Rizal sa Berlin (1886): Tag-lamig at ang Noli • Naghirap si Rizal dahil walang padalang pera mula sa Calamba at siya’y talagang wala ni isang kusing • Naibenta na niya pati mga aklat niya, hindi niya mabayaran ang renta, kumakain lamang siya isang beses isang araw (na tinapay, tubig at sabaw lamang), naluma ang kanyang mga damit at manipis na sa kagagamit, siya mismo ang naglalaba ng kanyang damit dahil wala na siyang pambayad • Nagkasakit si Rizal dahil sa lamig at nang magsimula ang kanyang pagubo ay natakot siyang maaring magkaroon siya ng tuberculosis • Rizal sa isang sulat sa isang kaibigan: “Hindi na ako nananalig na malalathala pa ang Noli Me Tangere noong nasa Berlin ako…Naroon ako sa puntong ibabalibag ko sa apoy ang aking akda bilang isang isinumpang bagay, nararapat lamang matupok…” Rizal at Viola (Disyembre1886): Noli Me Tangere • Naabutan ni Maximo Viola si Rizal na hulog ang katawan at yayat ang itsura at pinayuhan si Rizal na kulang lamang sa pagkain at walang tuberculosis pagkatapos eksaminin ang kalagayan ng kaibigan • Nagbalik ang pananalig ni Rizal sa sarili sa tulong ng aruga at pagtangkilik ng kaibigang si Maximo Viola Berlin (Pebrero 21, 1887): Noli Me Tangere • Natapos ni Rizal ang manuscript ng Noli Me Tangere 11:30 ng gabi Lunes Pebrero 21 1887 • Natanggap mula kay Paciano sa pamamagitan ng bayaw na si Silvestre Ubaldo ang 300 pisong hiningi niya (na nagastos niya sa pagkain at tirahan kayat walang natira para pagpapalimbag) • Nagalok si Maximo Viola na aakuin ang buong gastos sa pagpapalimbag na nagkakahalagang P300 para sa 2000 libong kopya Pumayag si Rizal sa kondisyon na iyon ay utang at hindi regalo • Nailimbag sa Berlin Buchdrukrei Action Gesselschaft • Ibinigay ni Rizal ang unang kopya ng nobela sa anyong libro at huling kopya ng manuskrip ng Noli kay Maximo Viola • Noli Me Tangere: mga salita ni Hesus kay Maria Magdalena sa Muling Pagkabuhay- bilang pahiwatig na laman ng libro ang “mga bagay sa kanyang bansa na wala pang makapagsabi hanggang nagyon. Napakamaselan kung kaya’t hindi mahawakan ng sinuman…” • Disenyo ni Rizal para sa kober ng manuskrip: Sa itaas ng pamagat na Noli Me Tangere ang lahat ng pinakamahusay sa buhay Pilipino: Kababaihan- sumasagisag sa pakamatimtiman/ Puntod o krus- pananampalatayang relihiyoso/ Laurel- lakas ng loob- honor/ Bulaklak ng pomelo: suot ng lalake at babaeng ikinakasal sagisag ng pagkabusilak- fidelity/ Natakpan ng pamagat: A mis padres al escribir esta hobra he estado pensando continuamente en vosotros que me habeis infundido los primeros pensamientos y las primeras ideas; a vosotros os dedico este manuscrito de mi joventud como prueba de amor. Berlin 21 Febrero de 1887/ Sa