...Wages: Is There Really a Gender Pay Gap Abstract The wages used in the following research paper were taken from a population of 100 workers and divided by 12 descriptive statistics. The purpose of this research is to determine if there really is a gender gap with wages. The following descriptive statistics were used: wage, industry, occupation, education, location (from the south or not from the south), non-white, Hispanic, female, ex-military, marital status, age and Union. This research paper will include the problem statement, research question, hypothesis, definitions, presentation of data, conclusion, implication, recommendations and reference page. This research paper is composed from peer reviewed journals and references are available on the last page of this research paper. Wages – Is there really a Gender Pay Gap Introduction Is the United States work force still facing the issue of gender pay gap? According to The American Association of University Women (AAUW) it’s real, it’s persistent, and it’s undermining the economic security of American families. This research paper will define that there is indeed a pay gap between men and women working full time in the United States. (Linda D. Hallman, CAE AAUW Executive Director, 2012) Problem Statement The American Association of University Women (AAUW) has been on the front lines of the fight for pay equity since 1913. AAUW members were in the Oval Office when President...
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...| 1. Do discriminatory attitudes to older workers at work affect their retirement intentions? Type: Research paper Author(s): Pierre-Jean Messe Source: International Journal of Manpower Volume: 33 Issue: 4 2012AbstractPurpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether employers’ attitudes towards older workers, especially regarding promotions, really affect their retirement intentions, distinguishing between men and women. Design/methodology/approach – First, the author uses the 1992 wave of the Health and Retirement Study to estimate, through a Fields decomposition, the relative contribution of the feeling of an older worker to be discriminated against regarding promotions; and to explain the self-reported probability to work full time after 62, decomposing by gender. Second, using the two first waves of HRS, the author removes any bias due to time-constant unobserved heterogeneity, to test whether the individual feeling of being passed over for promotion may be misreported, owing to a strong preference for leisure. Finally, the author examines the effect of a change in this variable over time on the intentions to exit early. Findings – The Fields decomposition shows that feeling passed over for promotion plays a non-negligible role to predict retirement plans but only for women. In addition, using panel data allows a misreporting bias to be exhibited that may lead to underestimating of the negative effect of discriminatory practices towards older workers on their...
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...detailed (including statistical data, who is involved, etc.), balanced (you need to present the different view points), critical (who is right or wrong, for which reasons), and conclusive (so what? What to conclude). ETHNIC AND CULTURAL AWARENESS AT WORKPLACE Abstract This paper examines how Hispanic struggles within the workplace to negative factors such as discrimination, unfairness, injustice and harassment. It also places emphasis on historical and comptemporary antedecants, multiculturalism, and oppression. Introduction In an ideal world, every person is treated equally when it comes to getting a job, advancing in their career, and being treated fairly in the workplace. However in reality, we know this is not the case. Racial discrimination does still exist in hiring, firing, and promotions and unfortunately discrimination against Hispanics in the workplace is on the rise. As the economy worsens and job losses mount in America, there is an increase in discrimination toward Hispanics in the workplace in America. Racial discrimination poses a large problem in the American workplace. Racial discrimination affects people all over the world. In defining racial discrimination, the National Research Council differentiates between differential treatment and differential effects, creating a two-part definition: one being differential treatment on the basis of race that disadvantages a racial group and two being treatment on the basis of...
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...Massive Incarceration: A Racial Perspective Sociology 350N Abstract In 2010 there was a significant imbalance in the incarceration rate of males within the U.S.; these differences were among the ethnic groups of Caucasian (white), Hispanic and African American (black). In reference to the number of people incarcerated per 100,000 in their individual group, black males had the highest number of inmates, followed by Hispanic males; however, white males had the lowest number of prisoners (Wagner, 2012). We must ask the question “why”. Why and how is this occurring? The United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world; so, is the system that was designed to protect and serve abusing its power. Some factors that can possibly be contributing to this disproportion is socioeconomic status, prejudices within the criminal justice system and power investments. Massive Incarceration: A Racial Perspective Introduction Today the US makes up for about 5% of the world’s population and carries 25% of the world’s prisoners, this 20% difference shows that the US imprisons more people then actually living in the country (NAACP, 2015). This is the highest prison population when compared to other countries. Records show from 1980 to 2008, the number of individuals that have been incarcerated has quadrupled from 500,000 to 2.3 million (NAACP, 2015). During that time frame crime & poverty rates have also increased dramatically, while unemployment & educational...
