...Exchange Rate Mechanisms During the height of World War Two representatives from 44 countries met in New Hampshire to design a new monetary system to replace the collapsed Gold Standard system. The agreement reached established two multinational institutions the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. The IMF job would be to maintain order in the international monetary system, the World Bank job would be to promote general economic development. The agreement called for a system of fixed exchange rates that would be enforced by the IMF. The IMF was the main custodian; it would try to avoid a repetition of the past through a combination of discipline and flexibility. Discipline the need to maintain a fixed exchange rate, slow down competitive devaluation, and bring stability to the world trade environment. The IMF enforces a fixed exchange rate and imposes monetary discipline on countries, thereby curtailing price inflation. The IMF stood ready to lend foreign currencies to members to get them over short periods of payment deficits. A pool of gold and currencies were contributed by IMF members to provide the resources for lending. Countries were allowed to borrow from the IMF without adhering to a specific agreement. Countries the borrowed heavily would have to agree to increasingly stringent IMF supervision of its macroeconomic policies, agree to monetary and fiscal conditions which included IMF mandated targets on domestic money supply growth...
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...| The World Bank (IBRD) and The International Monetary Fund (IMF) | | | | | Appendix CDF Comprehensive Development Framework IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IMF International Monetary Fund LIC low-income countries SDR special drawing right Executive Summary The second half of the twentieth century was one of unprecedented economic achievement. Rapid growth in the world economy, fueled by expanding international trade and advancing technology, brought more rapid increases in living standards to more of the world's people than ever before in history. And yet, despite these significant gains, we live in a world with severe deprivation and inequality. Over one billion people one fifth of the world's population live on less than a dollar a day, and per capita incomes in some countries have been declining for decades. In the next two decades, world population will grow by another two billion people. Nearly all of them will be born in developing countries. Without action by the international community, the global divide will worsen. We live in one world, and poverty is a threat to global security and welfare. The purpose of IMF & World Bank (IBRD) is to help all our member countries develop their human potential and productive resources, thereby building the foundations for sustainable economic growth. Recent history shows that countries that pursue the right policies, operating in a growing world economy, and with...
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...The Role and Influence of International Financial Institutions Danny Leipziger Abstract Development thinking has evolved from the early works of W. Arthur Lewis and Paul Rosenstein-Rodan and has been influenced by new and varied schools of thought. Emphases have shifted from capital accumulation and technical progress to human capital investment and social inclusion. Institutions have come into the equation, as has a prominent role for markets and for the state as drivers of development. Underlying these views were practicalities that shaped the way countries dealt with their need for foreign capital, the management of the macroeconomy, and their responses to economic and financial crises. There was a prominent role for the so-called Bretton Woods institutions, namely, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, in shaping prevailing views of development and putting them into practice. This Danny Leipziger The Role and Influence of IFIs has been important, both directly and indirectly, in affecting policy choices made by developing country governments over past decades. Keywords: Bretton Woods Institutions; World Bank ideology toward development; IMF ideology and development; changing development paradigms; international financial institutions; Bank-Fund Collaboration; Bank-Fund Concordat. Chapter 49 Page 2 Danny Leipziger The Role and Influence of IFIs Introduction International financial institutions (IFIs) have strongly influenced development...
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...referred to sub-section (4) of section 6 of FEMA,1999 or (ii) referred to in clause (c) of section 9 of the Act or acquired as gift or inheritance there from may also be credited to this account. The funds in RFC account are free from all restrictions regarding utilisation of foreign currency balances including any restriction on investment outside India. The facility is also available to residents provided foreign exchange to be credited to such account is received out of certain specified type of funds/accounts. RFC (Domestic) Account:- A person resident in India can open, hold and maintain with an authorized dealer in India, a Resident Foreign Currency (Domestic) Account, out of foreign exchange acquired in the form of currency notes, Bank notes and travellers cheques from any of the sources like, payment for services rendered abroad, as...
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...INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ROLE OF GLOBAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS International financial institutions (IFIs) are financial institutions that have been established by more than one country, and hence are subjects of international laws. Their owners or shareholders are generally national governments, although other international institutions and other organizations occasionally figure as shareholders. The most prominent IFIs are creations of multiple nations, although some bilateral financial institutions exist and are technically IFIs. Many of these are multilateral development banks (MDB). WHAT ARE INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS (IFI’S)? World Bank Group (WBG): * International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) * International Development Association (IDA) * International Finance Corporation (IFC) * Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) * International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) International Monetary Fund (IMF) Regional development banks, such as: * African Development Bank (AFDB) * Asian Development Bank (ADB) * Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) * Bank of the South * European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) Other regional financial institutions e.g. European Investment Bank (EIB) Export Credit Agencies of individual country governments, such as: 1. US Export Import Bank (EXIM) 2. Japan External Trade Organization Hermes Kreditversicherungs...
