...DeVry University Johnnie Walker July 7, 2014 RFC'c First, I have to define the term RFC. The acronym "RFC" stands for "Request for Comment". This refers to a description of a standard for new or modified internet or networking protocols. When standards are proposed, they are made available for public comment so that they can be refined and agreed upon. The document which details the proposed standards is called a "request for comment" document, or RFC. When the standards are finalized, they keep the same "RFC" Three organizations under the Internet Society are responsible for the actual work of standards development and publication: Three organizations under the Internet Society are responsible for the actual work of standards development and publication:name. Now a Request for Comments (RFC) is a publication of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the Internet Society, the principal technical development and standards-setting bodies for the Internet. Request for Comments documents were invented by Steve Crocker in 1969 to help record unofficial notes on the development of ARPANET. RFCs have since become official documents of Internet specifications, communications protocols, procedures, and events. Today, it is the official publication channel for the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), the Internet Architecture Board (IAB), and — to some extent — the global community of computer network researchers in general. A new model was proposed...
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...Request for Comments Request for Comments documents (RFC) were made-up by Steve Crocker in 1969 to aid record of unofficial notes on the expansion of ARPANETA. RFC (Request for Comments) is an official document from IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) that is the outcome of the committee drafting and successive review by the interested parties. Generally RFC is prepared by computer scientists and engineers in the form of a memorandum unfolding methods, research, behaviors, or innovations pertinent to the working of the Internet and other Internet-connected systems. The Request for Comments series consists of three sub-series for IETF RFCs: 1. BCP- Best Current Practice, compulsory IETF RFCs not on standards track. 2. FYI- for Your Information, RFCs promoted by the IETF as given in RFC 1150. In 2011, RFC 6360 outdated FYI 1 and accomplished this sub-series. 3. STD- Standard, this the third and maximum maturity level of the IETF standards track specified in RFC 2026. The authorized International Standard sequential Number (ISSN) of the RFC series is 2070-1721. Internet Drafts Internet Drafts or I-Ds are a sequence of working papers published through the IETF. Usually, these are drafts for the RFCs, but possibly other works in evolution are not projected for the publicizing as RFCs. Internet Drafts are anticipated to stick to the central requirements obligatory on RFCs. Internet Drafts are generally valid for six months, except they are replaced by a new version...
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...Lab - Researching RFCs Objectives Part 1: RFC Editor Navigate to the RFC Editor. Search for RFCs using keywords. Find RFCs by status. Search for humorous RFCs. Part 2: Publishing RFCs Background / Scenario Request for Comments (RFCs) were created by Steve Crocker to help record notes on development of Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) in 1969 and eventually evolved into an official collection of memorandum that describes topics that are mainly related to the Internet and the TCP/IP protocol suite. Today the RFCs are managed by the IETF. There are currently over 6,000 RFCs, and the complete list is available at http://www.ietf.org/download/rfc-index.txt. In this lab, you will learn how an RFC is published today by IETF. Additionally, you will also identify a few well-known RFCs that are used in your network. You can also find a few non-technical RFCs that can provide information or engineering humor. Required Resources Device with Internet access RFC Editor RFCs started as a collection of memorandum on the development of the first Internet (ARPANET). In this collection, only a few RFCs are considered as Internet standards. Most of the RFCs describe experimental protocols. Some of the RFCs are only informational. The main purpose of RFCs is to stimulate comment and discussion. Navigate to the RFC Editor. All the published RFCs are available for access at http://www.rfc-editor.org. The RFC Editor is an RFC repository maintained by the IETF. At the...
