...where the focus goes on is the place where the knowledge comes from, it can be taken as an important question while pointing at the ways of knowing. Ways of knowing are the origins from which we gain knowledge such as TV, newspaper, radio, books, internet, family, etc. These were some examples of ways of knowing with which we can relate our daily life. But as far as I studied the main points for ways of knowing are: * Emotion * Faith * Imagination * Intuition * Language * Memory * Reason * Sense perception Now we must know what the areas of knowledge in Theory of knowledge are. Actually it is the division of knowledge into different areas: * Mathematics. * Natural Sciences. * Human Sciences. * History. * The Arts. * Ethics. * Religious Knowledge Systems. * Indigenous Knowledge Systems. From these all, let us take any two areas of knowledge, for example I have taken: Natural science and home science Natural science focuses on the study of the nature and involves experiments and theories....
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...Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 00 (2011) 000–000 Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 30 (2011) 1416 – 1424 Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia WCPCG 2011 The relationship between study skills and academic performance of university students Afsaneh Hassanbeigi a, Jafar Askari b, Mina Nakhjavanic, Shima Shirkhodad, Kazem Barzegar e, Mohammad R. Mozayyan f, Hossien Fallahzadehg * 1 b a Mental Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Department of Psychology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran c Medical Student, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran d Medical Student, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran e School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran f School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran g School of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Abstract Objective: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between various study skills and academic performance of university students. Materials & Methods: A total of 179 male and female junior and senior medical and dental students participated in the present study. The instrument was "Study Skills Assessment Questionnaire" taken from counseling services of Houston University. The content validity of this questionnaire was approved by ten psychologist and faculty...
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...Article 1 - Stress can help when studying for exams Telegraph. (2011). Stress can help when studying for exams. Retrieved May 5, 2011, from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/8485121/Stress-can-help-when-studying-for-exams.html This article is based on claims made about students increasing their memory under stress. The claim is supported with the theory that hormones produced under stress cause changes inside the cells of the brain to help memory to be stored more effectively. Hormones such as cortisol and adrenalin make these changes so the genes in the neurones function and increase learning ability. This theory has been backed up by Professor Hans Reul from the University of Bristol who suggests that remembering unpleasant memories is easier than pleasant ones, reasons being the unpleasant memories are due to being hurt or threatened which are based on stress. He stated that “It seems like the stress hormones bind to specific receptors in our brains that enhance the control of the epigenetic mechanisms that are involved in learning and memory.” Dr Reul presented his findings at an annual conference and in the journal Experimental Neurology. He also warned that too much stress may have an opposite effect, when new information isn’t able to be picked. In order to assess the claims made in this article, one of the main point made were that the binding of two hormones cortisol and adrenalin trigger the changes. Adrenaline is mainly responsible for the fight...
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...The Mandela Effect Have you ever been so sure of a memory you had in your life, only to discover that it was completely wrong? If so, it sounds like you have experienced the Mandela Effect. The Mandela Effect is the state of people having clear memories of events that did not occur or misremembering certain events and facts. The phenomenon first originated after Nelson Mandela, the former president of South Africa, was released from prison. A mammoth amount of people shared the same false memory that Mandela had died in prison during the 1980’s. People even remembered his funeral being broadcasted on television. Nelson Mandela, who was living at that point, was released from prison in 1990 and lived until he was 95. He passed away in 2013....
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...Introduction December 16, 2013 Senses: its effect on recalling information Memory is the power or process of reproducing or recalling what has been learned and retained especially through associative mechanisms. It is the store of things learned and retained from an organism’s activity or experience as evidenced by modification of structure or behavior or by recall and recognition (Merriam-Webster, 2012). Senses enable us to see, smell, hear and etc. but people usually rely on their eyesight and hearing to remember or recall things. People did not recognize the full potential of our memory, that the other senses also help us to remember and recall things for example of it is the sense of smell which is least recognized. We know the odor of a burning lumber because it is stored in our memory when we encounter it in the past like in cooking so when we smell a burning lumber in our home and we know that our home is made of lumber and none of the members of our family is cooking, we automatically think that our home might be in the process of burning. The sense of smell is a model for the so-called physical sensors used for detecting chemicals in the atmosphere. Like a sound, an odor will intrude upon conscious awareness and affect it as long as the odor is there. The sense of smell constantly and automatically monitors the environment for odors. This monitoring is usually automatic, it is apparent in common experience, to detect odors even when attention is engaged...
