...RUNNING HEAD: CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING IN PRIMARY CARE Protocol Paper Cervical Cancer Screening in Primary Care Fall, 2008 ABSTRACT In the 1970s cervical cancer was the leading cause of cancer death for women in the United States. However, in the past 40 years, the number of cases of cervical cancer and the number of deaths from cervical cancer have declined radically. This decrease is largely the result of many women getting regular Pap tests (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004). Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infections can lead to cervical cancer. Since HPV and precancerous lesions of the cervix are usually asymptomatic, prevention and regular screening remains imperative for early detection and treatment of cervical cancer. Here we examine strategies for prevention, assessment, and management for cervical cancer and contemplate briefly potential implications if left undiagnosed or untreated. Cervical Cancer Screening in Primary Care Introduction Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a major health concern in the United States. Genital HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in America. There are more than 100 different types of HPV infections. Of these, 40 affect mucosal surfaces and more specifically anogenital epithelium including: Cervix, vagina, vulva, rectum, urethra, penis, and anus. The different strands of the HPV infections are divided into “high-risk” and “low-risk...
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...Reference: http://www.rcgp.org.uk/default.aspx?page=4134 Medical Abbreviations (Radiography Relevant items highlighted in yellow) |Abbreviation |Translation |Further Information | |0 |Not Present OR No abnormality |Also in superscript e.g. ……..o | |+/- |Uncertain/equivocal | | |+ |Present or Noted | | |++ |Present Significantly | | |+++ |Present in Excess | | |= |Equivalent to | | |3 |OK or satisfactory | | |A |Ankle Jerk/Reflex |Hitting the ankle with a patella hammer to | | | |test reflexes | |AAA |Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm |Swelling of the main artery in the abdomen | |AAL |Anterior Axillary Line |Imaginary...
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...Vemurafenib: A Potentially New Standard of Care? Vemurafenib: A Potentially New Standard of Care? Melanoma is the most deadly form of skin cancer. Advanced metastatic melanoma, stage III or IV, has been incurable and relatively untreatable with “less than 10% of patients responding to traditional chemotherapy” regimens (PubMed Health, 2011). Progress in this area of oncology research has been very slow with the “average prognosis for patients with stage IV metastatic melanoma being 8-18 months” (Chapman., 2011). Proven research shows that the standard chemotherapy regimens don’t actually extend the lives of these patients. The standard first line treatment for late stage metastatic melanoma is dacarbazine (DTIC), used either alone as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy agents, and the effects have been minimal. The dacarbazine regimen usually shrinks the tumors for a temporary period, “about 3-6 months,” and then they begin to grow again. (Melanoma Skin Cancer, 2011). Recent research in the past five years has led to some targeted immunotherapy drugs like ipilimumab and peginterferon alpha-2b which have shown some promising results in helping to extend life expectancies for these patients. On August 17, 2011 the Food and Drug Administration gave some much needed hope to these patients with the approval of vemurafenib (Zelboraf). An orally administered targeted chemotherapy agent that has shown statistically significant results in “reducing the...
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...Cirrhosis and Related Liver Disorders The liver is the largest gland and second largest organ in the human body. It is also the only internal organ capable of regeneration following injury. Located in the abdominal cavity, this reddish brown organ is divided into lobes of different size and shape. The liver plays a critical role in metabolism, digestion, elimination, and detoxification, among other processes. This organ performs a surprisingly large number of functions that influence virtually all other body systems. This is why diseases of the liver can be so devastating. One class of chronic diseases affecting the liver is cirrhosis. (Kasper, 2008) Cirrhosis is a condition in which normal liver cells are damaged and replaced by scar tissue. As the scar tissue accumulates, blood flow through the organ is obstructed which prevents the liver from functioning normally. Cirrhosis can be difficult to notice early because the preliminary stages rarely demonstrate any signs or symptoms. As liver function deteriorates, the effects of cirrhosis become evident. Complications include swelling of the legs and abdomen, weight loss, jaundice, bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract and intense inching. (Kasper, 2008) The most common causes of cirrhosis are hepatitis C, fatty liver, and alcohol abuse. Other causes include repeated bouts of heart failure, cystic fibrosis, antitrypsin deficiency, and Wilson’s disease. Once diagnosed, treatment depends on the cause of the disease and...