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...Media Reaction Paper Michael Vandiver Soc/315 July 7, 2015 Anita Westbrook Media Reaction Paper Hispanic immigrants are handy scapegoats for the problems in local communities, from crime to overcrowded schools. Even legal immigrants are victims of this mindset, in spite of immigration not being the root cause or even a major factor in any of the issues. Immigration has always been an issue. Those making up the majority of the population are all immigrants from other nations, having descended from those who immigrated here over the course of the last 400 years. Some of the areas in which Hispanic immigrants are most numerous were at one point the property of the Hispanic nation of Mexico. Immigrants built this country, and certain segments of the immigrants have always been accused of ruining this country. Recently, Arizona passed a law, SB 1070, which requires the police to question the legal status of those they suspect are undocumented immigrants. Additionally, it sets the official immigration police as ‘attrition through enforcement’, stating that they intend to be so harsh that immigrants flee in fear. (Martinez, 2011). Currently, the law is on hold due to challenges by the US Department of Justice for usurping federal jurisdiction on immigration. However, the law has set a horrid precedent, one that has resulted in boycotts that are costing Arizona more than $330 million dollars over the next two to three years. (Martinez, 2011). Similar anti-immigration campaigns...
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...Heath Status of The Latino or Hispanic Population Maria Funez NRS-429V Family-Center Health Promotions February 29, 2015 Heath Status of The Latino or Hispanic Population Hispanics migrate to the United States for many different reasons but one of the most powerful motivators of migration whether legal or illegal is economic instability within the countries of origin. Although, is dangerous crossing the Mexican boarder to reached the U.S. the hopes for a better life is a powerful motivator to risk one’s life. Once in the U.S. Many Hispanics assimilate to the American life by means of education, learning a trade, and obtaining good paying jobs. Others have a harder time to assimilate to American culture due to the inability to learn the language, lack of education, or skills to facilitate better paying jobs. The Hispanic or Latino population in the United States has become one of the fastest growing minority groups in the country. According, to the United States Census Bureau (2010), there are 50.5 millions Hispanic or Latinos living in the United States. (U.S. Census Bureau, 2010, p.2). Nevertheless, the Hispanic population is facing many challenges; some of those challenges are associated to health. In deed, the purpose of this paper is to discuss the health status, how is health promotions define, and what health disparities’ exist for the Hispanic or Latino population in the U.S. According to Smith et al. (as cited by Page-Reeves, Nifaratus, Mishra, Gingrich, &...
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...Media Reaction Paper Jennifer Dockery SOC/315 9/5/2011 Shannon Burke, MA Media Reaction Paper Hispanic immigrants are handy scapegoats for the problems in local communities, from crime to overcrowded schools. Even legal immigrants are victims of this mindset, in spite of immigration not being the root cause or even a major factor in any of the issues. Immigration has always been an issue. Those making up the majority of the population are all immigrants from other nations, having descended from those who immigrated here over the course of the last 400 years. Some of the areas in which Hispanic immigrants are most numerous were at one point the property of the Hispanic nation of Mexico. Immigrants built this country, and certain segments of the immigrants have always been accused of ruining this country. Recently, Arizona passed a law, SB 1070, which requires the police to question the legal status of those they suspect are undocumented immigrants. Additionally, it sets the official immigration police as ‘attrition through enforcement’, stating that they intend to be so harsh that immigrants flee in fear. (Martinez, 2011). Currently, the law is on hold due to challenges by the US Department of Justice for usurping federal jurisdiction on immigration. However, the law has set a horrid precedent, one that has resulted in boycotts that are costing Arizona more than $330 million dollars over the next two to three years. (Martinez, 2011)...