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...RFC- 5/16 Just another confusing name for the computer illiterate, RFC is not so much what it once was and has evolved over the years. The definition of an RFC is not true any longer; however, it does still retain all of the procedures that were set up in the beginning. There is a long path that one must take in order to get An RFC put in place, proper support and drafts are required for any submissions to be taken seriously. An RFC or Request for Comment is a publication or work of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as well as the Internet Society. It is basically a list of standards, behaviors that one should set up and practice and informational information that is deemed important for people to know. This is all published by the IETF as their engineers are the majority of the authors, but there are ways for independent submissions to become recognized. The first step of an RFC is to get an Internet Draft ready or (I-D). This step is basically what an old school RFC really was; it is a submission to fellow peers for comments and suggestion. There are multitudes of I-Ds out on the web with many of them picking up attention; those picking up the most attention have the best shot at becoming a RFC. IT is all about what will affect the most people in a positive manner, and the Draft is the perfect testing tool. While being tested and all, the Drafts are only valid for a half year unless they release an updated version. At this point in the process, it is important...
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...Internet Engineering Taskforce (IETF) Name Professor Class Date REQUEST FOR COMMENTS (RFC) In the concept of computer network engineering the term RFC refers to a published memorandum by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). This is an informative document that provides information on such items as current research, important new innovations, methods and other aspects relative to the working of the internet and connected IT systems. The idea was designed by Steve Crocker in the late 60’s. This has since been adopted to contain the official records for development specifications for the internet, improvement of protocols and notification of important related events. Each RFC is assigned a specific reference number. As such, once this number has been assigned and published it can never be revised, changed or updated. Should changes be required the author has to publish a revised document which has been assigned with another unique serial number. This approach ensures that there is a well-documented trail of the evolution and development of the internet. There are potentially four main categories of RFC’s. These are enumerated as: - (1) IETF (2) IRTF (3) IAB and (4) Independent submission. The source for obtaining RFC’s is by access from the RFC Editor. Historically all submissions were written in plain ASCII text and published in that format. Other versions are available today as part of a modernization of the process. The RFC Editor web site is a good starting...
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...RFC Explained Keith Stellmach 7/14/2013 DeVry University First we should start with an explanation of what an RFC is, an RFC or Request for Comments is a formal document in which contains technical information about the internet. RFC’s include specifications, policies, internet standards and organizational ideas. The Organization that produces these documents is the IETF or the Internet Engineering Task Force and more specifically a small group of people called the Internet society on behalf of the IETF. The RFC’s have a long history and were first created in 1969 as working notes for ARPAnet, since then the RFC database has grown significantly with a multitude of the earlier publications becoming outdated. For the first 29 years of publication, The RFC database was edited and monitored by Jon Postel until his death in 1998. Now that we know a little about RFC’s, let me elaborate on a few topics, lets divulge into what an internet draft is, a little about the IETF, and finally what the process is to produce an RFC. An internet draft is basically a working document used by the IETF. During the creation of a new RFC, draft versions are created and made available so that the public can view it. Doing this, peers and others in the industry can review these drafts and comment on them whether they are commenting on what can be changed or on what they think of the new publication, it gives the editors some new ideas and ways to improve or change the new documentation before...
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...browsing internet by using web browser. Purpose of cookie is to store user information such as personal information, shopping cart when online shopping and credit card number. Cookies very important for e-commerce website because it can help website to make some improvement. Amazon use cookies for tracking customer what they like and item that user browse. Cookies is a part of database to improve customer browsing online experience. Cookies also let consumer more convenient because it will auto fill in user information. 2. What is the key difference between HTTP 1.0 and 1.1? What...
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...raft Manuscript Draft Ma VLSM and CIDR cript Draft Manuscript Dra Manuscript Draft Manuscri raft Manuscript Draft Ma uscript Draft Manuscript raft Manuscript Draft Ma script Draft Manuscript D ft Manuscript Draft Manu ript Draft Manuscript Dra Manuscript Draft Manuscri t Draft Manuscript Draft M nuscript Draft Manuscript CHAPTER 6 Objectives ■ Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to answer the following questions: What are the differences between classful and classless IP addressing? What is VLSM, and what are the benefits of classless IP addressing? ■ ■ What is the role of the classless interdomain routing (CIDR) standard in making efficient use of scarce IPv4 addresses? Key Terms This chapter uses the following key terms. You can find the definitions in the Glossary at the end of the book. classful IP addressing page 280 prefix aggregation page 285 network prefix page 286 contiguous page 294 discontiguous address assignment page 280 supernet page 280 private addressing page 281 high-order bits page 282 supernetting page 294 This is a prepublication draft of the manuscript. The final book will publish in December and will be available for purchase at http://www.ciscopress.com/title/9781587132063. raft Manuscript Draft Ma cript Draft Manuscript Dra Manuscript Draft Manuscri raft Manuscript Draft Ma uscript Draft Manuscript raft Manuscript Draft Ma script Draft Manuscript D ft Manuscript Draft Manu ript Draft Manuscript Dra Manuscript...
