...Science of Uncertainty and Climate Science Even with researches on global warming starting as early as 1965, global warming is still hotly debated. At the present, almost all scientist acknowledge that the earth is warming up mainly due to human activities, but the public still somehow remain skeptical (Oreskes 169). Now that why global warming is even worth debating is a question for another day, but here we will discuss how the appeal in climate science as well as clarifying the several facts Bret Stephens gravely mistaken. In the scientific community, Hempel once suggested an idea in his 1965 essay, that no evidence can establish a hypothesis with certainty, and believing in a hypothesis will make one suspect to “inductive risk”, that is,...
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...atmospheric scientists, are experts on the atmosphere, weather, and climate. Meteorologists study the aforementioned categories and how they will affect not only the Earth, but human beings as well. Compiling and collecting data, developing forecasts, and understanding weather patterns are part of a meteorologist’s duties. Furthermore, meteorologists may invent new instruments to collect weather pattern or climate data, while consulting clients on the opportunities and risks associated with climate changes and atmospheric events. If you have an enthusiasm for analyzing data, mathematics, weather patterns, and science, this may be a career area you want to explore further. Why Become A Meteorologist...
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...Landforms Cody Carns GEO 101—Earth Science Colorado State University—Global Campus Dr. Sue Finstick December 23, 2013 Landforms Without the process of the hydrologic cycle, there would be no such thing as life. We can’t survive without water, and this is the specific way we are able to understand how water moves in the world. The hydrologic cycle is the process that transports water between the sky, land and oceans all driven by the sun’s energy. The purpose of this paper is to explain the cycle, and relate it to the particular region of my residence in Colorado, but also provide an insight to how it differs from something such as a desert landscape. Having the benefit of being exposed to many different climates through out my short adventures, it’s fascinating to see the effect of the water cycle in multiple regions. Hydrologic Cycle To better understand the water cycle, we need to look at the reservoirs where the water is stored. These can come in many different forms such as oceans, glaciers, icecaps as well as the atmosphere. When talking about the water, it is crucial to remember we are talking about the chemical substance H2O, which include liquid, solid, and gaseous form (NESTA, 2008). The climate changes produce many different variations in the hydrologic cycle, and the different routes the water takes between these reservoirs as mentioned are called the pathways or flows. The main ways of travel between the various types of reservoirs are evaporation...
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...up to d o u b t e r s t o Global p r o v e otherwise. To complete the Warming Debate analogy, I’ll add that to date, there is no credible evidence to demonstrate that the climatological changes we’ve seen since the mid-1800’s are outside the bounds of natural variability inherent in the earth’s climate system. Thus, any impartial jury should not come back with a “guilty” verdict convicting humanity of forcing recent climatological changes. Even the most ardent supporters of global warming will not argue this point. Instead, they argue that humans are only partially responsible for the observed climate change. If one takes a hard look at the science involved, their assertions appear to be groundless. First, carbon dioxide is not a pollutant as many claim. Carbon dioxide is good for plant life and is a natural constituent of the atmosphere. During Earth’s long history there has been more and less carbon dioxide in the atmosphere than we see today. Second, they claim that climate is stable and slow to change, and we are accelerating climate change beyond natural variability. That is also not true. Climate change is generally a regional phenomenon and not a global one. Regionally, climate has been shown to change rapidly in the past and will continue to do so in the future. Life on earth will adapt as it has always done. Life on earth has been shown to thrive when planetary temperatures are warmer as opposed to colder. Third, they point to recent model projections that have shown...
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...Question# 1 The geocentric view of the universe was long since developed in ancient Greece by an astronomer named Claudius Ptolemy (AD 90- 168). Ptolemy believed that the sun, stars and other planets revolved around the earth. The idea of “Geocentric” means everything revolves around Earth. It wasn’t long until Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), an astronomer from Poland came up with a new theory that the solar system actually revolved around the sun. He invented the idea of a solar system. Revolutions (1543) was Copernicus’ final work explaining the heliocentric view of the universe. “The trouble was that nothing he could say or do made people feel they were living on a moving, spinning planet” (Gingerich & MacLachlan, 2005, p. 111) The four major contributors to the development of modern astronomy after Copernicus were Johannes Keppler, Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein. Keppler defended the Copernican system in developing the three laws of planetary motion. Kepler’s First, Second and Third Laws are 1. The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the sun at a focus. 2. A line joining a planet and the sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time. 3. The square of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit. ("Johannes Kepler Facts, Quotes, Laws of Planetary Motion, Astronomy, Information", n.d., p. 1) Galileo in some cases is given credit to creating the telescope but in...