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...Benefits of Diversity in Law Enforcement Author Note This paper was prepared for Managing Diversity, MAJ 6603, taught by Professor Wilson. Abstract In this paper we will discuss the advantages of diversity within law enforcement, its community and recruitment programs. We will review the benefits of implementing theories, concepts, and leadership skills throughout law enforcement to ensure that all personnel are treated with respect and dignity. Exploration of barriers could be broken through by developing a training environment, which ensures that those within their ranks can rise to the challenge. At the same time encouraging employees, both civilian and uniformed the ability to contribute to the framework of the organization. By allowing this to happen, we can help strengthen the moral fortitude of an agency, rich in ethical and cultural diversity for the community to benefit. As we discuss the importance of diversity within law enforcement, we will also look at formulating a recruitment program. This includes the community which they interact with on a daily bases with a focus on reducing negative connotations towards them. There are many programs that have been developed since the 1970s throughout the United, which have been implemented and developed into a positive interaction with the community, especially the immigrant families, allowing for a more positive feeling towards law enforcement. Keywords: Commitment, Diversity, Integrity, Communication ...
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...Medical Out-of-Pocket Expenses, Poverty, and the Uninsured∗ Kyle J. Caswell† and Brett O’Hara SEHSD Working Paper 2010-17‡ U.S. Census Bureau Washington, D.C. December 29, 2010 Abstract The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) Panel on Poverty and Family Assistance argued that the current official U.S. poverty measure should be updated to capture changes in the population’s healthcare costs and needs; families with sufficiently high medical out-ofpocket (MOOP) expenditures may be ‘poor’ even though they are not counted as such. This research offers three distinct advances toward achieving the NAS recommendations as they concern MOOP spending. Firstly, this paper uses the newly collected MOOP expenditure data from the CPS ASEC, and analyzes its quality vis-` -vis alternative sources. Secondly, a poverty estimates that incorporate the MOOP spending data from the CPS ASEC are produced in such a way as to be consistent with the NAS recommendations. These direct estimates are an improvement over previous estimates, conditional on obtaining high-quality data, because modeling MOOP expenditures from other surveys is not needed. Third, this paper investigates how the distribution of MOOP expenditures, and the poverty estimates, change when it is assumed that the uninsured have the spending patterns of the insured. The main results are: 1) the new MOOP expenditure data is high quality; 2) incorporating observed MOOP expenditures increases the incidence of poverty across the population...
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...criminal justice system every since I started working as a Correctional Officer for Solano State Prison. I also worked in the Inmate Appeals Division where inmates had the right to appeal a write up written upon them by any staff. It is not my intention to raise any more controversy on the subject but to open the eyes of people to see their is still discrimination against those of color than whites still in the 20th century. While working in this division, I noticed a lot of discrimination within this system such as the African Americans and Hispanics would receive a denial on their appeal and their property would be taken away from them whereas, if a Caucasian inmate appealed the same situation they would receive a granted appeal and get their property back. Working as an Officer, their were a lot of mistreatment in the prison system; such as if their were fights among the Blacks and Hispanics or Whites and Blacks or Whites and Hispanics, the minorities would always receive the harsher treatment by being locked down for months whereas the white inmates would just be locked down for a few days. At a presidential primary debate Senator Barack Obama charged that blacks and whites “are arrested at very different rates, are convicted at very different rates, and receive very different sentences . . . for the same crime.” Not to be outdone, Senator Hillary Clinton promptly denounced the “disgrace of a criminal-justice system that incarcerates so many more African-Americans proportionately...
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...(2014). Performance Funding at MSIs: Considerations and Possible Measures for Public Minority-Serving Institutions. Southern Education Foundation. Lee Jr, J. M., & Ransom, T. (2011). The educational experience of young men of color. New York, NY: College Board, 37-1. Ong, M., Wright, C., Espinosa, L., & Orfield, G. (2011). Inside the double bind: A synthesis of empirical research on undergraduate and graduate women of color in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Harvard Educational Review, 81(2), 172-209. Picart, C. J. S. (2013). Critical Race Theory and copyright in American dance: Whiteness as status property. Springer. Salanick, G.P., & Pfeffer, J. (2010). The bases and use of power in organizational decision making: The case of a university. In Brown, M.C., Lane, J.E., & Zamani-Gallaher, E.M. (Eds.), ASHE Reader Series: Organization & governance in higher education (36-53). Boston: Pearson Learning Solutions. Simpson, G. E., & Yinger, J. M. (2013). Racial and cultural minorities: An analysis of prejudice and discrimination. Springer Science & Business Media. Tatum, B. D. (2017). Why are all the...