kaliwa ng pamagat: Bulaklak mirasol (sunflower)- kumakatawan sa kabataang hinahanap ang araw na pagasa ng bayan/ Kawayan- luntian ng panibagong pagsibol (na nakalapat sa pangalan ng may-akda) ng pinakanagtatagal sa lahat ng mga punong Pilipino/ Sa ilalim ng pamagat ang lahat ng pinakagrabe sa buhay Pilipino: Helmet ng guardia civil/Latigo/Gamit pangtortyur: mga simbolo ng pagmamaltrato sa mga katutubong indio/Paa ng prayle Panimula ng Noli: Sa Aking Bayan Nakatala sa kasaysayan ng pagdurusa ng tao ang isang napakalalang kanseer na sa bahagyang saling ay kumikirot at nagdudulot ng napakatinding sakit. Anupat, malimit sa gitna ng mga makabagong kabihasnan ibig kitang tawagan-upang makapiling ako ng iyong mga alaala, upang maihambing kita sa iba pang bayan- ang iyong kinalulugdang larawan malinaw na kinakikitaan ng gayunding bagay-kanser sa iyong lipunan. Sa paghahangad ng iyong kalusugan na amin din naman lahat, at sa paghahanap ng pinakamabuting lunas, gagawin ko sa iyo ang ginawa ng mga sinaunang tao sa kanilang maysakit: inilalantad sa mga baytang ng templo, nang makapagmungkahi ng lunas ang sinumang paroroon upang manawagan sa Panginoon. Tungo sa layuning ito, sisikapin kong matapat na ilarawan ang iyong kondisyon, nang walang pangingimi at pagpili, tatanggalin ang tapal na tumatakip sa mga sugat, isasakripisyo ang lahat para sa katotohanan, kasama na ang sariling pagpapahalaga, sapagkat bilang anak mo, taglay ko rin ang iyong kapintasan at kahinaan. SI RIZAL: WANDERLUST Rizcour 5: Pag-aaral at Paglalakbay ni Jose Rizal (1882- 1887) © Gianna Gayle H. Amul Berlin (Abril 1887) Nakatanggap ng liham kay Paciano na may isang libong pisong parating at nagsasabing umaasang magkikita kaagad sila ni Jose “kung pahihintulutan ng Diyos at ng Guardia Civil” Pagdating ng pera ay kaagad na binayaran si Maximo Viola at lumunsad sa isang paglalakbay sa Europa upang sulitin ang huling mga buwan ng paninigilan sa Europa Pinadala ang mga unang kopya ng nobela sa mga kaibigang sina Ferdinand Blumentritt, Antonio Maria Regidor, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Mariano Ponce at Felix Ressurreccion Hidalgo at pati na rin sa Kapitan-Heneral (Gobernador Heneral) ng Pilipinas at sa Arzobispo ng Maynila Mga papuri at pagtatanggol para sa Noli mula kina: Segismundo Moret (dating ministro ng Hari ng Espanya), Miguel Morayta, Ferdinand Blumentritt at Vicente Garcia Mga pagtutol sa Noli mula sa mga senador sa Espanya, Jose Salamanca, Luis del Pando at Fernando Vida at mula sa prayleng si Salvador Font (“mapanira, tadtad ng mga dayuhang turo at doktrina” at nagsabing si Rizal ay isang hamak na mangmang at dapat ganap na ipagbawal ang sirkulasyon ng aklat)

