...To what extent is it true to claim that people have an individual sense of moral responsibility for environment? (35 marks) When looking at environmental ethics, we are focusing on our attitudes towards the impact on the biological and geological aspects of our planet and whether human actions maintains or disturbs the balance between the planet's different life forms and geological systems. This essay will include exploring theories and deciding whether we have an individual moral responsibility towards the environment. Many people believe that as humans, we do have a moral responsibility towards the environment and we must preserve and protect it for the future generations. However, others take an anthropocentric view and they believe that humanity is the centre of creation and therefore has greater importance over the environment so we should do to the environment what we wish, if it serves a purpose for us. Christian views have often be accused of placing an emphasis on human domination of the world and therefore not taking an individual moral responsibility for the environment. This belief perhaps comes from the Bible itself where, in Genesis it says that humans are given "dominion over the fish…the birds…over all the earth" dominion, being defined as having sovereignty or control over everything means that if humans have dominion then God's creation is anthropocentric and therefore a human must do what he needs to do if it betters his quality of life, despite what...
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...The personal responsibility towards influencing in action of saving the natural world resource is as simple as doing a few things in our daily life activity. There are so many ways and methods of living simple life to maintain natural resourece and conserve energy around our house holds such as limiting time frame to save gas driven machines like dishwasher , lawnmower , etc. Another example of saving energy is riding bikes , taking a walk , using public transportation are few of many actions that can save our natural resources as an individual. Natural resources are divided in to two major catagories based on their necessities in the ecosysytem. These are called biodiversity , they are usefull for our living, like forest , terrestrial animals and fish.And Geodiversity , minerals, air, water, , are assist and make our living easier. Nowadays the endanger of these natural resources are obvious problem in many places of our planet. There are a number of natural resources that can be an excellent example to illustrate that human action are destroying our natural world. For example, The pollution and the over use of water is our main concern in the industrialized countries like America. As it was detailed on the ( activity #3 , para1) book. The world "resource" implies some thing to be uses . However, there a number of things that can be done one to save the amount of water use in the house hold and to maintain the quality of water , protect pollution. The reduction of unnecessary...
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...Abstract Ethical theories has been a topic of philosophical debate for centuries, but only recently has corporate governance and social responsibilities became a necessary fixture for modern businesses to function. Thus sparking scepticism that businesses adoption of CSR initiatives are a result of shifting societal trends for financial rewards and not out of ‘good will’. It is therefore a surprising given that this paper, Origins Natural Resources, an international cosmetic superstar adopted CSR since its conception and continues to maintain strong earth friendly practices throughout its operations regardless of substantial costs and burden to uphold. Thereby exploring the possibilities that characteristics of virtue can truly exist in a corporate entity, and perhaps society should be less sceptical of others intentions. Introduction The question of why businesses truly adopted CSR initiatives has never been initiated, thus sparking interests on whether or not it is an authentic act of corporate citizenship or simply a front to financial rewards. This paper aims to analyse Origins Natural Resources dedication towards Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR) addressing two major issues the organisation perceived as most significant and relevant to its core products and services. The two categories are addressing the importance of animal cruelty via experimentation and environmental sustainability. These issues will be analysed by applying utilitarianism, Kant and Virtue...
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...Do Corporations Have a Responsibility to Society Beyond Maximizing Profit? Shravan Kumar M Under the direction of professor, Minnick, Marc D Corporate Social Responsibility beyond Maximizing Profit Growing concern of society on socio-economic and environmental issues has raised the thought of corporate social responsibility. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a “concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis”, which means beyond the frame given by law – by World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) in 2004. Growing needs in energy, especially in emerging countries, limited oil reserves (non-renewable energy will necessarily become more expensive and renewable energy will be more and more used), waste management, and demographic growth at the global level (Currently we are 7.2 billion population approx.) are factors requiring that we take care of the environment and natural resources, and that we modify our consumption modes. The decrease in natural resources, demographic pressure and climate change, the increasing volatility and high prices of energy resources are present and future constraints that put the emphasis on energy and environmental issues, and place them in the heart of companies’ sustainable development policies. Main Arguments of Robert D. Hay and Edmund R. Gray Robert D. Hay and Edmund R. Gray argument emphasizes...
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...consciousness has lead to the emergence of green business practices .Green business involves promotion and production of eco-freie3ndly products. This research paper presents the detailed study on the concept of green business practices which are essential for improving environmental condition in a profitable manner. This paper primarily focuses on fulfilling responsibilities towards environment through following green practices, and secondly, it explains the competitive advantages of green business. Green business...
