...The Facts on Renal Cell Carcinoma Carla Henthorn COM/156 5/30/14 Craig Carroll Did you know that the renal cell cancer (RCC) represents 2% of all cancers and about 5% of all epithelial carcinomas (Haase, 2012)? Renal cell carcinoma is a rare but treatable cancer, and collecting duct carcinoma is the rarest of kidney cancers. Renal cell carcinoma and collecting duct carcinoma come in many forms, and can grow to large masses undetected for years without signs or symptoms. By knowing your family history you can assess your risk factors, and possibly prevent getting this disease. Keeping up to date with your yearly exams and tests can prevent or at least catch it early enough to treat and or cure it. In the event you or a loved one does end up with renal cancer, joining a support group such as a greif support, would be beneficial in helping to deal with all the aspects of dealing with having cancer. Renal cell carcinoma is the most common primary malignant (cancerous) renal tumor affecting approximately 170,000 patient per year worldwide (Haase, 2012). With the death toll of about half of that per year. Although renal cell carcinoma is treatable, it can and has gone undetected by signs or symptoms for years. It is not until the patient notices a lump on their side that is uncomfortable when bending over that they suspect something is abnormal. Often the lump is not painful, it is just bothersome. This is how it can fully metastasize (spead to other organs or tissues) before...
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...are not able to keep your whole body in balance, they will not be able to remove any waste products and extra water from your body. They are also involved in regulating blood pressure, electrolyte balance, and red blood cell production in the body (Wedro, 2017). There exist two different types of kidney failure, which is the acute kidney failure and chronic kidney failure. When you have been diagnosed a failure of kidney, you have the option to talk to your doctor who will help you to determine which treatment option will be better for you between dialysis (hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis) and kidney transplantation. The development process of renal insufficiency evolves in 5 stages, in stages 1 to 4 everything is done to preserve the renal function, in the last stage dialysis is the only alternatives to compensate for renal function. Factors that may increase your risk of chronic kidney disease include poorly controlled diabetes, poorly controlled high blood pressure, heart, and blood vessel (cardiovascular) disease. Kidney failure can be diagnosed by a urine test also allows the presence of albumin in the urine to be detected, indicating an abnormal functioning of the kidneys. Analyzing a sample of urine may also suspect kidney disease in case of kidney abnormality of course (protein or blood in the urine, disease of the urinary system or kidneys, recurrent high urinary tract infections). For John Doe, Doctor will suggest doing urinary catheterization to check for the...
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...Kidney disease 1 Running Head: CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE Understanding Chronic Kidney Disease Kim Prior Rock Valley College Kidney disease 2 Understanding Chronic Kidney Disease Chronic kidney disease is a growing problem with increasing numbers of patients being diagnosed and those beginning dialysis or the transplant process. “Currently, 26 million Americans have CKD…and 111,000 patients were newly diagnosed with end-stage renal disease in 1 year” (Castner, 2010, p. 26). Chronic kidney disease develops over years and can be considered a silent disease because many patients with this disease are diagnosed while being tested for another condition. Signs and symptoms of the disease are dependent on the cause, stage, and other medical conditions the patient has that may complicate the kidney disease. The first step is to identify patients with increased risk factors and early signs and symptoms of kidney disease. Risk factors include a family history, diabetes, smoking, obesity, hypertension, exposure to harmful substances that may injure the kidneys, and cardiac conditions such as heart failure or acute myocardial infarction (Castner, 2010). Patients that have these risk factors should be evaluated frequently by their physician as well as educated about lifestyle changes to decrease their risk (weight loss, exercise, smoking cessation, blood sugar control, blood pressure monitoring, and a healthy diet. Early signs and symptoms include fatigue...
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...and a biopsy is preformed to find the severity of the disease. Lupus is hard to diagnose due to the fact that it affects a large number of or organs in the body. The lab aspect of the diagnosis includes blood work to check white blood cell counts or hemoglobin levels. The more depth advanced evaluations described in the medical journal by medical professionals of SLE Classification Criteria who explains “Some of these features are quite specific, such as immune complex glomerulonephritis or autoantibodies to the Smith (Sm) antigen” (Aringer). By checking these levels, it gives the doctors an idea that symptoms a patient experience are lupus instead of just a virus or bacterial infection. X-rays, Computed Axial Tomography Scan (CT scan) or an Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) are imaging diagnosis. Diagnosing discoid lupus or subacute cutaneous lupus includes testing photosensitivity and provocation. The Photodermatology, Photoimmunology, and Photomedicine journal explains that “Cutaneous manifestations of lupus pose significant difficulties for affected individuals with photosensitivity having a considerable impact on their quality of life” (Kim). It is very important that doctors ask the correct questions to know that UV rays have an effect on a patient to confirm this specific strand of lupus. Without this special diagnosis the patient would have reoccurring lesions appearing that would not have time to heal before more exposure. The stages of lupus are shown in a biopsy taken from...
