...Engineering Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 5, Issue 7, July 2015) Design, Simulation & Implementation of A Microcontroller Based Seed Dryer Machine for Farm Produce Interfaced with Computer System Ezeofor J.C1, Okeke. R.O2, Ogbuokebe S.K3 1,2 Department of Electronic & Computer Engineering, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria 3 National Space Research and Development agency, Abuja As a result of these, majority of the farmers end up bankrupt while some incur huge debt from banks, relatives or committee of friends in the process [3]. With the proposed drying system, farmers would be able to dry their farm produce using appropriate temperature and humidity control system. Abstract— this paper presents the design and implementation of a microcontroller based Seed Dryer Machine for farm produce interfaced with PC. Drying of farm produce and seeds in large quantity such as; melon, beans, corn, cocoa seeds, pumpkin seeds, rice, pepper seeds, tomato seeds etc., has been very challenging due to lack of drying facilities, drying space and poor weather. This gives low lifespan to the seeds and reduced quantity of stored seeds, which in turn could discourage farmers from further cultivations. In view of this problem, a microcontroller based Seed Dryer Machine is designed to aid and encourage farmers to dry in large scale different farm produce within a set time. The system is divided into nine...
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...Dell™ OptiPlex™ FX160/160 Service Manual Working on Your Computer System Setup Selective USB Reinstalling Software Troubleshooting Computer Stand Covers Hard Drive Assembly (Optional) NVRAM Module Wireless Card I/O Board Power Supply Processor Heatsink Assembly Memory Coin-Cell Battery Cable Guide Antenna System Board Assembly Getting Help Finding Information Notes, Notices, and Cautions NOTE: A NOTE indicates important information that helps you make better use of your computer. CAUTION: A CAUTION indicates potential damage to hardware or loss of data if instructions are not followed. WARNING: A WARNING indicates a potential for property damage, personal injury, or death. If you purchased a Dell™ n Series computer, any references in this document to Microsoft® Windows® operating systems are not applicable. Information in this document is subject to change without notice. © 2008 Dell Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction of this material in any manner whatsoever without the written permission of Dell Inc. is strictly forbidden. Trademarks used in this text: Dell, the DELL logo, and OptiPlex are trademarks of Dell Inc.; Intel is registered trademarks of Intel Corporation in the U.S. and other countries; Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista, the Windows Start button, and Outlook are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Other trademarks and trade names may be used in this document to refer to either the entities claiming the...
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...MICROCONTROLLER A microcontroller is a computer present in a single integrated circuit which is dedicated to perform one task and execute one specific application. It contains memory, programmable input/output peripherals as well a processor. Microcontrollers are mostly designed for embedded applications and are heavily used in automatically controlled electronic devices such as cellphones, cameras, microwave ovens, washing machines, etc. Types of Microcontroller: Microcontrollers are divided into categories according to their memory, architecture, bits and instruction sets. So let’s discuss types of microcontrollers:- Bits: 8 bits microcontroller executes logic & arithmetic operations. Examples of 8 bits micro controller is Intel 8031/8051. 16 bits microcontroller executes with greater accuracy and performance in contrast to 8-bit. Example of 16 bit microcontroller is Intel 8096. 32 bits microcontroller is employed mainly in automatically controlled appliances such as office machines, implantable medical appliances, etc. It requires 32-bit instructions to carry out any logical or arithmetic function. Memory: External Memory Microcontroller – When an embedded structure is built with a microcontroller which does not comprise of all the functioning blocks existing on a chip it is named as external memory microcontroller. For illustration- 8031 microcontroller does not have program memory on the chip. Embedded Memory Microcontroller – When an embedded structure is...