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...Vu, V. (2013) Promoting the Implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Standards to Ensure Sustainable Development of Textile Enterprises in Vietnam http://www.ietecconference.com/ietec13/conferenceproceedings2013/papers/Wendesday/WP3/WP3.5_submission_117.pdf Implementing corporate social responsibility (CSR) is one of the requirements that enterprises need to observe to ensure green growth towards sustainable development. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been conventionally defined as a voluntary humane activity in solving social and charitable problems. Recently, however, there is a new school that advocates strong intervention by the state and society, including the need for legislation to strengthen the CSR of enterprises, instead of leaving it to their individual discretion. “Sustainable development (SD) is the development of using available natural resources and environmental conditions not only to meet the needs of human beings but also to ensure the necessary environmental and resource conditions for future generations so that they can live better" [WCED, 1987]. The sustainable development of a society is judged by certain criteria in all three aspects: the economy, society and environment and natural resources. These criteria are different in countries which have different levels of development. In general, however, in order to obtain sustainable development, they must balance all three objectives: the economy, society and...
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...Businesses are facing an increasingly competitive environment now a day. Impacts of technological development and globalization have led to the need for new sources of competitive advantages. It continues to result in new management and marketing concept. Social responsibilities of companies are amongst recent challenges and it has become the subject of increasing debate. Different opinions are there regarding companies which follow their individual business interest and believe that social responsibility has no real meaning for them. People also trust the progressive improvement of the behaviour of companies who are in favour of social interest. It also focuses on another broader direction as whether the social sensibility of companies to develop themselves under legal and social pressure, influenced by requirements of sustainable development, or companies are increasingly recognizing competitive advantage of respecting social interest in their business activities(Vagasi Maria,2014). The management literature suggests that sustainability requirements play an important role regarding business operations in the 21st century. It interprets social expectations in determining economic, environmental and social well-being, altogether. An increasing number of publications reveal that the...
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...Hospitality companies have an ethical responsibility to go green even at the expense of the bottom line Nowadays it has become fashionable for businesses and organizations to adopt and promote environmentally friendly approach. This adaptation not only helps making these organizations noticeable but also is considered to be cost effective. The expectations and pressures of going green have also affected the hospitality industry as customers are rapidly becoming aware of the environmental concerns that the world is facing and expect the organization that they are associated with to adopt such operational and service management scenarios which are environment friendly.It is not easy to present an argument against healthier work space and environment. This essay will analyze different aspects of adopting ‘green activities’ by the hospitality organizations and will discuss if it is possible for them to maintain healthy revenues while adopting green activities. The word green generally refers towards the activities which are considered to be environmentally responsible by the consumers and stake holders, adopted by the organization in question. Such activities are meant to reduce the environmental foot print of the organization by reducing their use of natural resources and a balanced contribution towards the eco systems (Graci & Dodds, 2009).There are variety of ways to choose from when a company decides to ‘go green’ starting from minor activities to bigger more significant...
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...Nature is very important to human life now more than ever before. The environment and the natural resources in it are used in human life, such as clothing and fuel for transportation. There is a enormous need for preservation and appreciation of natural resources; however, empathy towards nature is lacking. Cities, industries, and people today overuse and under appreciate the environment. Technology is a major influence on the way people treat the environment. Our society today hinders our sense of connection and responsibility to our natural world because of our need and obsession to use nature for our own benefit and profit. In today’s society, people do not care about going to national parks or being in nature anymore, they would rather look at a phone screen. Even when people do go out into nature, they seem to still look through a screen rather than through their own eyes. Nature is at risk because of this behavior. Jonathan Jarvis, director of the National Park Service, is quoted in the article “Can the Selfie Generation Unplug and Get Into Parks?” by Timothy and Casey Egan, saying “ There are times when it seems as if the...
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...cost of Hurricane Katrina at $81.2 billion or more. It was true that Katrina was a natural disaster; therefore, it was unpredictable and unavoidable. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) saw its approach to Katrina as a success story. However, many of the criticisms were directed toward the ill-prepared FEMA and the lack of coordination in the rescue operation, in which FEMA refuse volunteers¡¦ help including manpower and food. Some even suggested the abolishment of FEMA for good. The point at issue here is whether FEMA is effective in doing what it is suppose to do. We would identify the strength FEMA possesses, as well as the weaknesses the agency contained. Recommendations would be made in the end by using organizational behavior tools. What is FEMA? The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) was established as an independent agency by presidential executive order on March 31, 1979. However, after the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11th, FEMA became a part of Department of Homeland Security (DHS) on March 1, 2003. Basically, FEMA integrates the emergency-related programs of Nations and is the central agency within the Federal Government for emergency planning, preparedness, mitigation, response and recovery. FEMA works closely with State and local governments so that FEMA has the capability to offer money for emergency programs, technical guidance and training and also sets the resources of Federal in time when disaster takes place. Thereby, these coordinated activities...