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...While climate impacts will vary on a regional scale, it is the tourism business that needs to take a look at today and tomorrow’s economic factors. While some of the benefits from climate change may accrue to individual farms or businesses, the cost of dealing with adverse climate impacts are typically borne by society as a whole. These costs to society will not be uniformly distributed but felt most among small businesses and Grand Traverse Bay. Here they will most likely to be affected by climate change such as, water, energy, transportation and public health systems. The costs of inaction are frequently neglected and typically not done. These costs include such expenses as rebuilding or preparing infrastructure to meet new realities and the ripple effect of these economic impacts on the state’s households, the agricultural, manufacturing, and commercial and public service sectors as well as tourism in Grand Traverse Bay (Douglas, 2001). Climate change will affect the water, energy, transportation, and public health systems, as well as state economies as well as climate change impact and a wide range of important economic sectors from agriculture to manufacturing to tourism. It is all about location in any business. Especially in the tourism business, but what would happen if we did not for see the future. Looking at Traverse Bay it isn’t a positive future for tourism in the Michigan area in the next 10 to 20 years. Looking at Grand Traverse Bay, I will be...
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...Paola “The Cause and Effects of Climate Change” The alteration of our climate nowadays has been very evident due to climate change. It has been affecting our lives in many different ways. And It is one of the biggest problems our world has been facing. What is Climate Change? A change in global or regional climate patterns, in particular a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century on wards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels. There are two main causes of climate change. The first one is Natural Cause. Volcanic eruption is one of the examples. When a volcano erupts, it release big amounts of sulfur dioxide and dust particles in the air, will then travel to the atmosphere and will block the incoming sun rays and will lead to cooling of the atmosphere of the earth. Another example is the ocean current. It happens when the winds push horizontally against the sea surface and drive ocean current patterns, as well the movement of carbon dioxide affects. Moreover, another cause is the earth`s orbital changes. It happens due of tilting of the earth that affects the severity of the seasons. Second is Human Activity. Natural Resources are being used extensively for constructions of industries, transport and other establishment that causes greenhouse gas to rise which results to the warming of the earth surface. And the effects of climate change the first one is our human health...
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...ON-THE-JOB TRAINING at DOST-PAGASA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Bachelor of Science in Information Technology Submitted by: Jo Mari P. Quitain Submitted to: Rubinato Lubian III February 2014 I. Table of Contents Background of the Agency…………………………………………………………... 1 Mission and Vision…………………………………………………………………... 1 Functions…………………………………………………………………………...... 1 Divisions…………………………………………………………………………….. 2 About the Logo……………………………………………………………………… 3 II. Background of the Agency PAGASA means Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration which is one of the attached agencies of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) under its Scientific and Technical Services Institutes and it is mandated to “provide protection against natural calamities and utilize scientific knowledge as an effective instrument to insure the safety, well-being and economic security of all the people, and for the promotion of national progress”. The government agency was created on December 8, 1972 by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 78 reorganizing the Philippine Weather Bureau into PAGASA. * Mission and Vision Protecting lives and properties through timely, accurate and reliable weather-related information and services. Center of excellence for weather related information and services. * Functions * Maintains...
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...Controlling the Climate and Weather Recall the pleasure derived from the last time you took a walk through a park on a day when the weather was perfect. The sunshine was bright, the temperature was perfect, and perhaps there was a slight breeze that left you the ultimate feeling of refreshment as it caressed your face. Or perhaps you can remember the last time you enjoyed the sounds and smells of a light April shower that left the trees and grass looking so green and the air so fresh that you just couldn’t resist taking a deep cleansing breath. No doubt everyone can remember times such as these or similar instances when the weather was responsible for bringing them a lift in spirit. Now imagine that you had the ability to control the weather and climate. Perhaps your first response to this idea is that such a thing is, and always will be, impossible. But you would be wrong in your assumption. In our modern world there is a science called Geo-Engineering that has become a political issue. Geo-Engineering is the ability of scientists to control the climate and weather in various areas and for various reasons. The issue we are all faced with is whether or not having this control is a good thing or a bad thing. First of all we must answer the question of whether Geo-Engineering is a reality. Without question it is, and has been for decades. Scientists have successfully demonstrated in numerous ways the ability to be able to control the climate and weather. How...
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...caused by natural occurrences and not by the effects of global warming, Live Science reported. The study, which was authored by researchers from NASA, the International Research Institute for Climate and Society and Columbia University, explained that natural weather patterns have prevented rain clouds from developing in the region. According to the researchers, a high pressure system over the West Coast was formed due to the cool temperatures brought in by a La Niña weather phenomenon in 2011. This then served as a roadblock that prevented storm clouds from entering California, Live Science reported. Richard Seager, a professor at Caifornia University's Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory and the study's lead...
