...Discussion Looking at statistics I found out In 2008, coverage of the UK's cervical cancer screening programme fell below 80% for the first time in the 20 years since the call recall system began the 80s, but attendance raised after Jade Goody s case. High uptake is essential to the success of the programme and the chance of achieving this is increased, if at the end of my research I would be able to understand what deters women from attending. Previous work has explored the importance of demographic factors such as age, marital status and ethnic group structural/health-care factors such as appointment times, female practitioners and ‘friendly treatment and attitudinal factors like embarrassment trust and concerns about discomfort. Rather than asking women to explain the reasons for their attendance or non-attendance for screening, as...
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...What Is Cervical Cancer? What Causes Cervical Cancer? Cervical cancer, or cancer of the cervix, is cancer of the entrance to the uterus (womb). The cervix is the narrow part of the lower uterus, often referred to as the neck of the womb. Cervical cancer occurs most commonly in women over the age of 30. The American Cancer Society estimates that 11,270 diagnoses of cervical cancer will be made by the end of 2009 in the USA. Over 4,000 women in the USA die from cervical cancer each year. The National Health Service (NHS), UK, says that over 3,000 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer each year in the UK. Cervical cancer caused 941 deaths in the UK in 2007. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) at least 200,000 women worldwide die of cervical cancer each year. WHO adds that if the HPV vaccine is administered globally, hundreds of thousands of lives each year could eventually be saved. Cancer research UK reported that the rate of women diagnosed with the cervical cancer in the UK has halved from 16 per 100,000 in 1988 to 8 per 100,000 according to the latest figures - the NHS (National Health Service) Cervical Screening Programme began in 1988. What is the cervix? The cervix, or the neck of the womb, and the womb are both parts of a female reproductive system. The female reproductive system consists of: Vagina Womb (uterus), which includes the cervix Ovaries Women have two ovaries, one on either side of the lower abdomen (pelvis). Each month...
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...WOMAN MATTERS WALDEN UNIVERSITY NURS 6050N Breast and cervical cancer are leading cancers among both low-income and minority women. This group of women are less likely to be screened for these malignancies. Early detection, early testing and education are the first line to prevention, decreases the concern for women’s health and improves quality of life. Soci-economics play a strong role in breast and cervical cancers in low-income minority women verses their counter parts. Every Woman Matters program was designed to assist low income women with the proper screening and prevention assistance for high risk disease such as breast cancer and cervical cancer. In this assignment I will discuss the program’s ineffectiveness, programs that work and suggestions on future programs that may be effective as it relates to women’s health. Every Woman Matters Every Woman Matters is a state run government supported program, intended to remove obstructions to preventive breast and cervical malignancy by raising awareness of its danger and making screening accessible to low-income women. Under this program many low income women ages 40-67 and who met the qualifications were able to receive multiple health screenings such as mammograms, breast exams and papanicolaou smear test at reduced or no cost (Backer et al., 2004). However, not only did it cover screenings for breast and cervical cancer it also provided screenings for other illness that affected women such as cardiovascular disease...
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...are available to prevent the human papillomavirus (HPV) types that cause most cervical cancers. These vaccines are bivalent vaccine (Cervarix) and quadrivalent vaccine (Gardasil). One of the HPV vaccines, Gardasil, also prevents HPV types that cause most genital warts. Gardasil also has been shown to prevent some cancers of the anus, vulva (area around the opening of the vagina), and vagina. Both vaccines are given in 3 shots over 6 months. Why is the HPV vaccine important? Genital HPV is a common virus that is passed from one person to another through direct skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity. Most sexually active people will get HPV at some time in their lives, though most will never even know it. HPV infection is most common in people in their late teens and early 20s. There are about 40 types of HPV that can infect the genital areas of men and women. Most HPV types cause no symptoms and go away on their own. But some types can cause cervical cancer in women and other less common cancers— like cancers of the anus, penis, vagina, and vulva and oropharynx (back of throat including base of tongue and tonsils). Other types of HPV can cause warts in the genital areas of men and women, called genital warts. Genital warts are not life-threatening. But they can cause emotional stress and their treatment can be very uncomfortable. Every year, about 12,000 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer and 4,000 women die from this disease in the U.S. About 1% of sexually active...
