...offer in today’s dynamic environment, organisations employ the use of the marketing mix. This report discusses the four components that form the composition of the marketing mix, commonly referred to as the four P’s. These four components include, product, price, place, and promotion. They are considered the very building blocks of marketing. Each component is explained and applied to the functions of Australian retail petrol outlets, which will provide a solid understanding of the significance of the marketing mix in the market. THE MARKETING MIX PRODUCT The product is a combination of many different components, all of which attribute to its success within the market. A good, service idea or place a product is anything that can be offered in an exchange, that meets the customers needs or wants. Products can be tangible (physical item that can be touched) or intangible such as a service. Products are usually referred to as having three layers, a core, actual and augmented. In the core are all the products benefits to the consumer. The actual describes the product itself. The augmented are the features or additional benefits that are provided alongside the product, such as free delivery or installation. The retail fuel market is highly competitive and dynamic. The product itself is a naturally occurring liquid found in formations in the Earth. The benefits of petroleum are that it is easy to store and transfer, do not require high-pressure tanks, and are relatively...
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...INTRODUCTION This report introduces the four elements that constitute the makeup of the overall marketing mix and then applies them to the practical real world workings of the Australian automotive fuel retailing industry – retail petrol outlets. The four elements making up the overall marketing mix include product, price, place and promotion. Collectively they are referred to as the four P’s of marketing as their significance makes them the very foundations and building blocks of marketing. This report affords each individual element its own discussion section opening with the definition of the discussed element before delving deeper into what each element brings to the overall marketing mix and ultimately applying them to the retail petrol industry. MARKETING MIX PRODUCT A product is ‘anything tangible or intangible that satisfies the consumer or business customers’ needs as a result of an exchange process’. A product can be physical goods, services, ideas, people or places. A product has three layers beginning with the core consisting of the benefits that the product provides for consumers (or business customers), the actual product, that is the physical good or the delivered service that supplies the desired benefit and the augmented product which is the ‘actual product plus other supporting features’ (Solomon, et al. 2011, p. 181-185). In the automotive fuel retailing industry, Convey (2011, p. 11) found that ‘retail sales of petrol and diesel, together with related...
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...2. Oil and gas sector This chapter begins with an overview of the oil and gas industry in Malaysia. Description of the value chain of the industry is given in section 2.2, followed by the industry’s economic performance in section 2.3. Section 2.4 focuses on the scope of the inquiry regarding issues in the oil and gas industry. 2.1 Oil and gas industry in Malaysia This section provides an overview of the oil and gas industry in Malaysia. 2.1.1 History Oil and gas production have been a mainstay of Malaysia’s growth since oil was first drilled in 1910 in Miri, Sarawak. The first oil well (known as The Grand Old Lady) which was discovered by Shell, started with a production of 83 barrels per day (bbls/d) and reached a maximum of 15,000 bbls/d in 1929. There were no other drilling activities elsewhere in Borneo or Peninsular Malaya until the 1950s. [1, 2, 3] Petroleum activities began increasing significantly in 1960s due to the discovery and development of offshore fields in Borneo. The late 1960s saw the beginning of offshore oil exploration in the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. In the 1970s, some oil fields in Malaysia were producing 90,000 to 99,000 bbls/d. [2] In the early days, foreign oil companies dominated the oil and gas industry in Malaysia with Shell and Esso being the two major players. This was followed by several other foreign companies such as Conoco, Mobil, Aquitaine, Oceanic and Teiseki. The national company, Petronas came on to the scene in...
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...part of the course curriculum, the second year MBA students are required to undertake a study on macro analysis of a particular industry and thereby, prepare a project report on the chosen industry. The objective behind preparing this project report is to relate the management subjects taught in the classroom to their practical application and to get insight into practical situation. Petroleum Industry is considered to be the back bone of an economy because this is the main source of energy till date. Any economy around the world would fail to advance a single step in the absence of Petroleum Industry. The Petroleum Industry is divided into two segments namely Upstream Sector consisting of Exploration and Production of crude oil while the Downstream Sector consists of Refining, Processing, Storing, Marketing and Distribution of petroleum products. The most important part of the Petroleum Industry is the Petroleum Refining Industry which refines the crude oil to convert it to the usable fuel. It also derives many derivative products out of the crude petroleum like natural gas, naphtha, etc which can be used in various ways. Hence, for these reasons, we have chosen the Downstream Sector of the Indian Petroleum Industry for our Macro Analysis project. As this is a Macro Analysis project, we have concentrated on the Indian Petroleum Industry and that too focusing on the Downstream Sector for our study and not gone into the in depth analysis of the various players and their...