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...Alex Goldsmith SOC-S 163 9/18/12 Group 6 crime paper 1 Crime For many years there has been a lot of attention on racial profiling, media and otherwise in the United States. Through the years there has been a history of issues that include racial bias regarding African Americans, Muslims, and middle-eastern people. This racial profiling intensified in the 1990’s. There have been a number of studies revealing evidence of racial profiling. The comedian Ron White said in a comedy act that he was once arrested because “the police were stopping ever car going down that particular sidewalk and that’s profiling, which is illegal.” He was making fun of this situation, but unfortunately it is something that happens every day in the United States. Many Americans of ethnic background face racial profiling. Racial profiling goes against what our constitution stands for, and violates the constitution’s promise that all people are equal and that people should be free from unreasonable searches and seizers. Racial profiling targets people of color and different ethnic backgrounds for investigation and police enforcement, but unfortunately this alienates communities from law enforcement and causes them to lose creditability and trust among the people they are supposed to protect. We expect the police to protect and be fair and just, but this horrible practice of racial profiling has led to people living in fear and makes communities feel that they are all suspects...
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...Joshua Steven Duarte CJS/221 June 20, 11:59 PM Ben Harm (Instructor) Patterns of Discrimination in Police Agencies Paper Introduction: Discrimination is the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different groups of people or things because of their race, gender, ethnicity, or belief. Sense the founding of the United States and even well before it, discrimination has been the source or strife and conflict in society. Whether this is because of one side’s belief of racial superiority or because of cultural diversity, the fact remains that it is a problem that continues to exist even today. One area I think that bares special mention to how discrimination has continued to exist to this extent is the criminal justice system. Sense the day the Emancipation proclamation was first declared in 1863 to the era civil rights movement (1954-1968), we’ve made many strives in accepting numerous cultures, but where does that leave today? There are three areas of discrimination that bare special intention, institutionalized discrimination, contextual discrimination, and individual acts of discrimination, what they mean and how they compare with the concept “pure justice”. Pure justice is the conceptual belief that there is no discrimination at any place or time in the criminal justice system. But does such a principle exist in the world of criminal justice...
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...Affirmative Action Jackie Carter COM/220 May 18, 2011 Staci Weaver CheckPoint - Introduction and Conclusion Are affirmative action policies and programs still necessary in this day and age, even if it creates reverse discrimination? One of the country’s top debated issues is affirmative action. Affirmative Action came about when President John F. Kennedy signed Executive Order 10925 that created the President’s Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity whose purpose was to ensure all employees are treated fairly, without regard to race, creed, color, or national origin (Elliott & Ewoh, 2000). Since its inception, Affirmative Action program and policies have taken on a life of their own. Affirmative action is a term that refers to mandatory and voluntary programs intended to affirm the civil rights of designated classes of individuals. Affirmative action or Executive Order 11246 (EO11246) was created, after the civil rights movement, by the federal courts to ensure companies were not using discriminatory hiring practices. Affirmative action is similar but different from equal opportunity. Equal opportunity is an attempt to avoid discrimination by applying the performance related criteria to all applicants, in other words, each individual should be given the same treatment as all other individuals. Unequal treatment of minority groups is considered discriminatory and illegal. This process ignores the past history of discrimination of an employer and also...
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...constant reality in the lives of Hispanic Americans in the United States. Due to alarming migration rates over the past several decades, the United States has experienced significant growth in ethnic and racial diversity. However, racial minority groups like the Hispanics; “the largest and fastest growing population in the United States, continue to struggle for full acceptance and equal opportunity” (Louie, 2005, Para 1). The migration of Hispanic groups such as the Puerto Rican Americans was not readily accepted by the United States causing immediate social inequality. This social inequality caused segregation and forced the Puerto Rican Americans to work the lowest paying jobs and live in the poorest communities. This paper identifies factors that influence past and present discrimination trends that have lead to the segregation, racial redlining and stereotyping of the Hispanic American in the United States. The term Hispanic was established by the United States Government in the early 1970's, “in an attempt to identify a diverse group of people among the population with a connection to the Spanish language or culture” (U.S. Diplomatic Mission to Germany, 2008, Para 2). Although the term Hispanic is automatically associated with Spanish speaking or Latin American ancestry, it is a term that very few people understand. Hispanics are often classified as having the same culture or belonging to the same ethnic background. In actuality, the Hispanic community is a mix of Racial...
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