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المساعد الشخصي الرقمي
مشاهدة النسخة كاملة : الزعفران .. صبغ ونكهة ودواء

بنت الكويت
12 - 02 - 2009, 19:02
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

الزعفران .. صبغ ونكهة ودواء

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بدر ناصح عبد العزيز-إن الموطن الأصلي لنبات الزعفران هو منطقة حوض البحر الأبيض المتوسط، وتوجد فيها نباتاته البرية، ويزرع لأغراض تجارية للاستفادة من أزهاره في أوروبا، ويختلف موعد زراعته بين منطقة وأخرى في العالم.
تنتشر حقول الزعفران في اليونان والمغرب وإيران، وتعتبر زراعة الزعفران وحصاده عملية غاية في الصعوبة، فالزعفران يزرع عادة لمدة سبع سنوات متتالية في الأرض الزراعية المخصصة له، ثم تدخل بعدها هذه الأرض المزروعة في سبات يستمر لمدة (30) سنة.
عرف الفراعنة في مصر زراعة الزعفران في الألفية الثانية قبل الميلاد، ولم يطرأ على طريقة زراعته منذ تلك العصور سوى تغير طفيف.
وتتفتح زهرة الزعفران في الخريف خلافاً لمعظم أنواع الزهور الأخرى، والحصول على بذور الزعفران ليس أمراً سهلاً، فكل (100) زهرة تعطي غراماً واحداً من البذور الجافة، والعجيب أنه لتحضير كيلوغرام واحد من الزعفران الجاف فإنه يلزم استخدام (150) ألف زهرة يجري قطافها خلال ساعات الصباح الأولى عندما تكون في أوج دورتها البيولوجية.
ويتم استخراج خيوط الزعفران بدقة متناهية وبأيدي أشخاص ذوي خبرة وفن في التقاطها وتجميعها، لذلك فهو باهظ الثمن، خصوصاً الأنواع الفاخرة منه التي يتم زراعتها في إيران.
الوصف والمكونات:
الزعفران عشب بصلي معمر من الفصيلة السوسنية، يشبه البصل تقريباً، يصل ارتفاعه إلى (45) سنتمتراً، له كورمات تشبه البصلات كبيرة الحجم نسبياً ومنضغطة ومستديرة الشكل، تخرج منها أوراق خوصية شريطية النصل، أزهارها منفردة ذات أقلام صفراء اللون، لها ثلاثة مياسم ولونها برتقالي محمر أو أحمر غامق وهي التي تمثل مادة الزعفران الحقيقي، والثمار كبسولية الشكل بداخلها العديد من البذور المستديرة الشكل.
وقد أثبتت التحاليل الكيميائية الغذائية أن مياسم الزعفران تضم أنواعاً مختلفة من المواد الفعالة هي:
1- الكروسين، وهذه المادة هي العامل الأساسي والمسبب للون الأصفر وهي صبغة نباتية قوية حداً.
2- البيكروكروسين، وهذه المادة بتحللها تعطي زيتاً طياراً يُعزى إليه الطعم والرائحة المميزين للزعفران.
3- يحتوي الزعفران على مواد أخرى مثل لايكوبين وكاروتين ونشا وبوتاسيوم وفسفور.
4- تحتوي المياسم على زيت ثابت بنسبة (8 -13%) وزيت طيار بنسبة (3,1%).
الخصائص الطبية والفوائد العلاجية:
1- يتمتع الزعفران بخصائص وقائية مقاومة للسرطان، ففي دراسة نشرتها مجلة الطب والبيولوجيا التجريبية المتخصصة، أثبت باحثون في المكسيك، أن بالإمكان استخدام الزعفران كعامل وقائي من السرطان، أو في البرنامج العلاجي المخصص لهذا المرض، ووجد الباحثون بعد مراجعة مجموعة كبيرة من الدراسات المخبرية والأبحاث التي أجريت على الحيوانات، أن الزعفران لا يمنع فقط تشكل أورام سرطانية جديدة، ولكنه قد يسبب تقلص وانكماش الأورام الموجودة، كما يزيد فعالية العلاج الكيميائي ويشجع آثاره المضادة للسرطان.
وأوضح الباحثون أن الفوائد الصحية للزعفران قد ترجع بصورة جزئية إلى محتواه العالي من المركبات التي تعرف (بالكاروتينويد) التي تشمل أيضاً مادتي (لايكوبين) و(بيتاكاروتين) كعوامل وقائية وعلاج من السرطان.
2- كشفت دراسات أجريت في حيوانات التجارب في إسبانيا أن حقنها بمادة (الكروستين) نتج عنه انخفاض واضح في كولسترول الدم، كما وجد الباحثون الأسبان أن الزعفران يقلل من إصابات المشاكل الوعائية للقلب مثل الذبحة الصدرية والجلطة القلبية، وقد نصحت مجلة (لانست) الطبية البريطانية باستخدام الزعفران مع زيت الزيتون للوقاية من أمراض القلب وهي خاصية يتمتع بها الأسبان لتناولهم زيت الزيتون والزعفران بكثرة.
