...Comments is a formal document in which contains technical information about the internet. RFC’s include specifications, policies, internet standards and organizational ideas. The Organization that produces these documents is the IETF or the Internet Engineering Task Force and more specifically a small group of people called the Internet society on behalf of the IETF. The RFC’s have a long history and were first created in 1969 as working notes for ARPAnet, since then the RFC database has grown significantly with a multitude of the earlier publications becoming outdated. For the first 29 years of publication, The RFC database was edited and monitored by Jon Postel until his death in 1998. Now that we know a little about RFC’s, let me elaborate on a few topics, lets divulge into what an internet draft is, a little about the IETF, and finally what the process is to produce an RFC. An internet draft is basically a working document used by the IETF. During the creation of a new RFC, draft versions are created and made available so that the public can view it. Doing this, peers and others in the industry can review these drafts and comment on them whether they are commenting on what can be changed or on what they think of the new publication, it gives the editors some new ideas and ways to improve or change the new documentation before it gets published as an RFC. The IETF or the Internet Engineering Task Force is basically a large group of individuals with knowledge about networking...
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...INTERNET INFRASTRUCTURE IN TURKEY Many things have changed since Arpanet. If we look to the 30 or 40 years back, we may be startled to see how much has changed in such a small span of time (and in such a fast way). The first thing that strikes our mind about this change is the "speed of the Internet": The first "backbone" had a bandwidth in 2 Kbps. Nowadays it has a bandwidth of 10 Gigabytes per second. We have mutliplied our speed 5-10 thousand times in the course of the time. Another example is the number of people using the computer Networks in Turkey. The Internet which was being used by only a few people 40 years ago, has now become the “network of networks” that has been shared by everybody and that embrace the world globally. Unfortunately there’s not much room for everyone on Internet. To solve this problem Internet Protocol is used which is basically a number allocation system that assigns a number to everyone. Every person, who will connect to the Internet or is already connected, has an IP number by default -to put it in more technical terms- has an "IP address" by default. If you’d like to have a space on Internet, the first thing you are to do is to find an IP adress from somewhere. For instance, if you are attending a University, most probably your department will assign you one. Then, how on earth your department has obtained that IP address from? Most probably, they have obtained the IP number from that university’s office for Information Technology...
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...RFC- 5/16 Just another confusing name for the computer illiterate, RFC is not so much what it once was and has evolved over the years. The definition of an RFC is not true any longer; however, it does still retain all of the procedures that were set up in the beginning. There is a long path that one must take in order to get An RFC put in place, proper support and drafts are required for any submissions to be taken seriously. An RFC or Request for Comment is a publication or work of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as well as the Internet Society. It is basically a list of standards, behaviors that one should set up and practice and informational information that is deemed important for people to know. This is all published by the IETF as their engineers are the majority of the authors, but there are ways for independent submissions to become recognized. The first step of an RFC is to get an Internet Draft ready or (I-D). This step is basically what an old school RFC really was; it is a submission to fellow peers for comments and suggestion. There are multitudes of I-Ds out on the web with many of them picking up attention; those picking up the most attention have the best shot at becoming a RFC. IT is all about what will affect the most people in a positive manner, and the Draft is the perfect testing tool. While being tested and all, the Drafts are only valid for a half year unless they release an updated version. At this point in the process, it is important...
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...expansion of ARPANETA. RFC (Request for Comments) is an official document from IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) that is the outcome of the committee drafting and successive review by the interested parties. Generally RFC is prepared by computer scientists and engineers in the form of a memorandum unfolding methods, research, behaviors, or innovations pertinent to the working of the Internet and other Internet-connected systems. The Request for Comments series consists of three sub-series for IETF RFCs: 1. BCP- Best Current Practice, compulsory IETF RFCs not on standards track. 2. FYI- for Your Information, RFCs promoted by the IETF as given in RFC 1150. In 2011, RFC 6360 outdated FYI 1 and accomplished this sub-series. 3. STD- Standard, this the third and maximum maturity level of the IETF standards track specified in RFC 2026. The authorized International Standard sequential Number (ISSN) of the RFC series is 2070-1721. Internet Drafts Internet Drafts or I-Ds are a sequence of working papers published through the IETF. Usually, these are drafts for the RFCs, but possibly other works in evolution are not projected for the publicizing as RFCs. Internet Drafts are anticipated to stick to the central requirements obligatory on RFCs. Internet Drafts are generally valid for six months, except they are replaced by a new version or they are under official evaluation by the IESG. Internet Drafts shaped by the IETF working groups and they follow the naming convention like...