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...Chapter 3: Jump, Loop, and Call Instructions 3:1: Loop and Jump Instructions 1. In the 8051, looping action with the instruction “DJNZ Rx, rel address” is limited to decrement iterations. 2. If a conditional jump is not taken, what is the next instruction to be executed? Unconditional jump 3. In calculating the target address for a jump, a displacement is added to the contents of register program counter. 4. The mnemonic SJMP stands for short jump and it is a 2-byte instruction. 5. The mnemonic LJMP stands for long jump and it is a 3-byte instruction. 6. What is the advantage of using SJMP and LJMP? The advantage is no stack handling is needed. 7. True or false. The target of a short jump within -128 to +127 bytes of the current PC. True 8. True or false. All 8051 jumps are short jumps. False 9. Which of the following instructions is (are) not a short jump? C. LJMP 3:2: Call Instructions 17. LCALL is a 3 -byte instruction. 18. ACALL is a 2 -byte instruction. 19. The ACALL target address is limited to 2k bytes from the present PC. 20. The LCALL target address is limited to 64k bytes from the present PC. 21. When LCALL is executed, how many bytes of the stack are used? 64k 22. When ACALL is executed, how many bytes of the stack are used? 2k 23. Why do the PUSH and POP instructions in a subroutine need to be equal in number? The number needs to be equal because with the use of every PUSH there has to be a POP to match. 24. Describe the...
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...------------------------------------------------- Note: It is a practical guide in which it is presumed that the reader has already learned about the hardware architecture, programming model, and assembly language programming of 8051 microcontroller. In case you are totally new to 8051 microcontroller I recommend you to read the “8051 Tutorial” available at: https://sites.google.com/site/enggprojectece/my-reading-list It has also been presumed that the reader has at least the beginner level knowledge of computer programming in C language (user defined functions, data types, header files, loops and the flow of a C program). In this tutorial first an introduction to Embedded C is given. A few examples are shown. Then the implementation of timer and interrupt are discussed. (All programs shown here are compiled and executed using Keil µVision 3) Pin Diagram of 8051 (please note the pins used for external interrupts – INT0 & INT1, Serial Port Transmitter – TxD, Serial Port Receiver – RxD, Counter input for Timer-0 – T0 and Counter input for Timer-1 – T1) Embedded C The syntax of embedded C is the same as the C language that we use for writing computer programs. The only difference is the libraries and hence the functions. Particularly for 8051 based microcontrollers, the header file <REGX51.H> has to be added. In this header file the addresses of all the special function registers (SFRs) and other memory locations are defined. Hence we can access an SFR by simply writing its...
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...operational needs of digital signal processing. 3. A graphics processing unit (GPU), also occasionally called visual processing unit (VPU), is a specialized electronic circuit designed to rapidly manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the creation of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display. 4. A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated µC, uC or MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of RAM. 5. Advantages of Microcontrollers a) Microcontrollers act as a microcomputer without any digital parts. b) As the higher integration inside microcontroller reduce cost and size of the system. c) Usage of microcontroller is simple, easy for troubleshoot and system maintaining. d) Most of the pins are programmable by the user for performing different functions. e) Easily interface additional RAM, ROM,I/O ports. f) Low time required for performing operations. 6. Disadvantages of Microcontrollers a) Microcontrollers have got more complex architecture than that of microprocessors. b) Only perform limited number of executions simultaneously. c) Mostly used in micro-equipment. d) Cannot interface...
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...Interrupt is one of the most important and powerful concepts and features in microcontroller/processor applications. Almost all the real world and real time systems built around microcontrollers and microprocessors make use of interrupts. What is an Interrupt The interrupts refer to a notification, communicated to the controller, by a hardware device or software, on receipt of which controller momentarily stops and responds to the interrupt. Whenever an interrupt occurs the controller completes the execution of the current instruction and starts the execution of an Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) or Interrupt Handler. ISR is a piece of code that tells the processor or controller what to do when the interrupt occurs. After the execution of ISR, controller returns back to the instruction it has jumped from (before the interrupt was received). Why need interrupts An application built around microcontrollers generally has the following structure. It takes input from devices like keypad processes the input using certain algorithm; and generates an output which is either displayed using devices like seven segment, LCD or used further to operate other devices like motors etc. In such designs, controllers interact with the inbuilt devices like timers and other interfaced peripherals like sensors, serial port etc. The programmer needs to monitor their status regularly like whether the sensor is giving output, whether a signal has been received or transmitted, whether timer has finished...