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...Cervical Cancer in young adults Cervical cancer develops when cells in the cervix begin to grow out of control and can then invade nearby tissues or spread throughout the body. Usually, cervix cancer is very slow growing, although in certain circumstances it can grow and spread quickly. In the U.S. in 2007, 12,280 women in the United States were diagnosed with cervical cancer and 4,021 women in the United States died from cervical cancer. This puts cervical cancer as the 12th most common cancer that women develop, and the 14th most common cause of cancer death for women in the U.S. However, cervical cancer is the 2nd most common cause of cancer death in developing nations, with about 370,000 new cases annually having a 50% mortality rate. Decades ago, cervical cancer was the number one cause of cancer deaths in women in the U.S. There has been a 75% decrease in incidence and mortality from cervical cancer in developed nations over the past 50 years. Most of this decrease is attributed to the effective institution of cervical cancer screening programs in the wealthier nations. Although there are several known risk factors for getting cervical cancer, no one knows exactly why one woman gets it and another doesn't. One of the most important risk factors for cervical cancer is infection with a virus called HPV (human papilloma virus). HPV is a sexually transmitted disease that is incredibly common in the population; most college-aged men and women have been exposed to...
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...Within the African American community two social structures seem to influence the well-being of the community. Those two social structures include human care by friends, kin, and family, and spiritual and religious practices to help promote health and well-being. It is within these two social structures where the community seems to get the majority of their information regarding health and health care practices. Understanding the African American culture and what is comprised in that culture will help develop a better plan of care. Efficient and effective care is the ultimate goal as nurse practitioners. Developing a plan of care that encompasses all aspects of a community will likely give the patient better outcomes. African American's (AA) have many aspects that are consistent across their culture. They share a sense of community, a sense of hospitality, a sacredness of life, respect and authority of elders, and a sacredness of religion (African Cultureal Values). A popular proverb sums up the African sense of community "go the way that many people go; if you go alone, you will have reason to lament" (ACV). The community offers the person the psychological and ultimate security as it gives its members both physical and ideological identity (ACV). When it comes to AA being part of a community is better than being alone and they value life above all other. Any form of materialism which ultimately leads to the destruction of life is alien and destructive of the culture (ACV)....
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...TOPIC General topic Cervical Cancer Narrowed Topic Cervical cancer vaccine should be mandatory among teenagers RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. What is cervical cancer? 2. What causes cervical cancer? 3. What are the signs and symptoms of such disease? 4. What age group is primarily affected with cervical cancer? 5. Are there any other predisposing factors that increase risk of cervical cancer? 6. What is the mortality rate of cervical cancer among women? 7. How important is having women vaccinated with cervical cancer? 8. Is the vaccine used to treat cervical cancer feasible? 9. Is the vaccine affordable that it can be made free for the public? ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Alliance for Cervical Cancer Prevention. (2004). Preventing cervical cancer worldwide. Washington,DC: Jarboe Printing. This booklet is solely dedicated to cervical cancer. It takes about the disease itself and other important information about it and the cervical cancer cases as of 2002 , estimated mortality rate of cervical annually and cost-effectiveness of prevention methods undertaken by the company itself. This booklet equipped with a lot of information about screening approaches and prevention techniques which make it suitable for readers interested in such matter. Esguerra, C.V. (2008, February 6). Breakthrough drug: cervical cancer vaccine okd. Philippine Daily Inquirer, p.3. This newspaper article is about the newly developed vaccine against cervical cancer. It talks about...
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...Cervical Cancer Leilani S. Haynes Miller-Motte College Research dedicated to the memory of my late grandmother, Ms. Susie Pittman. Cervical Cancer Cancer is a disease caused when abnormal cells divide uncontrollably in any part of the body. Cervical cancer is a gender specific disease that originates in the lining of the cervix; located in the lower part of a woman’s womb. This area is called the uterus. The women affected will also face a number of other life altering challenges. These challenges include, but are not limited to, infertility. Although it is unclear what the definite cause of cervical cancer is, HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) is a known culprit. HPV is a very common virus among women, but not all women will develop cancer. Researchers have identified some inherited factors that can lead to the genetic connection of cervical cancer, however, it has not been scientifically proven to be a genetic disease. Although some women will skate through life without knowing or experiencing cervical cancer, it affects millions of women: Cancer of the cervix is the second most common cancer in women worldwide and is a leading cause of cancer-related death in women in underdeveloped countries. Worldwide, approximately 500,000 cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed each year. In the United States, routine screening has decreased the incidence of cervical cancer—approximately 12,900 cases are diagnosed and 4,100 deaths occur each year. (Cervical Cancer, 2015) Knowing the...