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...of data communications? A) digitization, growth of data gathering, an era of delegation, the Internet as a common tool, and pervasive computing B) analog signals, growth of data communications, an era of deregulation, the Internet as a common tool, and pervasive computing C) digitization, growth of data communications, an era of deregulation, the Internet as a common tool, and pervasive computing D) digitization, growth of data communications, an era of deregulation, the evolution of Voice-over-IP (VoIP) as a common tool, and pervasive computing Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 3 2) In what year did computer technology begin to transform our social, economic, and governmental infrastructures? A) 1960s, when Internet became a core in our technology B) 1950s, when ARPA research was formed C) 1980s, when the Internet was introduced D) 1990s, when the Internet was enhanced Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 3 3) The technology used in the 1960s called ________ was/were very large and expensive and used proprietary architectures that did not support cross-platform communications. A) Department of Defense PCs B) the Internet C) personal computers D) mainframes Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 3 4) The term ________ generally refers to a technology or product that is copyrighted and not available for use without some type of fee or payment to its owner. A) Internet technology B) RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology C) Proprietary D) IEEE (Institute...
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...CIS 505 WK 2 ASSIGNMENT 1 STANDARDS RESEARCH To purchase this visit here: http://www.activitymode.com/product/cis-505-wk-2-assignment-1-standards-research/ Contact us at: SUPPORT@ACTIVITYMODE.COM CIS 505 WK 2 ASSIGNMENT 1 STANDARDS RESEARCH CIS 505 WK 2 Assignment 1 - Standards Research The following Website may be used for reference to complete this assignment. The Website represents an electronic document titled “Standards Organizations” written by William Stallings (2009), located at http://www.box.net/shared/9dtnzvwys8/1/15730219/164146343/1. Write a three to four (3-4) page paper in which you: 1.Select one (1) of the working groups in the IETF or IEEE and briefly summarize what this group is working on. 2.Justify the need of the IEEE 802 standard used in networking. 3.Evaluate the three (3) standard organizations including IEEE, ISO, and ANSI to determine the most important for communication technology. 4.Take a position on the need for a federal regulating body of standards such as NIST. Include supporting evidence to justify your opinion. 5.Use at least three (3) quality resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and similar Websites do not qualify as quality resources. Course Home Work aims to provide quality study notes and tutorials to the students of CIS 505 WK 2 Assignment 1 Standards Research in order to ace their studies. CIS 505 WK 2 ASSIGNMENT 1 STANDARDS RESEARCH To purchase this visit here: http://www.activitymode.com/product/cis-505-wk-2-assignment-1-standards-research/ ...
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..."Request for Comment". This refers to a description of a standard for new or modified internet or networking protocols. When standards are proposed, they are made available for public comment so that they can be refined and agreed upon. The document which details the proposed standards is called a "request for comment" document, or RFC. When the standards are finalized, they keep the same "RFC" Three organizations under the Internet Society are responsible for the actual work of standards development and publication: Three organizations under the Internet Society are responsible for the actual work of standards development and publication:name. Now a Request for Comments (RFC) is a publication of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the Internet Society, the principal technical development and standards-setting bodies for the Internet. Request for Comments documents were invented by Steve Crocker in 1969 to help record unofficial notes on the development of ARPANET. RFCs have since become official documents of Internet specifications, communications protocols, procedures, and events. Today, it is the official publication channel for the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), the Internet Architecture Board (IAB), and — to some extent — the global community of computer network researchers in general. A new model was proposed in 2008, refined, and published in August 2009, splitting the task into several roles, including the RFC Series Advisory Group (RSAG). (The model was...