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...HONOURS COURSE TITLE: RENAL NURSING CONTENTS NO | TITLE | PAGES | 1 | INTRODUCTION * URINARY SYSTEM * WHAT DO NORMAL KIDNEYS DO? | 3 | 2 | RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY * HEAMODIALYSIS * PERITONEAL DIALYSIS | 4 - 7 | 3 | RENAL TRANSPLANTATION * TRANSPLANT PROCEDURE * TISSUE TYPING * CONTRAINDICATION OF TRANSPLANTATION * TYPES OF TRANSPLANT * DONOR WORK UP * RECIPIENT WORK UP | 8 - 14 | 4 | PRE OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 14 - 15 | 5 | INTRA OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 16 | 6 | POST OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 16 - 17 | 7 | COMPLICATIONS OF KIDNEY TRANSPLANT | 17 - 18 | 8 | NURSING PROCESS | 18 - 21 | 9 | HEALTH EDUCATION FOR PATIENT | 22 | 10 | CONCLUSION | 23 | 11 | REFERENCES | 24 | INTRODUCTION URINARY SYSTEM The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary blabber and urethra. The kidneys produce the urine and account for the other functions attributed to the urinary system. The ureters convey the urine away from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, which is a temporary reservoir for the urine. The urethra is a tubular structure that carries the urine from the urinary bladder to outside of the body. WHAT DO NORMAL KIDNEYS DO? * Remove extra water. * Remove waste products. * Balance chemicals in the body. * Help control blood pressure. * Help make red blood cell. * Help build strong bones. When the kidneys no longer able to perform normal functions and starts to deteriorate, renal failure will occur, this...
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...The Lupus Foundation of America approximates that there are around 1.5 million Americans affected by a form of lupus (Rooney 54). There are two main factions of lupus: systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE). The popular depiction of lupus as a disease associated with lesions and superficial symptoms is not necessarily an accurate portrait. Although Lupus Erythematosus gets its name from the Latin word lupus (wolf) because the lesions resembles the pattern of a wolf bite, the most common form of the disease is SLE which does not require lesions as a criteria for diagnosis (Rooney 56). The underlying concern that both DLE and SLE share is their label as an autoimmune disease. Autoimmune diseases work by attacking self antigens and tissues as if they were foreign (McKinley, O’Loughlin and Bidle 856). By analyzing a deconstructed look at lupus we hope to gain an insight into lupus’ pathological effect on the body and its relation to the immune system. SLE occurs when the body begins to attack its own tissues without known cause. Although there is not a definitive known cause for SLE, autoantibodies can combine to form immune complexes which can effectively damage internal tissue and the hyperactivity of b-cells contributes to the symptoms (Pullen, Brewer and Ballard 23) (Porth 1422). Genetic predisposition to SLE is evidenced by an increased concordance rate in twins (10-fold), increased incidences within family members (10%-16%), and increased...
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...Introduction Chronic renal failure, or chronic kidney failure, is a very serious and life-threatening disease for those who suffer from it. About 31 million people in the U.S. have this disease among the ages of 40-60, and it’s the 9th leading cause of death in the United States. This disease greatly affects the kidneys and the entire body, and it goes unnoticed. Description of case Chronic renal failure, or chronic kidney failure is described as the gradual loss of the kidney’s function to filter wastes and excess fluids from the blood. Without this function, wastes and fluid continues to build up in your body causing complications. During the beginning of the disease, only a few signs and symptoms are present, but the disease doesn’t become...
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...Evidence-Based Nursing Care for Multiple Myeloma Patients Evidence-Based Nursing Care for Multiple Myeloma Patients Comprised of the blood cells, blood, lymph, and other organs involved in the formation or storage of blood, the hematologic system allows the human body to maintain adequate oxygenation and tissue perfusion (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2010, p. 876). Because every cell, tissue, organ, and system is dependent on blood circulation for survival, hematologic problems involving impaired production, impaired function, or abnormal destruction of blood cells are likely to have wide-reaching effects on the patient's health and wellness (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2010, p. 876). This is especially clear when examining cancers of the hematologic system, including multiple myeloma. A cancer of certain white blood cells in the bone marrow known as plasma cells, “myeloma” refers to a tumor of the bone marrow, and “multiple” refers to more than one area of the bone marrow being affected (Mangan, 2006, p. 64hn1). Because the disease is incurable, and because only 30 percent of patients survive longer than five years after diagnosis, living with multiple myeloma can be difficult for patients and their families (Mangan, 2006, p. 64hn1). As health care providers on the front lines of patient care, nurses must be aware of the multi-system manifestations of multiple myeloma, be able to make the assessments needed to identify and prevent complications...