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...Reliance About the Company: 1991, Reliance industries set up a new subsidiary, Reliance Refineries Private Ltd. The subsidiary later changed its name to Reliance Petroleum Limited, and in 1993 launched a public offering, which at that time was India's largest ever IPO. Reliance continued to pioneer financing channels in India. In 1993, for example, the company became the first Indian company to raise capital on the foreign market, through a Global Depositary Receipt(GDR) issue in Luxembtheirg. The company completed a second successful GDR issue in 1994. The company used the new capital in part to expand its petrochemicals wing, building the world's largest multi-feed cracker at the Hazira site. The company also added production plants for mono ethylene glycol, polyethylene, and purified terephthalic acid. The new units launched production in 1998.Reliance's opportunity for entry into petroleum refining came in 1997, when the Indian oil industry reached a state of near collapse. Unable to fund further exploration operations, and lacking the capital to expand its existing production, the government was forced to liberalize the sector. In that year, Reliance announced a plan to build one of the world's largest and most modern petroleum refining complexes in Jamnagar, Gujarat, at a cost of some $6 billion. The government agreed to the plan, and granted the company the right to import petroleum directly, rather than going through Indian Oil, which helped Reliance greatly drive...
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...SML401: Financial Management Term Paper Reliance Industries: A study Of Various Leverage Ratios and Dividend Policy Submitted by:- Abhishek Soni Sameer Pandit Lavesh Bhandari Chakradhar Reddy Table of Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. Objective 4 3. Analysis of Leverage ratios 5 4. Analysis of Dividend Policy and Valuation of shares 7 5. References 13 Reliance: A study INTRODUCTION The Reliance Group, founded by Dhirubhai H. Ambani (1932-2002), is India's largest private sector enterprise, with businesses in the energy and materials value chain. Group's annual revenues are in excess of US$ 34 billion. The flagship company, Reliance Industries Limited, is a Fortune Global 500 company and is the largest private sector company in India. The Group's activities span exploration and production of oil and gas, petroleum refining and marketing, petrochemicals (polyester, fibre intermediates, plastics and chemicals), textiles, retail and spacial economic zones. Reliance enjoys global leadership in its businesses, being the largest polyester yarn and fibre producer in the world and among the top five to ten producers in the world in major petrochemical products. The Group exports products in excess of US$ 20 billion to 108 countries in the world. Major Group Companies are Reliance Industries Limited (including main subsidiaries Reliance Petroleum Limited and Reliance Retail limited) and Reliance Industrial Infrastructure...
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...American Petroleum Institute, the industry is divided into sectors to cover all the procedures involved in finding, producing, processing, transporting and marketing oil and gas. These sectors include: 1. Upstream: involved in exploration and production of oil and gas using advanced geology to high-tech offshore drilling platforms 2. Downstream: involved in refining and marketing. It also includes the transportation of products using tankers from local terminals to service stations and ownership and operations in retail outlets. 3. Pipeline: involved in the movement of oil from ocean platforms and wells on land to refineries and finally to terminals where they are released to retail outlets 4. Marine: comprises all aspects of petroleum and its products movement by water, including port operations, maritime fighting and oil spill response. 5. Service and supply: includes companies that provide supplies, services, design and engineering support for exploration, drilling, refining and other operations. As with all other industries, there exist features that are peculiar to the petroleum. Common amongst these as identified in the 2007 UNCTAD report are: t finite supply of the product as it is non-renewable t differences in cost between production sites as a result constraints in technology, environment, etc that may exist in one site and not in the other t the industry is capital intensive and as such the risk level is high t in terms of demand and supply, the industry is...
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...MARKETING MIX ELEMENTS OF RETAIL PETROL OUTLETS Australian retail petrol outlets all essentially provide the same products to the customer whether the service stations are privately owned and operated or managed under agreements with the supplying oil companies such as BP, Shell, Caltex, Mobil etc. The difference is in their ability to position themselves in the market as having an understanding of their target markets needs, wants and desires and delivering on these to create customer satisfaction and ultimately maximising their return. A useful tool to ensure successfully positioning of their offer is the use of the four marketing mix elements. The four marketing mix elements, collectively known as the four P’s include Product, Price, Promotion and Place. This report provides an overview of each element and how they are applied to retail petrol outlets; sending an overall message to the consumer about quality, cost, performance and the product’s position compared with a competing brand. PRODUCT A product is ‘anything tangible or intangible that satisfies the consumer or business customers’ needs as a result of an exchange process’. A product can be physical goods, services, ideas, people or places. A good is a tangible product that we can see, touch, smell, hear, taste or possess. Intangible products, such as services, ideas, people and places, are products we can not always see, touch, taste, smell or possess. A product has three distinct layers; the core product...