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...History of the Internet began a string of arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union. In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first satellite Sputnik 1 that trigger their arms race between the Soviet Union and the United States when Dwight Eisenhower created ARPA agency (later named as DARPA) to lead in the technology. ARPA appointed JCR Licklider to head the IPTO a new organization with a mandate to further research the SAGE program to protect U.S. airspace from nuclear attack. At the IPTO, Licklider promote the idea has benefits communication network across the country and this affects the successor after Lawrence Roberts to take the work to implement the vision. Roberts led the development of new ideas based network packet switched (packet switching), which was discovered by Paul Baran at RAND and a few years later by Donald Davies at the UK National Physical Laboratory. A special computer called Interface Message Processor (Interface Message Processor) developed for the design and realization of the ARPANET began operating in early October 1969. The first communication between research done at the University of California at Los Angeles and the Stanford Research Institute. The first network protocol is used ARPANET Network Control Program (Network Control Program). In 1983, this protocol was replaced by TCP / IP, developed olehRobert Kahn, Vint Cerf and others. The use of this protocol thus be widespread throughout the world. In 1990, the ARPANET was retired...
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...Thomas McGirt Unit 9 Assignment: Research Paper 8/17/14 The current version of the Internet Protocol IPv4 was first developed in the 1970s, and the main protocol standard RFC 791 that governs IPv4 functionality was published in 1981. With the unprecedented expansion of Internet usage in recent years, especially by population dense countries like India and China, the impending shortage of address space (availability) was recognized by 1992 as a serious limiting factor to the continued usage of the Internet run on IPv4 (Das, 2013). The Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the latest revision of the Internet Protocol (IP). It is a communications protocol that provides an identification and location system for computers on networks and routes traffic across the Internet. IPv6 was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to deal with the long-anticipated problem of IPv4 address exhaustion. IPv6 is intended to replace IPv4, which still carries the vast majority of Internet traffic as of 2013. As of late November 2012, IPv6 traffic share was reported to be approaching 1% (Wikipedia, 2013). On the Internet, data is transmitted in the form of network packets. IPv6 specifies a new packet format, designed to minimize packet header processing by routers. Because the headers of IPv4 packets and IPv6 packets are significantly different, the two protocols are not interoperable. However, in most respects, IPv6 is a conservative extension of IPv4. Most transport and application-layer...
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...IP v6 Introduction: IPv6 or IP version 6 is the next generation Internet protocol which will eventually replace the current protocol IPv4.it is the communication protocol that provides an identification and location system for computers on networks and routes traffic across the Internet. IPv6 was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). IPv6 has a number of improvements and simplifications when compared to IPv4. The primary difference is that IPv6 uses 128 bit addresses as compared to the 32 bit addresses used with IPv4. This means that there are more available IP addresses using IPv6 than are available with IPv4 alone. For a very clear comparison, in IPv4 there is a total of 4,294,967,296 IP addresses. With IPv6, there is a total of 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 IP addresses in a single /64 allocation. Many operating have native IPv6 support nowadays. IPv6 provides other technical benefits in addition to a larger addressing spaceIPv6 addresses are represented as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits with the groups being separated by colons, for example 2001:0db8:0000:0042:0000:8a2e:0370:7334, but methods to abbreviate this full notation exist. The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is being worked on to be as seamless as possible, and many might not even notice the subtle changes in the coming years. Requirements of IPv6: All software must support IPv4 and IPv6 and be able to communicate over IPv4-only, IPv6-only and dual-stack networks. If software includes network...
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...bandwidth is filled with headers? ANS: Message length = M bytes Header length = H bytes Protocol layers = n Header bytes per packet = aH Total bytes per packet = M+aH Fraction of bandwidth filled with header= aH / ( M+aH) If the packets were fragmented it would result in a larger fraction of the bandwidth filled with header information since fragments would have to replicate header information. So this extra header information would increase message overhead. Q2. Research the terms IEEE, IAB, IETF, IRTF, ANSI, EIA, RFC and describe their importance ANS: IAB (The Internet Architecture Board): It is the Internet Society overseer of the technical evolution of the Internet. The IAB supervises the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), which oversees the evolution of TCP/IP, and the Internet Research Task Force ( IRTF ),which works on network technology. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers): It was formed in 1963 when AIEE merged with IRE. IEEE is an organization composed of engineers, scientists, and students. The IEEE is best known for developing standards for the computer and electronics industry. In particular, the IEEE 802 standards for local-area networks are widely followed. IEEE 802 project which defines popular network technology. A set of network standards developed by the IEEE. They include: IEEE 802.1:-Standards related to network management. IEEE...