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...announced its "Environmental Vision Towards Sustainability" which outlines the Sony Group's fundamental environmental policy. This document expresses a higher-level statement of Sony's objectives than that contained in "Green Management 2002". It states both the basic philosophy and specific numerical targets and announces the target of "double eco- efficiency." The growth of stakeholders concerned with environmental issues is clear: consumers are expressing increasing concern, companies are being rated according to environmental measures and SRIs (Socially Responsible Investments) have appeared. In addition, many nations are introducing environmental taxes and schemes for CO2 emission rights. From now, environmental policy will become increasingly important in economic terms. To realize the development of a sustainable economy, Sony thinks it is necessary to combine ecology and economy together in management policy. The degree to which such a concept is reflected in company policy will have an effect on mid/long-term corporate value. The "Environmental Vision Towards Sustainability" works from the highest concept to the most specific targets to realize a sustainable society. 1. VISION Sony recognizes that global environmental improvement is the most important issue for humanity in the 21st century. Sony aims, through continuous technological innovation and new business initiatives, to contribute positively to the natural environment and the dreams of future...
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...Through “managing natural resources, reducing the environmental footprint, and building strategic partnerships” International Paper (IP) is able to defy many common social criticisms of marketing (“International Paper,” 2012). One social criticism that IP challenges is high prices through managing their natural resources. IP is constantly “finding ways to reduce, reuse, and recycle energy at each of its facilities” to reduce their air emissions (“International Paper,” 2012). One such facility in Vicksburg, Mississippi recovers 38,000 pounds of steam per hour and reuses it in other areas within the facility saving an estimated $2.4 million in fuel cost annually which is then transferred into saving for the customers. Another way IP defies social criticism is through creating “innovative products that meet the needs of consumers” (“International Paper,” 2012). One example of this is the newly invented ecotainer. The ecotainer replaces the old plastic lined coffee cups with an environmentally friendly cup lined with resin made from modified biopolymer. With this new lining cups can become compost to be used for landscaping, farming, and gardening. 2. Analyze International Paper according to the Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility. According to textbook the Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility states that a company is responsible for four things: economic responsibilities, legal responsibilities, ethical responsibilities, and philanthropic responsibilities (Lamb, Hair...
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...Business Ethics and Corporate Responsibility Introduction Corporate Responsibility or Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been a term coined in the previous century in order to define the social responsibilities of corporate heads and their corporations in securing the trust of its community by determining and fulfilling its roles towards the betterment of society. Simply following the rules set down by legislation would not do; corporate authorities and workers alike were demanded to be ethically inclined and considerate of how their actions affect society in general, both as residents and providers within their immediate communities. But both ethics and responsibility are vague terms, and prior to the 19th to 20th centuries, neither of them has been attached to business entities like corporations. Business ethics and corporate responsibilities, then, are much vaguer terms in that they entail more than simple and faithful provision of goods and services to people; some may even think that corporate giants and ethics do not exactly go together, or even share a superficial partnership. But these revolutionary concepts have played a major role in redefining corporations in the 21st century; these conceptual standards remain strong factors towards corporate determination of company action and assessment of overall company performance today. This paper will discuss business ethics and corporate responsibilities as sister terms, but also as discrete concepts, both of which...
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...a for sustainable development. Tourism is expected to exert an increasing influence on coastal landscape, ecosystem and cultural heritage management. Coastal tourism, as well as tourism in general, is to a large extent dependant on an environment that is attractive to visitors. Consequently, protection of natural and cultural heritage is a precondition for sustainable coastal tourism. Protecting areas and sites constitutes an efficient and necessary way of safeguarding natural and cultural heritage. Therefore, such areas contribute strongly to sustainable coastal tourism, even though a sound balance between protection and development has to be strived for in each individual case. This is why the nations of the world have committed themselves to the sustainable development of their natural and cultural heritage by signing international agreements. Some of them specifically address coastal zones but the majority is more general and wide ranging. Natural heritage includes biodiversity, natural scenery, value for outdoor recreation, etc. and is best managed in line with the requirements of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Sustainable Tourism involves social responsibility, a strong commitment to nature and the integration of local people in any tourist operation or development. Sustainable tourism is defined by the World Tourism Organization (WTO), the Tourism Council (WTTC) and the Earth Council as: Sustainable Tourism Development meets the needs of present...
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...Global risks: Economic Risks Risks in the economic category include fiscal and liquidity crises, failure of a major financial mechanism or institution, oil-price shocks, chronic unemployment and failure of physical infrastructure on which economic activity depends. Environmental Risks Risks in the environmental category include both natural disasters, such as earthquakes and geomagnetic storms, and man-made risks such as collapsing ecosystems, freshwater shortages, nuclear accidents and failure to mitigate or adapt to climate change. Geopolitical Risks The geopolitical category covers the areas of politics, diplomacy, conflict, crime and global governance. These risks range from terrorism, disputes over resources and war to governance being undermined by corruption, organized crime and illicit trade. Societal Risks The societal category captures risks related to social stability – such as severe income disparities, food crises and dysfunctional cities – and public health, such as pandemics, antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the rising burden of chronic disease. Technological Risks The technological category covers major risks related to the growing centrality of information and communication technologies to individuals, businesses and governments. These include cyber attacks, infrastructure disruptions and data loss. Ten Global Risks of Highest Concern in 2014 1 Fiscal crises in key economies 2 Structurally high unemployment/underemployment ...
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