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...Contributions from Donald O. Hebb and Robert C. Bolles Specialized research in the brain sciences has increased dramatically in recent years. Many psychologists have contributed important foundations and findings in the brain sciences. There have been many important discoveries that offer links between brain science and learning. Donald O. Hebb and Robert C. Bolles have made significant contributions to the field of learning and cognition. Donald Olding Hebb was a prominent Canadian psychologist. Hebb's work has been highly influential in the area of neuropsychology. His contributions included connections in cell assemblies, phase sequences, effects of environments on learning, and work dealing with the effects of short term and long term memory (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2013). He sought to understand how the function of neurons contributed to psychological processes such as learning. Hebb was instrumental in defining psychology as a biological science by identifying thought as the integrated activity of the brain (Brown, 2003). His views on learning described behavior and thought in terms of brain function, explaining cognitive processes in terms of connections between neuron assemblies. These ideas played a large part in his views on education and learning. His greatest achievement was to persuade psychologist that in order to understand the behavior of living organisms you must study the neural machinery responsible for that behavior (Pinel, 2009). Hebb proposed that...
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...In the article, the author talks about the effects of recall on a person's memory and how that memory can be affected by the recall. Kirsten Weir describes recall as a process, every time the memory is brought up the details may be changed and that may affect the memory you are recalling. (Weir 2016). Compared to what most people think of recall as a clip that you remember the same thing over and over with no change. (Weir 2016). You do retrieve the memory every time but your knowledge on the memory depending on the influences around you. There are many examples of this they include things like multiple choice tests, or when you asked to describe someone to a police officer. There is also another type of memory retrieval that is called recognition. Recognition is not based on things you learned a...
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...Carolyn Gregoir’s “8 Fascinating Things We Learned About The Mind” highlighted the eight greatest innovations and discoveries on the mind in 2015. These discoveries ranged from new potential treatment for depression to the underlying harms of smartphones. Specifically, the excerpt on erasing memories, titled “Erasing memories could be the future of addiction treatment”, caught my eye the most. The passage seemed promising at first, but it introduced a frightening concept as it progressed. First of all, the title approaches the concept of erasing memories in a hopeful, positive manner by asserting that it could be “the future of addiction treatment”. All in all, addiction treatment is undoubtedly a complex area that needs a substantial amount...
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...Running head: PROMOTING PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH PSYCHOLANALYSIS' CONTRIBUTION TO THE FIELD OF MENTAL HEALTH NAME COURSE INSTRUCTOR DATE Psychoanalysis is a method of understanding mental functioning and the stages of growth and development. Psychoanalysis is a general theory of individual human behavior and experience, and it has both contributed to and been enriched by many other disciplines. Psychoanalysis seeks to explain the complex relationship between the body and the mind and furthers the understanding of the role of emotions in medical illness and health. In addition, psychoanalysis is the basis of many other approaches to therapy. Many insights revealed by psychoanalytic treatment have formed the basis for other treatment programs in child psychiatry, family therapy, and general psychiatric practice (Farrell, 1981, p. 202). Sigmund Freud was the first psychoanalyst and a true pioneer in the recognition of the importance of unconscious mental activity. His theories on the inner workings of the human mind, which seemed so revolutionary at the turn of the century, are now widely accepted by most schools of psychological thought. In 1896, Freud coined the term "psychoanalysis," and for the next forty years of his life, he worked on thoroughly developing its main principles, objectives, techniques, and methodology. Freud (1949) defines the qualities of the psychical process as being conscious, preconscious, or unconscious (p. 31). Ideas considered to be conscious...
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...Addressing Modes Arithmetic & Logic Instructions And Programs 8051 Programming in C 8051 Hardware Connection and Hex File 8051 Timer/Counter Programming in Assembly and C 8051 Serial Port Programming in Assembly and C Interrupts Programming in Assembly and C 8051 Interfacing to External Memory 8051 Real World Interfacing I: LCD,ADC AND SENSORS LCD and Keyboard Interfacing 8051 Interfacing with 8255 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems: Using Assembly and C Mazidi, Mazidi and McKinlay Chung-Ping Young 楊中平 Home Automation, Networking, and Entertainment Lab Dept. of Computer Science and Information Engineering National Cheng Kung University, TAIWAN OUTLINES Numbering and coding systems Digital primer Inside the computer HANEL Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering National Cheng Kung University, TAIWAN 2 NUMBERING AND CODING SYSTEMS Decimal and Binary Number Systems Human beings use base 10 (decimal) arithmetic There are 10 distinct symbols, 0, 1, 2, …, 9 Computers use base 2 (binary) system There are only 0 and 1 These two binary digits are commonly referred to as bits HANEL Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering National Cheng Kung University, TAIWAN 3 NUMBERING AND CODING SYSTEMS Converting from Decimal to Binary Divide the decimal number by 2 repeatedly Keep track of the remainders Continue this process until the quotient becomes zero Write the remainders...