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...Executive Director Director, Bureau of Competition Director, Bureau of Consumer Protection Director, Bureau of Economics General Counsel Director, Office of Congressional Relations Director, Office of Public Affairs Director, Office of Policy Planning Secretary of the Commission Report Drafters and Contributors Louis Silvia, Assistant Director, Bureau of Economics David Meyer, Bureau of Economics Sarah M. Mathias, Office of General Counsel Policy Studies Michael S. Wroblewski, Assistant General Counsel Policy Studies Phillip L. Broyles, Assistant Director, Bureau of Competition J. Elizabeth Callison, Bureau of Economics Jeffrey Fischer , Bureau of Economics Nicolas J. Franczyk, Bureau of Competition Daniel E. Gaynor, Bureau of Economics Geary A. Gessler, Bureau of Economics James F. Mongoven, Bureau of Competition John H. Seesel, Associate General Counsel for Energy Christopher T. Taylor, Bureau of Economics Michael G. Vita, Assistant Director, Bureau of Economics Anthony G. Alcorn, Bureau of Economics Sarah Croake, Bureau of Competition Madeleine McChesney, Bureau of Economics Guru Raj, Bureau of Competition Natalie Shonka, Office of General Counsel Policy Studies Inquiries concerning this report should be directed to: John H. Seesel at (202) 326-2702 or jseesel@ftc.gov Sarah M. Mathias (202) 326-3254 or smathias@ftc.gov. Acknowledgments: The FTC appreciates the expertise and time contributed by Hearings participants. For all of their contributions, the FTC conveys its thanks...
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...WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF INDIA’S PETROLEUM PRODUCTS REFINERIES? Ruqayah Olowonirejuaro* ABSTRACT: The petroleum refining industry is a vital link in the energy chain in many developing and industrialised countries as it plays a key role in providing energy for all sectors of any economy. The structure, economic conditions, and developments in the industry are therefore important matters of national interest. In recent times, significant changes have taken place in India’s refining industry with resultant challenges. This paper seeks to evaluate the challenges faced by India’s petroleum refining industry in view of its recent performance and discuss the industry’s future outlook. Pricing is identified as a most important challenge which if addressed and combined with other complementary remedies could help maximize the industry’s potentials. * The author is currently an MSc candidate in Energy Studies specialising in Oil and Gas Economics at the CEPMLP, University of Dundee, UK. She has a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc Hons) Degree in Accounting from Igbinedion University, Nigeria. She is a student member of the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA), and the Energy Institute (EI). Email: oruqayah@yahoo.com TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................................................iii LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................
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...A PROJECT REPORT ON OPPORTUNITY OF NON-FUEL SERVICES IN INDIA CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY This is to certify that the project titled “Opportunity of non-fuel services in INDIA” is an original work of the student and is being submitted in fulfillment for the award of the Masters Degree in Business Administration of INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY. This report has not been submitted to any other institution for the requirement of a course of study. SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR SIGNATURE OF THE STUDENT CERTIFICATE FROM THE GUIDE Material obtained from other sources has been duly acknowledged in the project report. Date: Signature of the Guide: Place: CERTIFICATE FROM THE LEARNER This is to declare that I have carried out this project work myself in part fulfillment of the MBA (Marketing) program of IGNOU. The work is original, has not been copied from anywhere else and has not been submitted to any other Institute for an award of any degree/diploma. Date: Signature: Place: ACKNOWLEDGEMENT A large number of individuals have contributed in preparation of the research report. I am thankful to all of them for their help, guidance and the support that I have received during my research work. I express deep...