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...nanoparticles have shown to increase the half life of the various biological matter such as DNA and RNA so that it can reach the intended target before the body’s immune response destroys the magnetic gene delivery system. In the future, research will be focused on pharmacokinetics of the nanoparticles, ensuring the nanoparticles can stay in the body for longer periods of time and that the body reacts in a positive manner to the magnetic nanoparticles. Introduction Nanotechnology has been an emerging field recently due to its widespread capabilities. Nanotechnology has been applied in many fields of biomedicine due to its potential in controlling the delivery of drugs, providing greater contrast in magnetic resonance imaging, cell and tissue targeting, and hyperthermia; all of which can be used in cancer therapy (Mulens, del Puerto Morales and...
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...Gout Alyssa Burress Lamar University Background and Significance Gout is an inflammatory arthritis that currently affects five out of every 1000 people in the United States. It also is four times more prevalent in men than women and affects Caucasians slightly more than African Americans (Schub, 2012). “Gout has increased prevalence worldwide and it is the most common inflammatory arthritis in men” (Khanna, et al., 2012). The aging population with gout is becoming more of a concern due to the number of patients being seen for the disease. Gout generally affects men who are 30 to 50 years old and women over 60. The amount of people affected by gout and its inflammation has almost doubled within the past few decades. Gout is such an important topic and area of concern because, “according to estimates, between 100,000 and 300,000 gout patients in the United States do not achieve adequate control of hyperuricemia or gout-related symptoms” (Zychowicz, Pope, & Graser, 2010). Due to the indescribable pain associated with gout, quality of life is a major issue for patients diagnosed with it. Few diseases match the pain caused by gout. In the 17th century, gout left physician Thomas Sydenham unable to ‘endure the weight of the clothes nor the shaking of the room from a person’s walking briskly therein’. Reverend Sydney Smith described his attacks in the 19th century as like ‘walking on eyeballs’ (Greener, 2011). Evidence of uric acid deposition in joints has been found in...
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...Executive Summary: Pfizer-Wyeth Merger Deal Overview: On January 25, 2009, Pfizer and Wyeth entered into the merger agreement, pursuant to which, subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the merger agreement, Wyeth will become a wholly-owned subsidiary of Pfizer. Upon completion of the merger, each share of Wyeth common stock issued and outstanding will be converted into the right to receive, subject to adjustment under limited circumstances, a combination of $33.00 in cash, without interest, and 0.985 of a share of Pfizer common stock in a taxable transaction. Pfizer will not issue more than 19.9% of its outstanding common stock at the acquisition date in connection with the merger. The exchange ratio of 0.985 of a share of Pfizer common stock will be adjusted if the exchange ratio would result in Pfizer issuing in excess of 19.9% of its outstanding common stock as a result of the merger Deal Terms Breakdown: Transaction Value Transaction Consideration Purchase price per WYE share $50.19 Existing Cash Used $22,213 32.7% Cash per WYE share $33.00 New Debt $22,500 33.1% PFE stock value per WYE share $17.19 Total Cash $44,713 65.8% PFE shares per WYE share 0.985 Stock Consideration $23,289 34.2% Premium to 1/23/09 WYE price 29.3% Total Consideration $67,303 100.0% Total WYE shares (MM,diluted) 1,341 Total Equity...
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... D. Move the person to a safer place. 2. Arthur suspects a hip fracture when he noticed that the old woman’s leg is A. Lengthened, Abducted and Internally Rotated. B. Shortened, Abducted and Externally Rotated. C. Shortened, Adducted and Internally Rotated. D. Shortened, Adducted and Externally Rotated. 3. The old woman complains of pain. John noticed that the knee is reddened, warm to touch and swollen. John interprets that this signs and symptoms are likely related to A. Infection B. Thrombophlebitis C. Inflammation D. Degenerative disease 4. The old woman told John that she has osteoporosis; Arthur knew that all of the following factors would contribute to osteoporosis except A. Hypothyroidism B. End stage renal disease C. Cushing’s Disease D. Taking Furosemide and Phenytoin. 5. Martha, The old woman was now Immobilized and brought to the emergency room. The X-ray shows a fractured femur and pelvis. The ER Nurse would carefully monitor Martha for which of the following sign and symptoms? A. Tachycardia and Hypotension B. Fever and Bradycardia C. Bradycardia and Hypertension D. Fever and Hypertension SITUATION: Mr. D. Rojas, An obese 35 year old MS Professor of OLFU Lagro is admitted due to pain in his weight bearing joint. The diagnosis was Osteoarthritis. 6. As a nurse, you instructed Mr. Rojas how to use a cane. Mr. Rojas has a weakness on...