"NOLI ME TANGERE PUBLISHED IN BERLIN (1887)"

- The bleak winter of 1886 in Berlin was Rizal’s darkest winter because no money arrived from Calamba and he was flat broke. The diamond ring which his sister, Saturnina, gave him was in the pawnshop. It was memorable in the life of Rizal for two reasons:

1. it was a painful episode for he was hungry, sick and despondent in a strange city 2. it brought him great joy after enduring so much sufferings, because his first novel, Noli Me Tangere came off the press in March, 1887 * Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin- inspired Dr. Rizal to prepare a novel that would depict the miseries of his people under the lash of Spanish tyrants * January 2, 1884- in a reunion of Filipinos in the Paterno residence in Madrid, Rizal proposed the writings of a novel about the Philippines by a group of Filipinos * Toward the end of 1884, Rizal began writing the novel in Madrid and finished about one-half of it * When Rizal went to Paris, in 1885, after completing his studies in the Central University of Madrid, he continued writing the novel, finishing one half of the second half * Rizal finished the last fourth of the novel in Germany. He wrote the last few chapters of the Noli in Wilhelmsfeld in April-June, 1886 * In Berlin during the winter days of February, 1886, Rizal made the final revisions on the manuscript of the Noli * Maximo Viola- Rizal’s friend from Bulacan, arrived in Berlin at the height of Rizal despondency and loaned him the needed funds to publish the novel; savior of Noli * After the Christmas season , Rizal put the finishing touches on his novel. To save printing expenses, he deleted certain passages in his manuscript, including a whole chapter—“Elias and Salome” * February 21, 1887- the Noli was finally finished and ready for printing * Berliner Buchdruckrei-Action-Gesselschaft- a printing shop which charged the lowest rate, that is, 300 pesos for 2,00 copies of the novel * March 21, 1887- the Noli Me Tangere came off the press * March 29, 1887- Rizal, in token of his appreciation and gratitude, gave Viola the galley proofs of the Noli carefully rolled around the pen that he used in writing it and a complimentary copy, with the following inscription: “To my dear friend, Maximo Viola, the first to read and appreciate my work—Jose Rizal” * The title Noli Me Tangere is a Latin phrase which means “Touch Me Not”. It is not originally conceived by Rizal, for he admitted taking it from the Bible * Rizal, writing to Felix Hidalgo in French on March 5, 1887, said: “Noli Me Tangere, words taken from the Gospel of St. Luke, signify “do not touch me” but Rizal made a mistake, it should be the Gospel of St. John (Chapter 20 Verses 13 to 17) * Rizal dedicated his Noli Me Tangere to the Philippines—“To My Fatherland” * The cover of Noli Me Tangere was designed by Rizal. It is a ketch of explicit symbols. A woman’s head atop a Maria Clara bodice represents the nation and the women, victims of the social cancer. One of the causes of the cancer is symbolized in the friar’s feet, outsized in relation to the woman’s head. The other aggravating causes ofoppression and discrimination are shown in the guard’s helmet and the iron chains, the teacher’s whip and the alferez’s scourge. A slight cluster of bamboo stands at the backdrop; these are the people, forever in the background of their own country’s history. There are a cross, a maze, flowers and thorny plants, a flame; these are indicative of the religious policy, the misdirected ardor, the people strangled as a result of these all * The novel Noli Me Tangere contains 63 chapters and an epilogue * Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor- Filipino patriot and lawyer who had been exiled due to his complicity in the Cavite Mutiny of 1872, read avidly the Noli and was very much impressed by its author