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...REVIEW ARTICLE H e p a t i t i s M o n t h l y 2 0 0 7 ; 7 ( 3 ) : 1 5 3 -1 6 2 1 Hepatitis C among Hemodialysis Patients: A Review on Epidemiologic, Diagnostic, and Therapeutic Features Seyed-Moayed Alavian 1, Seyed Mohammad-Mehdi Hosseini-Moghaddam 2*, Mohammad Rahnavardi 2 M M M 1 Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences & Tehran Hepatitis Center, Tehran, Iran 2 Urology and Nephrology Research Center (UNRC), Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major public health problem and is the most common liver disease among hemodialysis (HD) patients. The seroprevalence of HCV infection among HD ranged from 1.9% to 80% in reports published since 1999. The main risk factor for HCV acquisition in HD patients seems the length of time on HD. Phylogenetic analysis of HCV viral isolates has suggested nosocomial patient-to-patient transmission of HCV infection among HD patients. Lack of strict adherence to universal precautions by staff and sharing of articles such as multidose drugs might be the main mode of nosocomial HCV spread among HD patients. Currently, there are several dilemmas on the management of these patients: should HCV-RNA testing be included in the routine screening of HD population for HCV infection?; does periodic serum alanine aminotransferase testing have a role in screening HD patients for HCV infection?; can dialysis really 'save'...
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...Diabetic Nephropathy Introduction My grandmother means the world to me even though she may not know it. When my grand mother reached her early 40’s she was diagnosis with diabetes. My grand mother today is now 70 years of age. Through out the years of her having diabetes it has made her mentally strong but physically weak. From day to day, and through all the years my grandmother’s body broke down slowly but surely. Along with her diabetes my grand mother has also been diagnosis with high blood pressure and high cholesterol. But like I stated earlier she became mentally strong and more capable to deal with whatever life had in store for her. Unfortunately 1 year ago my grandmother once again was diagnosed with another disease called Diabetic Nephropathy. This disease became very dangerous to my grandmother’s life and thank God that she is the person that she is because she continues to fight. Definition Diabetic Nephropathy is a disease that damages the kidneys. The damages that are done to the kidneys are usually the result of complications that come from having diabetes. Diabetic Nephropathy can also be called Kimmelstiel-Wilson disease or diabetic glomerulosclerosis. But regardless what name you give this disease it still takes the same toll on a person’s body by damaging their kidney. Etiology According to www.medlineplus.com , the exact cause of Diabetic Nephropathy is unknown. But through different studies the caused is believed to be caused by high uncontrolled...
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...an organ from one body to another or from a donor site to another location on the person's own body, to replace the recipient's damaged or absent organ. The emerging field of regenerative medicine is allowing scientists and engineers to create organs to be re-grown from the person's own cells (stem cells, or cells extracted from the failing organs). Organs and/or tissues that are transplanted within the same person's body are called auto grafts. Transplants that are recently performed between two subjects of the same species are called allograft. Allograft can either be from a living or cadaveric source. Organs that can be transplanted are the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas, intestine, and thymus. Tissues include bones, tendons (both referred to as musculoskeletal grafts), cornea, skin, heart valves, nerves and veins. Worldwide, the kidneys are the most commonly transplanted organs, followed by the liver and then the heart. Cornea and musculoskeletal grafts are the most commonly transplanted tissues; these outnumber organ transplants by more than tenfold. Organ donors may be living, brain dead, or dead via circulatory death. Tissue may be recovered from donors who die of circulatory death, as well as of brain death – up to 24 hours past the cessation of heartbeat. Unlike organs, most tissues (with the exception of corneas) can be preserved and stored for up to five years, meaning they can be "banked". Transplantation raises a number of bioethical issues, including the definition...