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...components of delay in a communications network. (b) Develop an equation for the end-to-end delay along a communications path including various routers. The only constant that you may assume is that the speed of light in the given transmission medium is 2*108 m/sec. Identify each of the variables in your equation. (c) If the distances between nodes were constant (D) and each node (end systems and routers are nodes) can transmit R bits per second, what would the equation in (b) look like? (d) In the Internet, which of these would you expect to remain constant and which of these would you expect to change. Explain (one sentence). Don’t look for an obscure answer – choose the most obvious answer. The number of routers in the Internet The distance between a ground station and a satellite in geosynchronous orbit. The size of IP packets transmitted in any given HTTP session (i.e., Web browser connected to Web server). The average round-trip time in any Internet based client server application (round-trip time is the interval between the time you send a request and the time that you receive a response). Answer: a) The four components of delay in a communication delay are: Nodal processing: This is the delay that occurs at nodes due to the processing for bit errors and determining the output link. Queuing: This is the delay due to the packet waiting at output link for transmission. Transmission delay: This is the delay caused by the data...
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...Select one (1) of the working groups in the IETF or IEEE and briefly summarize what this group is working on. “Working groups chartered by the IETF carry out the actual development of new standards and protocols for the Internet. Membership in a working group is voluntary; any interested party may participate. During the development of a specification, a working group will make a draft version of the document available as an Internet Draft, which is placed in the IETF's "Internet Drafts" online directory. The document may remain as an Internet Draft for up to six months, and interested parties may review and comment on the draft. During that time, the IESG may approve publication of the draft as an RFC (Request for Comment). If the draft has not progressed to the status of an RFC during the six month period, it is withdrawn from the directory. The working group may subsequently publish a revised version of the draft.” (Stallings, p. B-5, 2009). “The IETF is responsible for publishing the RFCs, with approval of the IESG. The RFCs are the working notes of the Internet research and development community. A document in this series may be on essentially any topic related to computer communications and may be anything from a meeting report to the specification of a standard. The work of the IETF is divided into eight areas, each with an area director and each composed of numerous working groups.” (Stallings, p. B-5, 2009). Justify the need of the IEEE 802 standard...
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...decisions at the AS level may be enforced. BGP-4 provides a new set of mechanisms for supporting classless interdomain routing. These mechanisms include support for advertising an IP prefix and eliminate the concept of network "class" within BGP. BGP-4 also introduces mechanisms, which allow aggregation of routes, including aggregation of AS paths. BGP also performs interdomain routing in TCP/IP networks. Problems in BGP I-BGP Scaling Problem: All BGP speakers within a single AS must be fully meshed so that any external routing information must be re-distributed to all other routers within that AS. This "full mesh" requirement clearly does not scale when there are a large number of IBGP speakers as is common in many of todays internet networks. For n BGP speakers within an AS you must maintain n*(n-1)/2 unique IBGP sessions. This large number of connections makes resource intensive authentication and encryption a practical impossibility, and further leads to slow BGP convergence. Here we provide an overview of the three possible solutions for the I-BGP scalability problem- a) Route Reflection: The route reflection is based on hierarchical approach. It...