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...these music classes, children are being stripped of a class that gives them a certain block of time during a school day to have a unique creative experience. Recent research has raised the question that without this fundamental program, students academic achievement and development as an intellectuals, could be jolted, and our understanding of this important language called music could vanish right before our eyes. Music is a intricate language that incorporates many important characteristics of learning in school such as math, science, coordination and other spatial potentials. So the questions are raised as to whether music programs really aid a child’s development in not only the specific area of music, but in other areas of school. Scientists have recently been testing this particular topic in elementary schools. The studies are evaluating whether there is an effect from instrumental training program on the development of verbal and visual memory skills in students from elementary schools. Previous studies have been conducted showing how music programs enhance students learning in other subjects. At...
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...Cognition Cognition is typically referred to as the procedure of obtaining, retaining, using and applying information or knowledge. It can sometimes be defined as the science of knowing. Cognition “refers to all processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used” (Neisser, 1967). When defined broadly, cognition includes the processing of emotions; however, if defined narrowly, it excludes emotion processing. Cognition includes all the mental processes. For example, attaining knowledge and understanding, thinking, remembering, assuming, perceiving, judging and even analytical problem-solving are all part of cognition. Given such a comprehensive definition, it is evident that cognition is concerned in everything a human being might probably do; every psychological experience is a cognitive experience. However, although cognitive psychology is related to all human activity rather than a few segments of it, the apprehension is that it is from a specific point of view yet other viewpoints are evenly justifiable and essential. The Interdisciplinary Perspective & Emergence of Cognitive Psychology As well as being part of psychology as a whole, cognitive psychology is also part of the more general interdisciplinary subject of cognitive science. Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary study of psyche and intellect. It embraces a number of fields such as philosophy, artificial intelligence, psychology, neuroscience, linguistics...
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...When you meet new people, why do you remember some names but not others? This is an example of a question that psychologists working in brain science and cognition seek to answer through their research. These psychologists spend most of their time studying human thought processes and the capacity for understanding, interpreting and retaining information. They may choose to work in one particular specialty, such as memory or learning disabilities, or they may focus their career on a specific health issue or population. Psychologists working in this field apply psychological science to address a wide variety of issues that affect a spectrum of populations. They work with infants and toddlers to address behavioral problems and developmental disorders. They work with adults to address memory disorders, substance use and health-related problems. Others study the brain’s capacity to do tasks, handle multiple demands or recover from injury. In their work, many of these psychologists will drill down into intricacies such as how music therapy can help heal degenerative brain disorders or how quickly humans can learn a new language. Some study how the brain interprets smells. Others are working to decode the human brain. What You Can Do Most psychologists working in brain science and cognition spend their careers in a university setting where they teach or conduct research or both. However, there has been significant growth in other areas, such as human-computer interaction...
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...Witnesses rely on their memories to testify as to what they believe is a true account of the event. However, memories have been found to be fallible with no guarantee of corresponding with objective reality (Johnson, 2001). Research has found that false memories (FM), where a person recalls an event that did not occur and mistakes it to be a true representation of that event (Gleaves & Smith, 2004; Johnson, 2001) exists within the realm of eyewitness testimony (ET) (Loftus, Miller & Burns, 1978). This raises the issue of how well does ET reflect reality. Some theories that explain FM include the source monitoring failure theory (Johnson, Hastroudi & Lindsay, 1993), activation monitoring theory (Roediger, Balota &Watson, 2001) and fuzzy trace theory (Brianerd & Reyna, 1998; Reyna & Brainerd, 1995). Due to word count limitations, this paper will explore the concept of FM using fuzzy trace theory, source monitoring errors and the misinformation effect to explain how FM occurs in the context of ET and why ET can never the representation of the complete truth. The FTT proposes that there are two parallel memory traces, the verbatim trace and the gist trace (Brianerd & Reyna, 1998; Reyna & Brainerd, 1995). The verbatim trace stores information item-by-item and is a verdicial representation of an event. The gist trace stores a generalised meaning based representation of an event. The FTT proposes that verbatim trace decays quickly whereas the gist trace lingers in memory longer resulting...
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...chromosomes, and fiber tracts (461). By analyzing the art, Wilson suggests another dimension is added to the understanding of the bird. The “hunter” or science, by itself, can only analyze on the level of the cell, “altering the scale of perception to the micrometer and millisecond” (461). Science allows us to glimpse into the why: why does the bird of paradise have such complex fiber tracts? But the “poet” or art gives us an answer: because its diet contains mainly of fruit and nuts which requires a complex digestion system to accommodate the high fiber intake. The outer qualities, Wilson stresses, opens “a deeper understanding through the exact description of their constituent parts. They can be redefined as holistic properties that alter our perception and emotion in surprising ways” (461). Together, with analysis on a scientific and artistic level, we can build a bridge connecting questions to their answers. And, as a result, we can resolve the...
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