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...have impacted on the company’s corporate governance performance 3 1.3.1 Glass Ceiling 3 1.3.2 Climate Change 3 1.3.3 Petroleum Accidents 4 1.4 Potential ethical considerations impacting on the company and the industry in which it operates 4 1.4.1 Petroleum Industry 4 1.4.2 Price Fixing 4 1.5 Theoretical Frameworks supporting Caltex CSR disclosures: 5 1.5.1 Stakeholder/Legitimacy Theory 5 1.5.2 Agency Theory 5 2.1 Part a 6 2.1 Part b 7 Recommendations: 8 References 9 Section 1 1.1 Company Profile: Caltex is regarded as the leading transport fuel supplier and convenience retailer in the Australia and are the only integrated oil refining and marketing company that are listed on the Australian Securities Exchange. Caltex sources and refines over 75 million barrels of crude oil a year and supplies a third of Australia’s transport fuel (Caltex 2013). As a percentage of crude oil is sourced overseas Caltex operates in a sensitive industry for a number of different reasons, the risks of transporting oil alone is not to be taken lightly given the corporate governance issues that arose from the infamous Exxon Vladex spill that cost the company not only financially but also significantly damaged the environment and their reputation (Miranda, Ferrara & Michele 2012). According to (Davison 1963) the domestic crude oil industry has been negatively associated with wasteful production practices and has been required much legislation. With this in mind...
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...Introduction The variables in a marketers strategic tool box is the 4P’s which make up the elements of marketing mix. The numerous competitors that Caltex compete for market share are BP, Coles Express, Mobil, Shell Woolworths and United Petroleum in the retail environment, Product A product can be a physical object, services, persons, places organisations and ideas. The nature of a product can be tangible for instance a vehicle, and non tangible, a service. A product has the capability to satisfy a consumer’s wants and needs.2 (MAANZ Glossary) There are three distinct layers that make up a product with the first being the “core” product which is the intangible benefit or service received by the purchaser from using the product, The next layer is the actual product which is the product itself or the service being rendered. The actual product unique features supplies the core product benefit. The combination of the actual product and its other features of value the product has to offer is the augmented product layer. “A product is everything beneficial that a customer receives in an exchange”.3 (Solomon, et al. 2011, p.183). By determining the main product the retail petrol outlets sell, petrol, we can further classify petrol as a non-durable product as it provides a benefit over a short period. The frequency the consumer purchases petrol could also be in the category of convenience products. 4 (Solomon, et al. 2011, p. 186). The actual product is the physical product...
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...why is diesel fuel more expensive than gasoline despite historically being cheaper to produce. This paradox did not exist prior to 2004 but after that year diesel retail prices became consistently higher than those of gasoline,. As we look at different aspects of this situation we will uncover that there are several main reasons for that: 1. Transition to cleaner diesel fuels made the production more expensive. 2. Global demand for diesel fuel is very high and the refining capacity is tight. 3. There is a difference in terms of on-highway fuel tax between diesel and gasoline. 4. Variability in terms of raw material prices. Another important part of this paper will be the analysis of the competitive landscape in this industry. We will discuss how the competition might be affecting the prices of both types of fuels. The role of costs (supply) Upstream Petroleum industry can be divided in two major segments: upstream and downstream. The value chain for petroleum products consists of the following stages: 1. Prospecting and Extraction 2. Downstream Refining or Importing of Road Fuel 3. Wholesale Transportation and Bulk sales of refined products 4. Retailing The main determinants for prices are cost of crude oil, refining, taxation and profit margin. While different sources report different percentage contributions from each of the above factors, we can still determine the similarities and analyse their effect on the price (Anderson and Kahya...
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...British Petroleum What we know today as British Petroleum is the result of several companies being bought and sold over many years. One of the companies, Standard Oil Company was created in 1870 by John D. Rockefeller in Cleveland Ohio. By 1892, while still not selling gas products, Standard Oil companies was providing lubricating products to keeps parts on horse drawn wagons moving friction-free. One of the other companies, the Angelo-Persian Oil Company was formed in 1905. By 1908 they were producing gas products and in 1912 they discovered a way to double the output of gasoline produced from a barrel of oil. At the same time they were able to find a way to increase the octane level of the gasoline produced. Industry Analysis Today, British Petroleum is one of the largest energy companies in the world. They provide their customers with fuel for transportation, energy for heat and light, retail services and petrochemical products for everyday household use. British Petroleum is involved in exploring for oil and other natural resources that can be converted into power. British Petroleum is committed to finding fuel sources that reduce green house gases and reduces the carbon footprint. They hope to accomplish as they research and refine alternative fuel sources such as fossil fuels, solar power, wind power, hydrogen, and natural gas. Competition in the oil and energy industry is furious. British Petroleum competes with companies like Exxon-Mobil and Chevron in three...
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