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...Cancer is not just one disease, but a large group of almost 100 diseases. Its two main characteristics are uncontrolled growth of the cells in the human body and the ability of these cells to migrate from the original site and spread to distant sites. If the spread is not controlled, cancer can result in death. Cervical cancer in which I will be discussing in this essay…is a type of cancer that occurs in the cells of the cervix. Various strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted infection, play a role in causing most cervical cancer. When exposed to HPV, a woman's immune system typically prevents the virus from doing harm. Early-stage cervical cancer generally produces no signs or symptoms. Some symptoms may include: vaginal bleeding after intercourse, between periods or after menopause. Watery, bloody vaginal discharge that may be heavy and have a foul odor and Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse Cervical cancer begins when healthy cells acquire a genetic change also known as mutation that causes them to turn into abnormal cells. Healthy cells grow and multiply at a set rate, eventually dying at a set time. Cancer cells grow and multiply out of control, and they don't die. The accumulating abnormal cells form a mass. Cancer cells invade nearby tissues and can break off from a tumor to spread elsewhere in the body. It isn't clear what causes cervical cancer, but it's certain that HPV plays a role. HPV is very common, and most women with the virus never...
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...Invitation for Cervical Screening and Frequency of Invitation of Cervical Screening for Women aged 50 to 64 years Authors: Dr Sharon Hillier, Miss Helen Beer, Dr Shantini Paranjothy, Dr Rosemary Fox, Mr Bryan Rose and Professor Hilary Fielder. Screening Division Public Health Wales NHS Trust Based on papers prepared by Professor Hilary Fielder and Mr Huw Brunt Date: May 2011 Version: 1 Publication/ Distribution: Public Health Wales (Intranet) Welsh Assembly Government Review Date: Review in May 2012 or sooner if new information or evidence is available. Purpose and Summary of Document: The current policy for Wales is that women aged between 20 and 64 years are invited for cervical screening every three years. Scotland invite women aged between 20-60 years every three years. England and Northern Ireland invite women from 25 years of age and reduce the frequency of invitations to every 5 years for those aged between 50 and 64 years. The purpose of this document is to review the evidence on which the age of Cervical Screening Wales, Screening Division, Public Health Wales Discussion paper on age of first invitation and frequency of invitation invitation and frequency of invitation is based and to discuss the implications of changes for the female population of Wales, for Cervical Screening Wales and for NHS Wales. Work Plan reference: Cervical Screening Wales, Screening Division. Date: May 2011 Version 1 Page: 2 of 50 Cervical Screening Wales, Screening Division, Public...
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...Cervical cancer is a sexually transmitted virus and the only way to be tested for this virus is using the Papanicolauo smear virus, also known as a pap smear. This is where the gynecologist takes a brush and collects cells from the cervix. The gynecologist then looks at the cells under the microscope to test for abnormal cells. These cancer screenings help gynecologists to detect precancerous call abnormalities as prevention and early detection of cervical cancer. Cervical cancer was once a major cause of death in the Unites States, it was very common in childbearing years. In 1980, it was discovered that abnormalities within the cells indicated that the cells were exposed to human papillomavirus. The creation of the pap smear in 1950 resulted in the incidence of cervical cancer declining and the deaths due to cervical...
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...which do not cause cancer but can, cause skin warts technically known as condylomata acuminata on or around the genitals, anus, mouth, or throat. High-risk HPVs can cause cancer. About over a dozen high-risk HPV types have been identified. Throughout years of research scientists, doctor, and medical staff have discovered what HPV is, how one contracts the virus, the symptoms or lack of symptoms, treatment and prevention for HPV. Contracting HPV People can contract HPV from skin to skin contact. Many people can get it from direct sexual contact or oral sex. It is recommended by the CDC that preteen boys and girls at 11 or 12 are have sex with someone who is infected. It's possible for a mother with an HPV infection to transmit the virus to her infant during delivery. This exposure may cause HPV infection in the baby's genitals or upper respiratory system. Sign and Symptoms of HPV Most people with HPV do not know they are infected and don’t develop symptoms or have health cause any health problems, but when HPV does not go away, it can cause problems like genital warts and cancer. Genital warts usually appear as a small bump or groups of bumps in the genital area. like a cauliflower. A healthcare provider can usually diagnose warts by looking at the genital area. Cervical cancer usually does not have symptoms until it is quite advanced, very serious and hard to treat. For this reason, it is important for women to get regular screening for cervical cancer. Screening tests can find early...