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...Nursing 344 Week 1: Report Writing & GFHP Report Writing Pt records are sometimes called in evidence before a court of law in order to establish events that may have contributed to a pt’s death or injury. They may also be required as evidence for an inquiry or hearing by the NMB of NSW. ▪ Frequency of documentation relies on: - physical/ mental status of the pt. - the type of care provided (self care v. intensive care) - requirements of health care agency - any legal or other obligations that the health record must meet ▪ Content of documentation needs to be: - relevant - appropriate - accurate - requirements will vary according to pt acuity - content may be guided by framework (assessment, intervention, response) ▪ Documentation framework: - assessment: conclusions reached utilising subjective and objective data - intervention: reflects the action taken - response: reflects the pt’s response to the intervention ▪ Example of using framework to case: Mrs Pat Martin, a 28y/o lady has been admitted overnight via Casualty accompanied by husband. She is 16 wks pregnant and has been diagnosed with appendicitis by Dr Chan. At the moment she is only experiencing mild pain and has a low grade fever of 37.7. IMI Pethidine 50mgs was given at 2am, and may be repeated PRN. Shes been added to the theatre list at 9.30am. She remains NMB and has IV normal saline running over 10hrs. IV Keflin QID commenced, is next due 12md...
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...1. How to care for the child with a chronic condition or special needs. Give child choices, some sort of control/independence. Treat them like a normal kid. Mainstreaming: In school in a regular classroom. Do not separate these kids and make them feel different. Don’t focus on things they cannot do but rather focus on what they could do. . Use a more positive approach. Don’t focus on their chronological age because two six year olds will be different. Overall integration into society without stigmas. 2. Phases of reactions that parents go through related to a child with a chronic illness or disability 5 stages 1) Shock 2) Denial 3) Anger 4) Guilt 5) Acceptance. These 5 steps can happen over and over again. i.e., it’s prom night or communion and their child is not like all the other children and the parent may go through these steps again. 3. What is chronic sorrow? A parent dealing with a child with a chronic condition goes through the adjustment process and grief experience it does not happen in one experience. It may happen over and over again when different situations come up. Recurrent adjustment. 4. How to foster an environment of normalcy. Letting them go to a regular school, mainstreaming them, giving them control, treating them overall like a kid, not focusing on chronological age, do not compare to other kids in their age group. 5. Iron deficiency anemia Why does a child get it? We do not see it in the beginning with babies because they have iron stores...
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...eMedicine article/238798 MeSH D007676 Chronic kidney disease (CKD), also known as chronic renal disease (CRD), is a progressive loss in renal function over a period of months or years. The symptoms of worsening kidney function are non-specific, and might include feeling generally unwell and experiencing a reduced appetite. Often, chronic kidney disease is diagnosed as a result of screening of people known to be at risk of kidney problems, such as those with high blood pressure or diabetes and those with a blood relative with chronic kidney disease. Chronic kidney disease may also be identified when it leads to one of its recognized complications, such as cardiovascular disease, anemia or pericarditis.[1] It is differentiated from acute kidney disease in that the reduction in kidney function must be present for over 3 months. Chronic kidney disease is identified by a blood test for creatinine. Higher levels of creatinine indicate a lower glomerular filtration rate and as a result a decreased capability of the kidneys to excrete waste products. Creatinine levels may be normal in the early stages of CKD, and the condition is discovered if urinalysis (testing of a urine sample) shows that the kidney is allowing the loss of protein or red blood cells into the urine. To fully investigate the underlying cause of kidney damage, various forms of medical imaging, blood tests and often renal biopsy (removing a small...
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...Pathophysiology Chronic Kidney Disease: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an irreversible condition that progresses causing kidney dysfunction and then to kidney failure. It is classified by a GFR of <60mL/min for longer than 3 months. There are five stages of CKD: Stage 1 has kidney damage but has a GFR ≥ 90. Stage 2 has mild damage and a GFR of 60-89. Stage 3 has moderate damage and a GFR of 30-59. Stage 4 has severe damage and a GFR of 15-29. Stage 5 is also known as end stage renal disease (ESRD), this is kidney failure with a GFR of ≤ 15 and theses patients are typically on dialysis or in need of an immediate transplant. The leading cause of CKD is diabetes. Hypertension is also a major cause. Since most DM patients have HTN, this is why most cases involve DM. The lack of tissue perfusion leads the kidneys to fail in properly filtering out waste and excreting. In ESRD most patients become anuric. The clinical manifestations of CKD affect the entire body system, called uremia. This is caused by the build up and retention of waste products such as; urea, creatinine, phenol, hormones, electrolytes, and water. This can cause hypervolemia, peripheral edema, hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, metabolic acidosis, anemia, and peripheral neuropathy. As the BUN increases, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, fatigue, headaches, and impaired thought process result. This toxic build up causes many complication system wide. This patient presents with slow motor and thought...
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