Rizal's translation of the Ethnography of Mindanao - Rizal's map - Remembrances of the Ateneo - "Those where happy days..." - Rizal will publish a geography textbook - As an explanatory work on the Malayans - Foreigners pay more attention to the study of the Philippines than the Filipinos themselves - Blumentritt's writings in Spanish - Tiruray language - He will translate Waitz - Humboldt's work is admirable - Rizal will visit the scholars Virchow and Jagor - An ethnographic picture.
Synopsis of "Noli Me Tangere"
The novel Noli Me Tangere contains 63 chapters and epilogue. It begins with a reception given by Capitan Tiago (Santiago de los Santos) at his house in Calle Analogue (now Juan Luna Street) on the last day of October. The reception or dinner is given in honor of Crisostomo Ibarra, a young and rich Filipino who had just returned after seven years of study in Europe. Ibarra was the only son of Don Rafael Ibarra, friend of Capitan Tiago, and a fiancé of beautiful Maria Clara, supposed daughter of Capitan Tiago.
Among the guests during the reception were Padre Damaso, a fat Franciscan friar who had been parish priest for 20 years of San Diego (Calamba), Ibarra’s native town; Padre Sybila, a young Dominican parish priest of Binondo; Señor Guevara, as elderly and kind lieutenant of the Guardia Civil; Don Tiburcio de Espadaña, a bogus Spanish physician, lame, and henpecked husband of Doña Victorina; and several ladies.
Ibarra, upon his arrival, produced a favorable impression among the guests, except Padre Damaso, who has rude to him. In accordance with a German custom, he introduced himself to the ladies.
During the dinner the conversation centered on Ibarra’s studies and travels abroad. Padre Damaso was in bad mood because he got a bony neck and a hard wing of the chicken tinola. He tried to discredit Ibarra’s remarks.
After dinner, Ibarra left Capitan Tiago’s house to return to his hotel. On the way, the kind Lieutenant Guevara told him the sad story of his father’s death in San Diego. Don Rafael, his father, was a rich and brave man. He defended a helpless boy from the brutality of an illiterate Spanish tax collector, pushing the latter and accidentally killing him. Don Rafael was thrown in prison, where he died unhappily. He was buried in consecrated ground, but his enemies, accusing him being a heretic, had his body removed from the cemetery.
On hearing about his father’s sad story, Ibarra thanked the kind Spanish lieutenant and vowed to find out the truth about his father’s death.
The following morning, he visited Maria Clara, his childhood sweetheart. Maria Clara teasingly said that he had forgotten her because the girls in Germany were beautiful. Ibarra replied that he had never forgotten her.
After the romantic reunion with Maria Clara, Ibarra went to San Diego to visit his father’s grave. It was All Saint’s Day. At the cemetery, the grave digger told Ibarra that the corpse of Don Rafael was removed by order of the parish priest to be, buried in the Chinese cemetery; but the corpse was heavy and it was a dark and rainy night so that he (the grave-digger) simply threw the corpse into the lake.
Ibarra was angered by the grave-digger’s story. He left the cemetery. On the way, he met Padre Salvi, Franciscan parish priest of San Diego. In a flash, Ibarra pounced on the priest, demanding redress for desecrating his father’s mortal remains. Padre told him that he had nothing to do with it, for he was not the parish priest at the time of Don Rafael’s death. It was Padre Damaso, his predecessor, who was responsible for it. Convinced for Padre Salvi’s innocence, Ibarra went away.
In his town Ibarra met several interesting people, such as the wise old man, Tasio the philosopher, whose ideas were too advanced for his times so that the people, who could not understand him, called him “Tasio the Lunatic;” the progressive school teacher, who complained to Ibarra that the children were losing interest to their studies because of the lack proper school house and the discouraging attitude of the parish friar towards both the teaching of Spanish and of the use of modern methods of pedagogy; the spineless gobernadorcillo, who catered to the wishes of the Spanish parish friars; Don Filipo Lino, the teniente-mayor and leader of the cuardrilleros (town police); and the former gobernadorcillos who were prominent citizens Don Basilio and Don Valentin.