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...it is a large network that connects almost everything on a single company site. 8. What is a circuit? A circuit is the pathway through which the messages travel. 9. What is a client? The client is the input-output hardware device at the user’s end of a communication circuit. It typically provides users with access to the network and the data and software on the server. 10. What is a host or server? The server (or host computer) stores data or software that can be accessed by the clients. 13. Describe the five layers in the internet network model and what they do. Five layers in the internet network model are the physical layer, data link layer, network layer, transport layer and the application layer. The application layer is the application software used by the network user. The transport layer takes the message generated by the application layer and, if necessary, breaks it into several smaller messages. The network layer addresses the message and determines its route...
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...Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering ELEG 777 Internet Engineering ( TERM PAPER ) Use of IPSec in Mobile IP DONE BY: SALEM ITANI SUBMITTED TO: Dr. AYMAN KAYSSI DATE: MAY 21, 2001 ID #: 20011003 INTRODUCTION As mobile computing has become a reality, new technologies and protocols have been developed to provide to mobile users the services that already exist for non-mobile users. Mobile IP, one of these technologies, enables a node to change its point of attachment to an internet in a manner transparent to applications running on top of the protocol stack, since its IP address does not change. To provide this transparency, new elements are required: the “home agent”(HA), located in the home network, will forward all incoming packets addressed to the mobile node’s (MN) new location. The foreign agent (FA) is responsible for providing a temporary address to the MN. The flexibility of communication through the Internet allows the existence of such protocols as Mobile IP. As much as this is true, it is as well the fact that every time new protocols or services are made available on the Internet, new security challenges arise. IPSec has been developed as a protocol to provide security at the IP layer. That is to say, using IPSec all communications on the Internet can be accomplished in a secure fashion. Providing security is not an easy task, since many situations have to be taken into account. The approach IPSec uses to address...
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...document has not been subject to any approval process by the 3GPP Organisational Partners and shall not be implemented. This Specification is provided for future development work within 3GPP only. The Organisational Partners accept no liability for any use of this Specification. Specifications and reports for implementation of the 3GPP TM system should be obtained via the 3GPP Organisational Partners' Publications Offices. 3GPP Postal address 3GPP support office address 650 Route des Lucioles - Sophia Antipolis Valbonne - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Internet http://www.3gpp.org Keywords UMTS, radio Copyright Notification No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission. The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media. © 2002, 3GPP Organizational Partners (ARIB, CWTS, ETSI, T1, TTA, TTC). All rights reserved. Contents 1 Scope 5 2 References 5 3 Abbreviations 6 4 Data Link Layer 7 4.1 ATM Transport Option 7 4.2 IP Transport Option 7 5 RNSAP Signalling Bearer 7 5.1 Introduction 7 5.2 Signalling Bearer 8 5.2.1 ATM Option 1 8 5.2.2 ATM Option 2 8 5.2.3 IP Transport Option 9 5.3 Services Provided by the Signalling Bearer 9 Annex A (informative): Change history 10...
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...format for delivering audio and video over the internet. It is defined in RFC 1889. It was developed by the Audio Video Transport Working group and was first published in 1996. RTP is used extensively in communication and entertainment systems that involve streaming media, such as telephony, video teleconference applications, television services and web-based push-to-talk features. RTP is an end-to-end transfer of data in real-time. What this means is that data is sent from the server to the client(s) and is in actual time. Imagine something like Internet radio which is audio only, but there should be few lapses in the transmission since the data is usually buffered. A buffer is when data is stored in memory and played from memory. The buffer may allow for a few seconds of stored information before playing. Some applications can allow for setting the buffer amount. RTP is used in conjunction with the RTP Control Protocol (RTCP). While RTP carries the media streams (e.g., audio and video), RTCP is used to monitor transmission statistics and quality of service (QoS) and aids synchronization of multiple streams. RTP is originated and received on even port numbers and the associated RTCP communication uses the next higher odd port number. RTP is one of the foundations of VoIP and it is used in conjunction with SIP which assists in setting up the connections across the network. The Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) is an Internet protocol standard that specifies a way for programs...
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