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...ACKNOWLEDGEMENT [pic] We would like to thank Asst. Prof., Ila Parmar for her guidance, her support and the opportunity to work on this project and H.O.D., Mr. Lokhandvala for his support and the encouragement. We would also like to thank our families for their constant support, encouragement and motivation without which the accomplishment of this project would not be possible. We would also like to thank our friends and all the people who directly or indirectly played a role in this project. ABSTRACT [pic] Mankind has always strived to give life like qualities to it’s artifacts in an attempt to find substitutes for himself to carry out his orders and also to work in a hostile environment. The popular concept of a robot is of a machine that looks like a human being. Cleaning of floors of rooms and corridor usually involves lot of effort and labour on the part of the person doing it. It causes much trouble, waste of time and energy on the part of humans. Moreover, it also proves to be expensive if a person is hired for doing it. It also makes the employer dependent on the person hired for getting the job done. Thus it bounds people in a way and renders them helpless. What if this process is made automatic and independent of any apparent human role. This can be done with the help of embedded technology and automation. That is the job we as future EC engineers have undertaken. The process of cleaning can be...
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...INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FROM TATA CMC, JAMMU ON EMBEDDED SYSTEMS. Submitted in the partial fulfilment of requirement for the award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering In Electronics and Communication Engineering Submitted By Ashish Gupta 258/12 Under the guidance of Ms. Sonika Mahajan IT Guide Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering Mahant Bachittar Singh College of Engineering and Technology, Jammu 2015 CERTIFICATE i DECLARATION I hereby declare that the Seminar Report entitled “EMBEDDED SYSTEMS” is an authentic record of my own work carried out as requirement for the award of degree of B.E. (E&C) of Mahant Bachittar Singh College of Engineering & Technology, Jammu. Date: ................ Ashish Gupta 258/12 Certified that the above statement made by the student is correct to the best of my knowledge and belief. Ms. Sonika Mahajan Ms. Neha Gupta Ms. Shalini Sharma IT Guide ...
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...project is design 03. This design was selected by considering several factors. The first factor which was considered is the complexity of the circuit design. As there are two processors the work load is divided and therefore error percentage can is reduced. Sensor interfacing is carried out with the microcontroller and the GSM and PC interfacing is done using the arduino. If an error occur in the system it will be easily troubleshoot as the system is virtually divided and three different program codes are being used. When comparing with the other two designs the work load will more on the processor therefore it will affect the accuracy and the effectiveness of those system in the long run. In data transmission design 01 has used a RF for wireless communication, and the design 02 has used a Bluetooth device for its wireless data communication. As the system is wireless there will be various interferences from other equipment, result in errors in the system. And if this system is implemented in a small nursing home or a hospital, the radio frequency signals may be interfere with other medical equipment which will cause instability in this system as well as other equipment too....
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...Power LED: Adjacent to the printed word 'UNO' a LED can be seen ,which blinks whenever the board is powered up. TX and RX LED : Arduino uses the TX ,stands for transmit and RX stands for recieve pins for serial communication,whenver Arduino recieves or transmit data , LEDs (labele12 ) blinks. Core IC : Arduino uses Atmega ICs of ATMEL company as microcontrollers for the board.This is known as the brain of Arduino indicated as Label 13 Label 14 is the Voltage regulator ,as name indicates it regulates the voltage into the Arduino board . 3.3.2 Arduino Software To install Arduino IDE one need an Arduino compatible microcontroller ,a USB cable and computer(Windows,Linux or MAC).Follow the steps for software installation,after this process it would be ready for testing the...