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...Cover Letter Women Empowering Women Health Center Po Box 7234 Lexington, SC 29073 December 6, 2011 Arnold School of Public Health Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior Columbia, SC 29210 re: HPV & Cervical Cancer: A Health Promotion Plan to Promote Awareness and Prevention of HPV & Cervical Cancer Dear Dr. Brandt: I am writing to request funding for a program that is designed to bring awareness and prevention to Human Papillomavirus (HPV), which causes virtually all cases of cervical cancer and genital warts, while encouraging a healthier lifestyle among young minority girls ages 10-18 in the state of South Carolina. Many young girls are at risk of getting the HPV virus due to lack of education and awareness about the virus. The program that we are launching is relatively simple. WEWHC is a non-profit organization that prides itself on educating the public about sexually transmitted infections/diseases. We are dedicated to empowering the public and proving them with the necessary tools and resources to make sound and educated judgments. Our staff is compiled of volunteers to include nurses, social workers, administrative assistants, health care physicians, and psychologists. Our motto is, “It takes a village.” With this concept in mind, the staff at WEWHC knows and understands the importance of having more than one person involved in helping the community. After one year the program will be evaluated by an independent source to determine...
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...Cervical Cancer Caused by Human Papillomavirus Infection in Latin America: A Focus on Populations in Rural Honduras Cervical cancer is the second most common type of cancer affecting women worldwide, but is the most common cause of cancer death in women in developing countries, disproportionally representing 80% of the cervical cancer deaths in women throughout the world (Ferrera et al., 1997; Perkins et al., 2011). More specifically, in 2008, statistics recorded over 80,000 women in Latin America and the Caribbean were diagnosed with cervical cancer, and nearly 36,000 died from the disease (PAHO et al., 2012). This accounts for over 16% (incidence) and over 13% (mortality) of the world’s public health burden due to cervical cancer. These numbers indicate that incidence of cervical cancer in Latin America is among the highest in the world, along with Sub-Saharan Africa and South East Asia (Arrossi et al., 2003). Cervical cancer mortality has remained consistently high in Latin America despite significant health care spending increases due to poor quality services, as well as, limited population coverage, specifically in rural areas (Perkins et al., 2009). Most importantly; however, is that cervical cancer is the most prevalent cause of cancer in women in Honduras and the leading cause of cancer death for Honduran women (Ferrera et al., 1997; Garrett et al., 2013) It is critical to note that many epidemiological studies show that the human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA is detected...
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...TREATMENT CONSULTATIVE FORUM THEME: END OF AIDS: ENHANCING ACCESSS TO QUALITY HIV CARE AND TREATMENT SUB THEME; Treatment as Prevention (TasP) TITLE OF ABSTRACT: Cervical cancer Management at Siaya District Hospital PSC. AUTHOURS AND AFFILIATION: Kapiyo George1, Zilper Imbuye1, Jaquin Kataka2 CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: George Kapiyo email: kapiyogogy@yahoo.com, Cell: 0727361398. BACKGROUND. Cervical cancer integration in PSC has been necessitated by prevalence of invasive cervical cancer amongst women of Reproductive age. Prevalence is more on women infected with HIV/AIDS due to low immunity. ART just contain HIV but not HPV which is the major cause of cervical lesions that often progress to cancer if left untreated. OBJECTIVE. This programme is to spear head successful integration of cervical cancer management in PSC and develop best practices that can be replicated elsewhere to help achieve high quality care to positive women. METHODOLOGY Integration of cervical cancer treatment and management as priority area. Room identified at the for screening using Visual Inspection Methods.VIA/VILI Consumables and equipments made available. Staffs trained on Cancer cervix screening and how to use Cryotherapy and LEEP machines. CHWS /peer educators are trained to offer cervical cancer education during Health talks and psychosocial group sessions. Four approaches adopted; -Primary Prevention, Early Detection, Diagnosis and Treatment and Palliative...
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