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...Internet Protocol Version 4 and Version 6 Abstract The IPv4 used until now and still in use, has addresses of 32 bits fixed size. That would allow the use of approximately 4 billion addresses. Many assumptions are created regarding the year when the number of IPv4 addresses will drain, taking into the consideration the growth of the internet. The IPv6 would in other hand allow more addresses, since it is based on 128 bits addresses. As a result, preparations are ongoing to implement the IPv6. This paper will show the major aspects of ipv4 and ipv6 and how they are different and similar as well as examination of the IP address requirements and the methodology behind them. Abstract The IPv4 used until now and still in use, has addresses of 32 bits fixed size. That would allow the use of approximately 4 billion addresses. Many assumptions are created regarding the year when the number of IPv4 addresses will drain, taking into the consideration the growth of the internet. The IPv6 would in other hand allow more addresses, since it is based on 128 bits addresses. As a result, preparations are ongoing to implement the IPv6. This paper will show the major aspects of ipv4 and ipv6 and how they are different and similar as well as examination of the IP address requirements and the methodology behind them. Cita 200 Cita 200 Compare and contrast Donovan, Michael Compare and contrast Donovan, Michael 2014 2014 For any two systems to communicate, they must be able to...
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...Brief History of the Internet Introduction The Internet has revolutionized the computer and communications world like nothing before. The invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio, and computer set the stage for this unprecedented integration of capabilities. The Internet is at once a world-wide broadcasting capability, a mechanism for information dissemination, and a medium for collaboration and interaction between individuals and their computers without regard for geographic location. The Internet represents one of the most successful examples of the benefits of sustained investment and commitment to research and development of information infrastructure. Beginning with the early research in packet switching, the government, industry and academia have been partners in evolving and deploying this exciting new technology. Today, terms like "bleiner@computer.org" and "http://www.acm.org" trip lightly off the tongue of the random person on the street. 1 This is intended to be a brief, necessarily cursory and incomplete history. Much material currently exists about the Internet, covering history, technology, and usage. A trip to almost any bookstore will find shelves of material written about the Internet. 2 In this paper,3 several of us involved in the development and evolution of the Internet share our views of its origins and history. This history revolves around four distinct aspects. There is the technological evolution that began with early research on packet...
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...it is a large network that connects almost everything on a single company site. 8. What is a circuit? A circuit is the pathway through which the messages travel. 9. What is a client? The client is the input-output hardware device at the user’s end of a communication circuit. It typically provides users with access to the network and the data and software on the server. 10. What is a host or server? The server (or host computer) stores data or software that can be accessed by the clients. 13. Describe the five layers in the internet network model and what they do. Five layers in the internet network model are the physical layer, data link layer, network layer, transport layer and the application layer. The application layer is the application software used by the network user. The transport layer takes the message generated by the application layer and, if necessary, breaks it into several smaller messages. The network layer addresses the message and determines its route...
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...* ------------------------------------------------- Introduction: * ------------------------------------------------- One of the benefits of the internet is transferring file between computers to share information between people, but computers which run different operating systems need a common language between them to understand each other and this language is called protocols (Washburn et al., 1996). FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a protocol to transfer files that described for the first time in the early seventies and standardized in 1982 (Matthews, 2005). SFTP (SSH File Transfer Protocol) is another file transfer protocol, but the first RFC describing SFTP was released in 2001 (Ylonen et al. 2001). Organizations have to provide file transfer services to their customers, and they should choose the secure file transfer protocol which will secure their costumers files. In this essay, a comparison between FTP and SFTP would be making from three aspects. Firstly, I will illustrate the differences between FTP and SFTP in starting communication methods, and how they maintain the connection and the ports used by them. Secondly, I will focus on security vulnerabilities of FTP and SFTP and their effects on users and files security. Finally, I will compare the speed of files transferring in FTP and SFTP for different files with different sizes. * ------------------------------------------------- Communication Approach: * ------------------------------------------------- ...
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