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...Wake up from all sleep mode, including Power Down 8-bit Microcontrollers Application Note 1 Introduction The Two Wire serial Interface (TWI) is compatible with Philips' I2C protocol. The bus was developed to allow simple, robust and cost effective communication between integrated circuits in electronics. The strengths of the TWI bus includes the capability of addressing up to 128 devices on the same bus, arbitration, and the possibility to have multiple masters on the bus. The Universal Serial Interface (USI) module on devices such as ATmega169, ATtiny26 and ATtiny2313, has a dedicated Two-wire mode. The USI provides the basic hardware resources needed for synchronous serial communication. Combined with a minimum of control software, the USI allows higher transfer rates and uses less code space than solutions based on software only. Interrupts are included to minimize the processor load. This document describes how to use the USI for TWI slave communication. Source code for communication drivers for transmission and reception is provided. The code is complete with both data buffer handling and combined transmitter and receiver. Rev. 2560C-AVR-09/05 2 Theory This section gives a short description of the TWI and USI interfaces. For more detailed information refer to the datasheets. 2.1 Two-wire serial Interface The Two-wire Serial Interface (TWI) is ideally suited for typical microcontroller applications. The TWI protocol allows the systems designer...
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...Embedded Systems Software Quality and Testing in Embedded Systems DR KASHIF SAGHAR Kashif.saghar@gmail.com Outline Software Quality and Testing in Embedded Systems Embedded system • Embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical system • Often ES are Real time Systems • Embedded Systems are generally – Small size – Low Power and Price – Rugged OS Embedded system … • Embedded systems are often based on microcontrollers • Embedded systems are used in various portable devices • Embedded systems are used in transportation, fire safety, safety and security, medical applications and life critical systems • A new class of wireless embedded devices called motes are networked wireless sensors. Wireless sensor network (WSN) • A wireless sensor network (WSN) is an example of a complete embedded system – Various ES work in a distributed network – Communicate wirelessly – Contains independent sensors etc. A WSN … Embedded System : Node • WSN is composed of various nodes • Resource Constraints • Network Topology and Routing Embedded Systems Specifications • Specifications WE NEED FORMALITY TO FILL THE GAPS • Implementation Model Checking in Embedded System Apply Properties Yes OR No If No....... Why No? • Where Modeling Techniques can be used in Embedded Systems? Specification Stage – Give a description of the system to be developed, at whatever...
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...located in remote place (Police station, near ones, etc). In the transmitter section the eye blink sensor is placed near the eye to sense the blink count and this information is transmitted in the form of pulses and is given to the Microcontroller. The Microcontroller uses this information to compare with the normal eye blink programmed in the chip and if any abnormal situation arises the vehicle is stopped with an alarm indication, this operation is enabled by means of the driver circuit connected to the vehicle motor and the signal is transmitted via RF-transmitter at the frequency of 433.92 MHz. In the Receiver side the transmitted signal is received and the signal is decoded and given to the Microcontroller, which uses this information for displaying the alert message in the LCD as programmed, simultaneously a buzzer alert is given. Block Diagram Transmitter[pic] Receiver [pic] HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS • Microcontroller Unit and Power Supply • LCD • Alarm unit • RF transmitter and receiver SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS • Embedded C • Keil Compiler LIST OF HARDWARE MODULES: MODULE 1: Power Supply for 8051 Microcontroller MODULE 2: Encoder MODULE 3: RF Transmitter MODULE 4: Decoder MODULE 5: RF Receiver MODULE 6: Relay...
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...Renesas Electronics and the Automotive Microcontroller Supply Chain Name of Student: Name of Instructor: Subject Name: Date: Contents Problem Statement 2 Analysis 2 Recommendation 3 Implementation 3 Problem Statement In the earthquake of 2011, Naka, a plant of Renesas had a significant on its power supply. Naka was a sole supplier of microcontroller chips in the industry. It had two major customers that were the large companies of the automotive industry in Japan. Thus, it was the threat for both Renesas and the automotive company A and the Company B as the production of Naka were interrupted by the earthquake. Analysis Below is the analysis through which risk associated to the problem can be identified and give the future aspects to resolve it. Risk Management Risk management is use to identify the threats that are inherited with the present situation. It also provides the solution of the problem. Risk Identification The first procedure of handling the threat is its appropriate determination of it. In the current situation, the risk to Renesas was the earthquake in 2011 that had interrupted the production of Naka. Naka is the manufacturer of microcontroller chips. Two major companies of the automotive industry of Japan were the dominant buyers of the Renesas that used to buy microcontroller chips for their automotive business. Thus, it became very difficult for the Renesas to continue its production due to earthquake destruction. Risk Assessment Renesas...
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