A most tragic story in the novel is the tale of Sisa, who was formerly a rich girl but became poor because she married a gambler, and a wastrel at that. She became crazy because she lost her two boys, Basilio and Crispin, the joy of her wretched life. These boys were sacristanes (sextons) in the church, working for a small wage to support their poor mother. Crispin the younger of the two brothers was accused by the brutal sacristan mayor (chief sexton) of stealing the money of the priest. He was tortured in the convent and died. Basilio, with his brother’s dying cries ringing in his ears, escaped. When the two boys did not return home, Sisa looked for them everywhere and, in her great sorrow, she became insane.
Capitan Tiago, Maria Clara, and Aunt Isabel (Capitan Tiago’s cousin who took care of Maria Clara, after his mother’s death) arrived in San Diego. Ibarra and his friends give picnic at the lake. Among those present in this picnic, were Maria Clara and her four girl friends the merry Siñang, the grave Victoria, the beautiful Iday, and the thoughtful Neneng; Aunt Isabel, chaperon of Maria Clara; Capitana Tika, mother of Siñang; Andeng, foster sister of Maria Clara; Albino, the ex-theological student who was in love with Siñang; and Ibarra and his friends. One of the boatmen was a strong and silent peasant youth named Elias.
An incident of the picnic was the saving of Elias’ life by Ibarra. Elias bravely grappled with a crocodile which was caught in the fish corral. But the crocodile struggled furiously so that Elias could not subdue it. Ibarra jumped into the water and killed the crocodile, thereby saving Elias. After the crocodile incident, was the rendering of a beautiful song by Maria Clara who had a sweet voice and they went ashore. They made merry in the cool, wooded meadow. Padre Salvi, Capitan Basilio (former gobernadorcillo and Siñang’s father) the alferez (lieutenant of the Guardia Civil) and the town officials were present. The luncheon was served, and everybody enjoyed eating.
The meal over, Ibarra and Capitan Basilio played chess, while Maria Clara and her friends played the “Wheel of Chance”, a game based on a fortune-telling book. As the girls were enjoying their fortune-telling game, Padre Salvi came and tore to pieces the book, saying that it was a sin to play such game. Shortly thereafter, a sergent and four soldiers of the Guardia Civil suddenly arrived, looking for Elias, who was hunted for assaulting Padre Damaso and throwing the alferez into a mud hole. Fortunately Elias had disappeared, and the Guardia Civil went away empty-handed. During the picnic also, Ibarra received a telegram from the Spanish authorities notifying him the approval of his donation of a schoolhouse for the children of San Diego.
The next day Ibarra visited old Tasio to consult him on his pet project about the schoolhouse. He saw the old man’s writings were written in hieroglyphics. Tasio explained to him that he wrote in hieroglyphics because he was writing for the future generations who would understand them and say, “Not all were asleep in the night of our ancestors!”
Meanwhile San Diego was merrily preparing for its annual fiesta, in honor of its patron saint San Diego de Alcala, whose feast day is the 11th of November. On the eve of the fiesta, hundreds of visitors arrived from the nearby towns, and there were laughter, music, exploding bombs, feasting and moro-moro. The music was furnished by five brass bands (including the famous Pagsanjan Band owned by the escribano Miguel Guevara) and three orchestras.
In the morning of the fiesta there was a high mass in the church, officiated by Padre Salvi. Padre Damaso gave the long sermon, in which he expatiated on the evils of the times that were caused by certain men, who having tasted some education spread pernicious ideas among the people.
After Padre Damaso’s sermon, the mass was continued by Padre Salve. Elias quietly moved to Ibarra, who was kneeling and praying by Maria Clara’s side, and warned him to be careful during the ceremony of the laying of the cornerstone of the schoolhouse because there was a plot to kill him.
Elias suspected that the yellowish man, who built the derrick, was a paid stooge of Ibarra’s enemies. True to his suspicion, later in the day, when Ibarra, in the presence of a big crowd, went down into the trench to cement the cornerstone, the derrick collapsed. Elias, quick as a flash, pushed him aside, thereby saving his life. The yellowish man was the one crushed to death by the shattered derrick.
At the sumptuous dinner that night under a decorated kiosk, a sad incident occurred. The arrogant Padre Damaso, speaking in the presence of many guests, insulted the memory of Ibarra’s father. Ibarra jumped to his seat, knocked down the fat friar with his fist, and then seized a sharp knife. He would have killed the friar, were it not for the timely intervention of Maria Clara.