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... Group 14 – Campus Santa Fe: Angelica Hidalgo 1461526 Alejandro Meza 1464801 Cinthia Merlos 1462113 Juan José Ibarra 1465263 April 10th, 2012 INDEX 1. INTRODUCTION 2. ECONOMIC VARIABLES 3. POLITICAL VARIABLES 4. SOCIO –CULTURAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES 5. COUNTRY ATTRACTIVENESS SCORE 6. THE DECISION 7. EXHIBITS 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. INTRODUCTION 2. ECONOMIC VARIABLES The total economic impact of diabetes worldwide In the world the economic impact about the diabetes was 376 billion dollar in 2010, this is the 11.6% of the total healthcare budget in the world. This facts give us an idea about how is important to analyze the impact in economies of this disease and we are going to go deeper for the analysis of Mexico and United States of America. MEXICO In Mexico the economic impact due to diabetes cost more than 7 billion dollars in 2011 according to the Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica. And is expected an increase of 15% this year of 2012 this impact is really huge because 50% of this expense was made by families and the other 50% was made by government in Latin America Mexico is the country that spent more money on this disease. Exhibit F and G | | | | | | | | | UNITED STATES In USA the economic impact due to diabetes cost more than 132 billion in 2007, and has impacted more than 20 million...
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...Appendicitis From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia | Appendicitis is a medical emergency characterized by inflammation of the appendix, many cases of which require removal of the inflamed appendix, either by laparotomy or laparoscopy. Untreated, mortality is high, mainly because of the risk of rupture leading to infection and inflammation of the intestinal lining (peritoneum) and eventual sepsis, clinically known as peritonitis which can lead to circulatory shock. Reginald Fitz first described acute and chronic appendicitis in 1886, and it has been recognized as one of the most common causes of severe acute abdominal pain worldwide. A correctly diagnosed non-acute form of appendicitis is known as "rumbling appendicitis". Appendicitis is most common between the ages of 5 and 40; the median age is 28. It tends to affect males, those in lower income groups, and, for unknown reasons, people living in rural areas. The term "pseudoappendicitis" is used to describe a condition mimicking appendicitis. It can be associated with Yersinia enterocolitica. acute appendicitis appendicitis of acute onset, requiring prompt surgery, and usually marked by pain in the right lower abdominal quadrant, referred rebound tenderness, overlying muscle spasm, and cutaneous hyperesthesia. chronic appendicitis 1. that characterized by fibrotic thickening of the organ wall due to previous acute inflammation. 2. formerly, chronic or recurrent pain in the appendiceal area, without evidence of acute...
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...Alternative Cancer Therapies Table of Contents 714-X ABM Mushroom AHCC Aloe Vera Anticoagulants Antineoplastons Antioxidants Anvirzel Artemisinin Asparagus Berries Boluses Bovine Cartilage Cancell Cansema Carnivora Alternative Cancer Therapies Page 1 Updated 05/17/11 Bookmark this page...as we learn of more therapies throug Please report any broken links by contacting info@mnwelldir.org Perhaps we should call these "unproven therapies" since many of them are on the American Cancer Society's infamous black list. Simply because something is "unproven" does not mean that it has been "disproven." And if a therapy fits the following— 1. It works. Castor Oil Packs Cayenne Pepper Chaparral Chinese Bitter Melon Chiropractic Clodronate Coley's Toxins Contortrostatin C-Statin D-limonene DMSO Electrolyzed Water Ellagic Acid Enzyme Therapy Escharotics Essential Oils 2. It's inexpensive. 3. Few, if any, negative side effects. 4. It's not patentable. —odds are it will stay on the black list because no one is going to spend a dime to prove its effectiveness. Medicine is a business. Cancer is a business. The FDA is running a protection racket, protecting drug companies and the AMA from anyone with an inexpensive and effective treatment for money making diseases. The following therapies are not guaranteed to work, at least by us. They are presented to you for information purposes only. For many, their effectiveness has been shown in limited clinical trials, but each one, by itself, is not...
