they can be ranked in importance. I would rank them in order by political science, history, psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, and geography. In my opinion, political science, or the study of politics, is the most important social science because all other sciences involve a political process. The political process or politics is simply who gets what, when, and how. Political science is particularly interested in the study of governments’ power and authority, citizens, justice, wealth and resources, and relationships with other governments. It is easy to see how each of the other social...
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...“Political science is important because politics is important.” Political science as so called is a particular, practical human science that deals with the study of social relationships involving power or man in society in the context of a state. Politics usually describes the processes by which people and institutions exercise and resist power. Political processes are used to formulate policies, influence individuals and institutions, and organize societies. Man is a social being, a rational creature, without man there is no politics. He has spiritual faculties of intellect and will, and characteristics of spirituality, freedom, individuality, equality and sociability. These characteristics brought man his dignity; therefore, he needs to be respected. In order for him to be respected he must have rights but man must also have a duty to the rights of others. Having other men implies a society. Power is the condition of controlling objects. In politics these objects are men and are equal to the one who is exerting power or the one who is authorized to. Authority demands the right to rule with a corresponding obedience; thus, implies a state. Furthermore it implies a government as an agent of power and exercise political law or sovereignty. Science in its simplest sense means the orderly and systematic study of things through their causes by using a methodology. Man, identified as the most intelligent mammal, with him alone there is no society. Society brings up a...
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...CSS 105 COURSE GUIDE COURSE GUIDE CSS105 INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE Course Developer Dr. Derin K. Ologbenla University Of Lagos Akoka – Lagos. Dr. Derin K. Ologbenla Course Writer University Of Lagos Akoka – Lagos. Course Co-ordinator Dr. Godwin Ifidon Oyakhiromen National Open University of Nigeria Lagos. NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA ii CSS 105 COURSE GUIDE National Open University of Nigeria Headquarters 14/16 Ahmadu Bello Way Victoria Island Lagos Abuja Annex 245 Samuel Adesujo Ademulegun Street Central Business District Opposite Arewa Suites Abuja e-mail: centralinfo@nou.edu.ng URL: www.nou.edu.ng National Open University of Nigeria 2006 First Printed 2006 ISBN: 978-058-434-X All Rights Reserved Printed by Goshen Print Media Ltd For National Open University of Nigeria iii CSS 105 COURSE GUIDE Contents Introduction......................................................................... Aims................................................................................... Objectives........................................................................... Working through the Course.............................................. Course Materials................................................................ Study Units........................................................................ Textbooks and References.................................................. Assessment.......................................
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...Writing Assignments i n World Politics Courses Thomas 0. Schlesinger Walking out of Rounds Hall with me after class, Benny, a sophomore in one of my international relations courses, asked for, and received, some pointers on the required paper. “You’ve just told me to write exactly as I’ve been taught not to write,” said he. “And who, pray tell, taught you?” asked I. He gave an over-the-shouldernod across the street, toward Ellen Reed House--the English Department. "Hmmm. . . fine--I'mnot surprised to hear they tell you something different,” I told him. “The English profs teach you to write in a generic way, say, fiction, or generically expository stuff. I want you to write a social science paper.” With some ”Hmmm-ing” of his own, Benny shuffled off, wearing a mildly annoyed and not altogether convinced frown. How dare they teach different ways to write in different departments at the same college! Benny did make an effort to heed my suggestions, but it took persistence. For example, the introduction to his first draft, included a vague Writing Across the Curriculum, Vol. 11, August 1990 35 36 Writing Across The Curriculum (August 1990) statement like: ”Conflict between Arabs and Black Africans in the Sudan is a serious problem and should be examined in greater detail. . . including its history, causes, and future.” The purpose statement I eventually settled for read more like this: ”This paper will examine social, economic, and political aspects...
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...developed by George and Jones highlights a multidimensional relationship between the behavioral factors of values, attitudes and moods which an employee holds towards their overall work experience. These three dimensions apply directly to an employee’s feelings, thoughts, and beliefs about their job and their employing organization (George, Jones, 1997). The concept of workplace behavior needs to be broken down into smaller factors to understand employee attitude and how it affects job and company performance. The VAM model provides such a breakdown and a way to associate psychology with organizational behavior Sociology The organizational behavior discipline of sociology studies people in relation to their fellow human beings, most notably within organizational groups (Robbins, 2005). Groups are defined as two or more people who must interact in pursuit of shared objectives (Ashmos, Nathan, 2002). The Beal, Cohen, Burke, and McLendon article addresses the relationship between individuals, the team, and the organization in support of team cohesion and ultimately performance. The authors define specific levels that exist within any organization that play precise roles in how team cohesiveness is developed and maintained. These levels, an example factor include: individual (i.e. personality), team (i.e. leadership style), and organizational (i.e. how teams are used). This multi-level view of relationships within teams; how team members work together, work as a group...
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...materials, evaluating them critically, organizing them into an organic whole and explaining the significance and relevance of the organized data in a narrative format. There are distinctions between the method and methodology as method is common to all sciences, independent, underived and definite, whereas methodology is not as it is a view or perspective to look through. Historical method is useful for theoretical and practical purpose as it provide useful and important information towards the solutions of the problem that makes possible to study the development of a particular idea, concept, philosophy or theory. 1.2.2. Methods of Inquiry The historical research has been heavily influenced by the social science research methods of...
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...From the era of a combusting and all-encompassing science of philosophy to a period of intellectual break-ups, the world has witnessed the sharp emergence of various disciplines that have shaped the direction and focus of knowledge. Centuries ago sciences that today form the salient block of social science had to create a niche for themselves and thus became an entity of their own. However, this so called academic and intellectual independence from the clutches of philosophy was not achieved by mere coincidence but rather was borne out of rigorous strides and brainstorming arguments by the founding fathers of each of these components (Sociology, Economics, political science etc) of social science (Shadi Sabeh,2013). Social Sciences are a group of academic disciplines that study human aspects of the world with emphasis on the use of scientific methods. As an umbrella term, it encompasses the followings: Sociology Sociology is the study of human social relationships and institutions. Sociology's subject matter is diverse, ranging from crime to religion, from the family to the state, from the divisions of race and social class to the shared beliefs of a common culture, and from social stability to radical change in whole societies. Unifying the study of these diverse subjects of study is sociology's purpose of understanding how human action and consciousness both shape and are shaped by surrounding cultural and social structures. Sociology offers a distinctive and enlightening...
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...What is Sociology of Education? Posted on December 27, 2010 by Sitwe This essay will firstly define education and sociology then it will define what sociology of education is and come up with a suitable definition on sociology of education from various definitions. This suitable definition will be discussed further because it speaks much of what goes on in education system. Peter Snelson (1974) defines education as a condition of human Survival. It is the means where by one generation Transmits the wisdom, knowledge and experience Which prepares the next generation for life duties And pleasure. This definition on education helps us to act with more insight and more intelligence in molding the youth in an acceptable manner. We can give a sound academic mission to the youth by teaching them survival skills such as carpentry, pottery, basketry and other survival skills which can better their lives. Human beings not only acquire new skills but also form the society. To this effect parents and teachers should work hand in hand in order to help the youths themselves have knowledge and in coming up with relevant ways it’s a matter of assisting them. By teaching the young ones, knowledge is transmitted from one generation to the next. This simply enlightens us that education is a continuous process. The statement “sky is the limit” helps us to have a wide knowledge about all aspects of education. Education prepares individuals to do things it is their responsibility to do them. For instance...
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