The fiesta over, Maria Clara became ill. She was treated by the quack Spanish physician, Tiburcio de Espadaña, whose wife, a vain and vulgar native woman, was a frequent visitor in Capitan Tiago’s house. This woman had hallucinations of being a superior Castillan, and, although a native herself, she looked down on her own people as inferior beings. She added another “de” to her husband’s surname in order to more Spanish. Thus she wanted to be called “Doctora Doña Victorina de los Reyes de De Espadaña.” She introduced to Capitan Tiago’s young Spaniards, Don Alfonso Linares de Espadaña, cousin of Don Tiburcio de Espadaña and godson of Padre Damaso’s brother in law. Linares was a penniless and jobless, fortune hunter who came to the Philippines in search of a rich Filipino heiress. Both Doña Victorina and Padre Damaso sponsored his wooing of Maria Clara, but the latter did not respond because she loved Ibarra.

The story of Elias like that of Sisa, was a tale of pathos and tragedy. He related it to Ibarra. Some 60 years ago, his grandfather, who was then a young bookkeeper in a Spanish commercial firm in Manila, was wrongly accused of burning the firm’s warehouse. He was flogged in public and was left in the street, crippled and almost died. His was pregnant, beg for alms and became a prostitute in order to support her sick husband and their son. After giving birth to her second son and the death of her husband, she fled, with her to sons to the mountains.

Years later the first boy became a dreaded tulisan named Balat. He terrorized the provinces. One day he was caught by the authorities. His head was cut off and was hung from a tree branch in the forest. On seeing this gory object, the poor mother (Elias’ grandmother) died.

Balat’s younger brother, who was by nature kindhearted, fled and became a trusted laborer in the house of rich man in Tayabas. He fell in love with the master’s daughter. The girl’s father, enraged by the romance, investigated his past and found out the truth. The unfortunate lover (Elias’ father) was sent to jail, while the girl gave birth to twins, a boy (Elias) and a girl. Their rich grandfather took care of them, keeping secret their scandalous origin, and reared them as rich children. Elias was educated in the JesuitCollege in Manila, while his sister studied in La Concordia College. They lived happily, until one day, owing to certain dispute over money matters, a distant relative exposed their shameful birth. They were disgraced. An old male servant, whom they used to abuse, was forced to testify in court and the truth came out that he was their real father.

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Elias and his sister left Tayabas to hide their shame in another place. One day the sister disappeared. Elias roamed from place to place, looking for her. He heard later that a girl answering to his sister’s description, was found died on the beach of San Diego. Since then, Elias lived a vagabond life, wandering from province to province – until he met Ibarra.

Elias, learning of Ibarra’s arrest, burned all the papers that might incriminate his friend and set Ibarra’s house on fire. Then he went to prison and helped Ibarra escape. He and Ibarra jumped into a banca loaded with sacate (grass). Ibarra stopped at the house of Capitan Tiago to say goodbye to Maria Clara. In the tearful last scene between the two lovers, Ibarra forgave Maria Clara for giving up his letter to her to the Spanish authorities who utilized them as evidence against him. On her part, Maria Clara revealed that those letters were exchanged with a letter from her late mother, Pia Alba which Padre Salvi gave her. From his letter, she learned that her real father was Padre Damaso.

After bidding Maria Clara farewell, Ibarra returned to the banca. He and Elias paddled up the PasigRiver toward Laguna de Bay. A police boat, with the Guardia Civil on board, pursued them as their banca reached the lake. Elias told Ibarra to hide under the zacate. As the police boat was overtaking the banca, Elias jumped into the water and swam swiftly toward the shore. In this way, he diverted the attention of the soldiers on his person, thereby giving Ibarra a chance to escape. The soldier fired at the swimming Elias, who was hit and sank. The water turned red because of his blood. The soldiers, thinking that they had killed the fleeing Ibarra returned to Manila. Thus Ibarra was able to escape.

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Elias seriously wounded, reached the shore and staggered into the forest. He met a boy, Basilio, who was weeping over his mother’s dead body. He told Basilio to make a pyre on which their bodies (his and Sisa) were to be burned to ashes. It was Christmas eve, and the moon gleamed softly in the sky. Basilio prepared the funeral pyre. As life’s breath slowly left his body. Elias looked toward the east and murmured: “I die without seeing the dawn brighten over my native land.” You, who have it to see, welcome it! And forget not those who have fallen during the night.

The novel has an epilogue which recounts what happened to the other characters. Maria Clara, out of her loyalty to the memory of Ibarra, the man she truly loved, entered the Santa Clara nunnery. Padre Salvi left the parish of San Diego and became a chaplain of the nunnery. Padre Damaso was transferred to a remote province, but the next morning he was found dead in his bedroom. Capitan Tiago the former genial host and generous patron of the church became an opium addict and a human wreck. Doña Victorina, still henpecking poor Don Tiburcio, had taken to wearing eye-glasses because of weakening eyesight. Linares, who failed to win Maria Clara’s affection, died of dysentery and was buried in Paco cemetery.