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...The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund's Role in Disaster Relief Thomas Hamblin Southern New Hampshire University Abstract The devastation caused by natural and technological disasters is measured not only by the numbers of people killed or the severity of the damages to property and critical infrastructure, but also by the economic and financial losses incurred by the citizens and the governments of affected countries. In times of crisis, it is imperative that affected countries are given assistance in an expeditious and efficient manner. Along with its sister organization the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) provides emergency assistance to help countries with "urgent balance of payments financing needs in the wake of natural disasters or armed conflict" (International Monetary Fund Factsheet, 2011, p.1). This emergency financial assistance is designed to be distributed rapidly to aid countries who may potentially exhaust their monetary reserves in the aftermath of a natural or technological disaster. This paper will examine why it is important for financial institutions like the IMF and the World Bank to be involved in disaster management. In addition, some of the ways which these financial institutions distribute aid to countries affected by disaster will also be identified. Keywords: World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), disaster management. The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund's Role in Disaster Relief ...
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...|IMF AND WORLD BANK | |Gokhan AKDUGAN | |MKT-5340/Fall Semester | |December 3, 2014 | TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES 3 ABSTRACT 4 1. INTRODUCTION 5 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 8 3. CURRENT ISSUES AND ANALYSIS 11 4. CONCLUSION 16 5. REFERENCES 17 LIST OF FIGURES Chart A.1: The breakdown of IMF structural economic conditions 5 Figure 1: Voting rights between USA and BRICS countries 6 Chart A.2: The relationship between economic freedom and income per capita 8 Chart A.3: Economic countries of property rights and per capita GDP 9 Table 1.A: Cumulative amount received from the World Bank and the GDP per capita 11 Abstract I analyzed the positive and negative aspects of IMF and World Bank referring to recent...
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...2012 Journal of Undergraduate Research at Minnesota State University, Mankato The Role of the International Monetary Funds (IMF) in the East Asian Debt Crisis of 1997 By Yaro Sadek Tahirou Minnesota State University, Mankato 2 ABSTRACT During the East Asian Financial crisis in particular, the IMF has been criticized of promoting international cooperation because of the supervised enforcement of its rules. The purpose of this research is to find out how the IMF responded to the East Asian debt crisis and whether or not its responses were the best possible responses to this crisis. Through my research, I talked about the causes of the East Asian financial crisis, the role of the IMF in the international monetary system, and if the IMF responses to Thailand, South Korea and Indonesia were the best responses or not. After analyzing the IMF responses in this crisis, I found that the IMF policies need to be reformed in order to monitor and prevent future financial crises spill-over effects at the global and regional levels. I will analyzed 5 scholarly journals on the financial crisis in East Asia, 3 scholarly articles on the role of IMF in the East Asia financial crisis, and 1 novel called POLITICS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA DEMOCRACY OR LESS by William Case. INTRODUCTION Several financial crises have occurred in the world economy through the last decades. Some examples include the East Asian financial Crisis of 1997, the Latin American debt crisis of 1994-95, the Russian crisis...
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...IMF Intervention and Relevance Abstract In todays modernised global financial markets technological advancements have transformed the way investors, financial institutions, governments and central banks operate. This has brought about a crisis of confidence in the ability of any one body to provide high quality surveillance, supervision and crisis management. Countries are unwilling to borrow from the IMF due to the intrusive economic reform policy conditionalities. Cocktail mixes of tax increases, spending cuts and privatisation of public sector assets have proven difficult for local governments to serve. The funds inability to keep pace with an expanding global economy suggest redefining itself with a more modest role that is fitting for such an international monetary system may be the best approach, As opposed to expanding the funds activities. Table of contents 1. Introduction page 1 2. Objectives page 1 3. Rationale page 1 4. Literature review page 2 4.1 The Mandate page 2 4.2 Consequences of IMF Programme Implementation page 2 4.3 IMF Relevance page 6 5. Conclusion page 9 6. Reference 1. Introduction This...
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...assistance of third parties. This has caused much worries faced by the European Unions and hence to the above crisis, thus causing a great impact beyond the borders to the world as a whole. We will look into various roles undertaken by the European Commission (EC), the European Central Bank (ECB) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in helping to solve the euro zone Debt Crisis. European Central Bank (ECB) The ECB is one of the seven institutions of the European Union which was listed in the Treaty on European Union where it administers the monetary policy of the 17 EU members’ states where euro zone is consider one of the largest currency areas in the world. Founded in 1998, the central bank is one of the most important in the world with more than 500 billion euros in its reserves. Currently, the bank is based in Frankfurt, Germany and led by Jean-Claude Trichet. The primary function of ECB is basically to implement monetary policy for Euro zone, responsible for the care of foreign reserves of the European System of Central Banks, and to promote and conduct smooth operating of the financial markets and foreign exchange functions. In addition, ECB also handles exclusive right to authorize issuance of banknotes and member states can issue euro coins only prior to ECB approval. The European Central bank, or ECB for short, is the European Union’s institution in charge of monetary policy European Commission (EC) European Commission (EC) is the executive body of the European...
