The sWHI frailty screening instrument has four items for evaluating frailty, which including shrinking, physical function, physical activity, and exhaustion. For the shrinking, the sWHI applied the same criteria as CHS phenotypes of shrinking; therefore, the person presenting the evidence of weight loss--greater than 10 pounds or greater than 5% between the baseline and 1-year visit---will have1 point on this item. Physical function was measured using a single item of physical function scale from the RAND-36. The item inquired the extent of physical limitation in walking ability for one block. The physical function response will be classified as “limited a lot = 2 points”, “limited little = 1 point”, and “not limit at all = 0 point”, respectively.