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...pathogenesis used to predict clinical manifestations and response to therapy? • How are normal and abnormal physiologic parameters defined? • What general factors affect the expression of disease in a particular person? • What kinds of information about disease can be gained through understanding concepts of epidemiology? http://evolve.elsevier.com/Copstead/ • Review Questions and Answers • Glossary (with audio pronunciations for selected terms) • Animations • Case Studies • Key Points Review Pathophysiology derives from the intersection of two older, related disciplines: pathology (from pathos, suffering) and physiology (from physis, nature). Pathology is the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of organs, tissues, cells, and bodily fluids. Physiology is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. Together, as pathophysiology, the term refers to the study of abnormalities in physiologic functioning of living beings. Pathophysiology seeks to reveal physiologic responses of an organism to disruptions in its internal or external environment. Because humans exhibit considerable diversity, healthy structure and function are not precisely the same in any two individuals. However, discovering the common and expected responses to abnormalities in physiologic functioning is useful, and it allows a general prediction of clinical progression, identification of possible causes, and selection of interventions that are most likely...
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...Webster University Integrated Studies 6000 Title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) Submitted to Meet the Requirements of Integrated Studies 6000 Submitted by: Kirk L. Williams Jr. On Sunday, July 19, 2015 To Dr. Ronald J. Hunady Table of Contents Topics Page I. Introduction 3 II. Project Purpose 3 III. Project Methodology 3 IV. Body of the Paper 4 V. Conclusions 13 VI. References 14 I. Introduction I am a retired Army combat Veteran diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). In addition, I am a survivor of Renal Cell Carcinoma commonly known as kidney cancer. Transitioning into the civilian sector made me curious about how civilians deal with American with disabilities. The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) is a civil rights law that protects employees with disabilities. The law prohibits employers from discriminating against individuals with physical and mental disabilities and the chronically ill. The Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1973 was the first law to prohibit the discrimination of disabled in federally funded activities. This law did not protect the disabled under the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Therefore, in 1990 Congress passed the Americans with Disabilities Act to protect this class of citizens. II. Project Purpose To learn the applicable laws and protections afforded employees under the ADA. III. Project Methodology I will research the...
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...Hindawi Publishing Corporation Obstetrics and Gynecology International Volume 2013, Article ID 173184, 11 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/173184 Review Article Uterine Fibroids: Pathogenesis and Interactions with Endometrium and Endomyometrial Junction Andrea Ciavattini,1 Jacopo Di Giuseppe,1 Piergiorgio Stortoni,1 Nina Montik,1 Stefano R. Giannubilo,1 Pietro Litta,2 Md. Soriful Islam,3 Andrea L. Tranquilli,1 Fernando M. Reis,4 and Pasquapina Ciarmela3 1 Woman’s Health Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Corridoni 11, 60123 Ancona, Italy Department of Gynaecological Sciences and Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padova, Italy 3 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10/a, 60126 Ancona, Italy 4 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal University of Minas Gerais and National Institute of Hormones and Women’s Health, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil 2 Correspondence should be addressed to Andrea Ciavattini; ciavattini.a@libero.it Received 28 February 2013; Revised 10 June 2013; Accepted 13 August 2013 Academic Editor: Hilary Critchley Copyright © 2013 Andrea Ciavattini et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Uterine leiomyomas (fibroids...
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...00_078973706x_fm.qxd 1/14/08 2:42 PM Page i NCLEX-PN ® SECOND EDITION Wilda Rinehart Diann Sloan Clara Hurd 00_078973706x_fm.qxd 1/14/08 2:42 PM Page ii NCLEX-PN® Exam Cram, Second Edition Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. ISBN-13:978-0-7897-2706-9 ISBN-10: 0-7897-3706-x Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rinehart, Wilda. NCLEX-PN exam cram / Wilda Rinehart, Diann Sloan, Clara Hurd. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-7897-3706-9 (pbk. w/cd) 1. Practical nursing--Examinations, questions, etc. 2. Nursing--Examinations, questions, etc. 3. National Council Licensure Examination for Practical/Vocational Nurses--Study guides. I. Sloan, Diann. II. Hurd, Clara. III. Title. RT62.R55 2008 610.73'076--dc22 2008000133 Printed in the United States of America First Printing: February 2008 Trademarks All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately...
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