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...Global Warming - Marine and Antartic Science Planet Earth or Planet Ocean? 70% of the earth’s surface is covered by water. There’s been life in the oceans for about 3.45 billion years longer than there has been on the land. The oceans determine, to a vast degree the patterns of global and regional climate. The Oceans are the driving force of our weather and climate. Climate is what we expect. Weather is what we get. Climate change is affecting the temperature of the oceans. The composition of the atmosphere of earth is changing, and this is due to humans releasing a range of different greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The primary one being carbon dioxide. Two other important greenhouse gases are methane and nitrous oxide....
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...geographers study? What are the tools of GIS, GPS, Google Earth, Google Maps, mashups, and remote sensing used for? What is spatial analysis or geographic thinking? What are these terms geographers use to describe the earth? place, region, scale, space What is cartography? Is it an art or science, both? What are some ways of representing map scale? Why are Map projections needed? Why is there always some map distortion or errors in maps? What kind of map projection is the Mercator projection: cylindrical, conic, azimuthal? What areas of the globe are best portrayed by a conic projection? What are lines of latitude and lines of longitude? Where does the Prime Meridian run through? What is Greenwich Mean Time? Where is the International Date Line? How do we refer to places using latitude and longitude and the geographic grid (e.g., GPS locations?) If a football game begins at 1 pm EST, what time does it begin in Los Angeles? How are site and situation related? What is a vernacular region? Functional region? What are some pros and cons of globalization on culture in different countries? What does globalization refer to? What is culture? Is it dynamic or static? Chapter 2: Weather, Climate, and Climate Change What are some main reasons for differences in solar radiation and temperature across the globe? What are equinox, solstice, angle of incidence What is the difference between the greenhouse effect that warms our planet vs. ‘global warming’ What kind of waves bring in solar radiation...
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...factors. The population growth directly requires extra amount of consideration of water issue. The issue relates to the population growth and migration movement. For example, Australia’s population growth is caused by the vastly increased migration, and up to recent years the study showed that the water consumption largely climbed up raised many voices on saving water. The facts that were happening showed strong correlation. Climate change over the years that has potentially impact on the usable of water. Global warming which actually that has been debated over a few years. There are voices that there have been many discussions in this topic that consider this fact are because of human activity or nature process. Al Gore convinced us in his president election speech by an inconvenient truth that the truth is that it is getting hotter and hotter. Whatever the result is, an increased concern has arisen between urbanization, salinity, and upstream pollution. In advance, Pacific Institute released that the regional impacts will vary and the potential of global climate change will alter agricultural productivity, freshwater availability and quality, access to vital minerals, coastal and island flooding and so on. These consequences will highly thus threats to security (Giraldo. D. P., Betancur M. J., 2004). Water security will be analyzed in the form of LCD. Food security is another perspective which will be analyzed in the CLD. This refers to the availability...
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...of Earth's climate system. Since 1971, 90% of the warming has occurred in the oceans. Despite the oceans' dominant role in energy storage, the term "global warming" is also used to refer to increases in average temperature of the air and sea at Earth's surface. Since the early 20th century, the global air and sea surface temperature has increased about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), with about two-thirds of the increase occurring since 1980. Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth’s surface than any preceding decade since 1850. Scientific understanding of the cause of global warming has been increasing. In its fourth assessment (AR4 2007) of the relevant scientific literature, the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported that scientists were more than 90% certain that most of global warming was being caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities. In 2010 that finding was recognized by the national science academies of all major industrialized nations.[A] Affirming these findings in 2013, the IPCC stated that the largest driver of global warming is carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and land use changes such as deforestation. Its 2013 report states Human influence has been detected in warming of the atmosphere and the ocean, in changes in the global water cycle, in reductions in snow and ice, in global mean sea level rise, and in changes in some climate extremes. This...
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...Difference between climate and weather? Weather is the description of conditions over a short period of time – a “snap shot” of the atmosphere at a particular time. Climate the some or synthesis of all the weather recorded over a long period of time. It tells us the average or most common conditions. What is oceanography? Also called oceanology or marine science. It is a branch of earth science, it is the study of the deep sea and shallow costal oceans. What is hydrology? The study of movement, distribution and quality of water on earth and other planets. What is metrology? The study of weather. What is demography? Statistical study of human populations and sub-populations. What is geomorphology? The study of the surface of a planet and those processes responsible for forming it. Four types of precipitation: Rain, snow sleet and hail. Synoptic chart Shows weather events occurring at one time throughout a large area such as a country or region. Hectopascals: Unit of measurement of atmospheric pressure. What is microclimate: Local atmospheric zone where the climate differs from the surrounding areas. Ozone layers: Layer of earth’s atmosphere containing relatively high concentrations of ozone. The Troposphere The Stratosphere The Mesosphere The Thermosphere The exosphere. What is atmosphere The atmosphere is a layer of gases, which surrounds the entire Earth. It consists mainly of Nitrogen, Oxygen, as well...
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