وبعض الأبحاث تقول بأن مادة (الكروستين) ترفع معدل الأوكسجين في الدم مما يبطئ تشكل الترسبات على جدران الشرايين وبالتالي يقلل أمراضها.
كما أشارت بعض الدراسات في الصين أن للزعفران دوراً خافضاً لضغط الدم.
3- يدخل الزعفران في صناعة الأدوية الحديثة كتلك المستعملة لطرد الديدان المعوية والأدوية المهدئة للحالات العصبية والنفسية والأدوية المستعملة لتنشيط الإفراز البولي.
كما يستخدم في صناعة أنواع الكحل المساعدة في إزالة الغشاوة من العين.
4- استطاع فريق من العلماء من قسم الهندسة الكيميائية بجامعة (أرستوتوليان) اليونانية استخراج مركبات من براعم نبات الزعفران تسبب تجمع الصفائح الدموية في الدم لإيقاف النزيف الدموي وأخرى تثبط حدوث ذلك.
5- دراسة من كلية العلوم الصيدلانية في جامعة طوكيو اليابانية على فئران التجارب اظهرت أن مستخلص الزعفران له تأثيرات على الذاكرة والتعلم في هذه الحيوانات، وانه يحسن القصور الناشئ في التعلم والذاكرة، وثبت أيضاً أن له تأثيراً مسكناً للألم.
6- زيت الزعفران مضاد للألم والتقلصات، ومزيل لآلام الطمث، وآلام غشاء اللثة.
7- يستخدم الزعفران في إكثار دم الطمث عند النساء اللاتي يشكين من مشكلة قلة دم الطمث.
8- مسكن ومقو للجهاز العصبي المركزي، ومفيد لحالات الضعف الجنسي.
9- المستخلص المائي لأزهار الزعفران يستخدم في طرد الديدان المعدية والمعوية.
10- يعمل على تنشيط الإدرار البولي وإفراز العرق.
نصائح ومعلومات
- إن مقدار غرام من الزعفران الأصلي يكفي لتلوين (100) لتر من الماء باللون الأصفر الفاتح.
- يستعمل المسحوق الجاف لمياسم الأزهار أو مستخلصه المائي أو الكحولي في الصناعات الغذائية كمادة مكسبة للون والطعم.
- يدخل في صناعة بعض الحلوى والكعك والمربيات والجيلو والعديد من المشروبات لتلوينها باللون الأصفر الكهرماني، وإكسابها الطعم الجيد المميز بالرائحة العطرية.
- من المهم الانتباه إلى أن استخدام جرعات كبيرة من الزعفران قد تؤدي إلى تسمم خطير، إذ تسبب التهابات في الأغشية المخاطية يعقبه تشنج ونزف، لذا وجب الاحتراس من استعمال كمية زائدة من هذا النبات في المطبخ، بالإضافة إلى أن أبصال الزعفران سامة.
- يسبب حدوث تسمم حاد في الأبقار عند إعطائها كميات كبيرة من الزعفران في عليقتها الغذائية.
- تؤكد الأبحاث أن كثرة أكل الزعفران تسبب الصداع وتؤثر في الحواس.
- أجود أنواع الزعفران ذو الشعر الأحمر الذي ليس في أطراف شعره صفرة، وأفضله الطري الحسن اللون الزكي الرائحة الغليظ الشعر الذي يوجد في أطرافه شبه بياض.
- يتم غش الزعفران بسبب ارتفاع ثمنه بخلطه بأعشاب مشابهة له لزيادة الوزن مثل العصفر المشابه له في اللون وفي سرعة الذوبان بالماء ويباع على أنه زعفران نقي، لذلك يجب معرفة مواصفات الزعفران الجيد.
منقول
الكروسين (بالإنجليزية: Crocin): مركب كيميائي طبيعي كاروتيني موجود في زهور الزعفران وجاردينيا.[1]
وهو ثنائي الإستر مكون من سكر ثنائي جنطيوبيوز(disaccharide gentiobiose )، وثنائي كربوكسيلات الكروستين. وهو ذو لون أحمر غامق وبشكل بلورات ذات درجة انصهار 186° م. وهو يشكل محلول برتقالي عندما يحل في الماء. الكروسين هو المكون الكيميائي الأساسي المسؤول عن لون الزعفران. كما أثبت أنه مضاد أكسدة فعال.[2][3][4]. كما أثبت أيضاً أنه ذو تأثير مضاد التسرطن[5][6][7]. وأظهر الكروسين أن له خصائص مضاد الاكتئاب.[8][9]
[عدل] اقرأ أي

البنية الكيميائية للكروسين

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Disadvantages Of Robotics

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