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...Headquartered in Washington D.C. Over 100 offices all over the world 188 member countries, South Sudan being the 188th member in 2012 Membership of the IMF is required 5 Largest shareholders: France, Germany, Japan, UK, and US John Maynard Keynes and Harry Dexter White were the intellectual founding fathers of the IMF and the World Bank Keynesian Plan - John Maynard Keynes, during the World war years, played a decisive role in the negotiations that were to shape the post-war international economic order. In 1944, he led the British delegation to the Bretton Woods conference in the United States. At the conference he played a significant part in the planning of the World Bank and then MF. White was the chief international economist at the U.S. Treasury. In 1944, he drafted the American plan for the IMF that competed with the British Treasure blueprint drafted by Keynes. Most of White's plan was incorporated into the final acts adopted at Bretton Woods. The IMF was given the role of promoting global economic growth through international trade and financial stability. One of Keynes' most significant roles was as chairman of the Bank Commission. Under his leadership, the Bank articles were drafted rapidly and successfully despite the lack of pre-conference groundwork regarding the organization of the World Bank. Neither Keynes nor White lived to see their visions of the IMF and the World Bank become reality. Both men died of heart attacks, Keynes in April...
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...The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was originally established in order to encourage international co-operation to cope with recession and protectionism on a world scale and to discourage individual countries from pursuing policies that would beggar their neighbors and eventually themselves. The desire to improve on the international chaos of the 1930s led to the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944, and an attempt to devise a financial system which would provide a more permanent and acceptable framework for international transactions. It was intended that the emerging Bretton Woods system would generate benefits for international trade in the form of stable (though not necessarily fixed) exchange rates, while at the same time, avoiding the deflationary rigidities of the gold standard mechanism. The system was designed to ensure a world of full employment and economic growth. This paper will examine a few of the negative and positive aspects the IMF has had since its inception, and how it has evolved over time to answer the question, is the IMF a sinner or saint? If the general purpose of the IMF at its inception was to oversee the operation of the infant Bretton Woods system, its more specific purposes were spelled out in Article 1 of its Articles of Agreement as follows: | (i) To promote international monetary cooperation through a permanent institution which provides the machinery for consultation and collaboration on international monetary problems. | | (ii) To facilitate...
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...Annexure-V- Cover Page for Academic Tasks Course Code: Course Title: | Course Instructor: | Academic Task No.: Academic Task Title: | Date of Allotment: Date of submission: | Student’s Roll no: Student’s Reg. no: | Evaluation Parameters: (Parameters on which student is to be evaluated- To be mentioned by students as specified at the time of assigning the task by the instructor) | Learning Outcomes: (Student to write briefly about learnings obtained from the academic tasks) Declaration: I declare that this Assignment is my individual work. I have not copied it from any other student‟s work or from any other source except where due acknowledgement is made explicitly in the text, nor has any part been written for me by any other person. Student Signature: Evaluator’s comments (For Instructor’s use only) General Observations Suggestions for Improvement Best part of assignment S. No | Name of Student | Registration No | Peer Rating (10) | Signature | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Evaluator‟s Signature and Date: Marks Obtained: Max. Marks: ………………………… Subject: Rubrics for written report of ECO310 Category | 5 marks Exemplary | 2-4 marks satisfactory | 1 marks unsatisfactory...
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...To what extent do organizations like the IMF, WTO, and World Bank challenge the nation state’s ability to shape domestic economic and social policy? Over the years, the roles and responsibilities of international organizations have been affected seriously by national, regional and global events, as well as the defining and changing features of globalization. On the one hand, their roles in international affairs first, after the Second World War in the 1940s and secondly after the cold war in the 1990s have increased significantly as globalization and governance issues raise the bar for global problems and challenges. Over the 1990s, the IMF and the World Bank expanded the breadth and depth of conditionality they apply to borrowing members, including conditions on domestic governance and the institutional framework of economic policy-making. At the same time, in 1995 the establishment of the World Trade Organization created a new set of binding commitments on member states which extend (and are being further extended) into many areas of domestic legislation. International economic institutions now address issues which were previously dealt with at the level of national government. In other words, decisions and policies taken at the international level are increasingly affecting groups and people within states. Where previously these people could hold their national governments to account for policies, they must now look to international institutions where the decisions...
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...“The IMF is a secretive institution with no accountability. The IMF is funded with taxpayer money, yet it operates behind a veil of secrecy. Members of affected communities do not participate in designing loan packages. The IMF works with a select group of central bankers and finance ministers to make polices without input from other government agencies such as health, education and environment departments. The institution has resisted calls for public scrutiny and independent evaluation”. (Global exchange resources (2015). The IMF and the World Bank have contributed to environmental destruction and provide wide range of inequality to the global economy as a whole. There new enforce policies called structural adjustment policies (SAPs) has...
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