...Storrs PC Hardware book The PC and Interrupts We are all confronted with interruptions from time to time. Some are pleasant, some are unpleasant and some are neutral. You can ignore some interruptions, for example a telephone or doorbell ringing, some must not be ignored, such as getting a flat tire on the freeway - you must deal with them as soon as possible. The alternative to a system with Interrupts is to use Polling, a system where we must look at each device periodically to see if our services are required. Imagine having a telephone without a bell, you would have to lift the receiver regularly to see if anyone was on the line. Whatever their cause, interrupts are essentially requests for attention. In the same way, peripherals in a computer system can request the attention of the processor. The event that makes a microprocessor stop executing one routine to perform some other routine to service a request, is called an INTERRUPT. Interrupts increase the overall efficiency of a computer system, because the external devices request the attention of the processor as needed. If a system had no interrupts, the processor would have to POLL every device in the system periodically, to see if any of them required attention. Many of the standard I/O provisions of the PC computer generate interrupts when they need the processor to process data being received by, or being sent by, those interfaces. The processor can process two kinds of interrupts, those it can ignore and those it...
Words: 16363 - Pages: 66
...------------------------------------------------- Introduction to Embedded C for 8051 and Implementation of Timer and Interrupt Handling Compiled by: Sivaranjan Goswami, Pursuing M. Tech. (2013-15 batch) Dept. of ECE, Gauhati University, Guwahati, India Contact: sivgos@gmail.com ------------------------------------------------- Note: It is a practical guide in which it is presumed that the reader has already learned about the hardware architecture, programming model, and assembly language programming of 8051 microcontroller. In case you are totally new to 8051 microcontroller I recommend you to read the “8051 Tutorial” available at: https://sites.google.com/site/enggprojectece/my-reading-list It has also been presumed that the reader has at least the beginner level knowledge of computer programming in C language (user defined functions, data types, header files, loops and the flow of a C program). In this tutorial first an introduction to Embedded C is given. A few examples are shown. Then the implementation of timer and interrupt are discussed. (All programs shown here are compiled and executed using Keil µVision 3) Pin Diagram of 8051 (please note the pins used for external interrupts – INT0 & INT1, Serial Port Transmitter – TxD, Serial Port Receiver – RxD, Counter input for Timer-0 – T0 and Counter input for Timer-1 – T1) Embedded C The syntax of embedded C is the same as the C language that we use for writing computer programs. The only difference...
Words: 3118 - Pages: 13
...The difference between Interrupts and Traps are simple. Interrupts are hardware interruptions as to where Traps are software – invoked interrupts. Hardware interrupts are program controlled interruptions produced by some event external to the CPU. This stops the CPU from executing the code it was already running and to jump to the event that generated the interrupt. These type of interrupts can come from numerous sources, such as, expansion cards, timer chip, keyboards, and mouse, as well as peripheral devices. Most often, hardware interruptions do not ever occur because of event related program execution. When and interrupt occurs, the CPU is sent an interrupt request by the interrupt event, in order to provide service needed by the device and then returns to the normal program. Most often when a hardware interrupt occurs the CPU starts interrupt server routine (ISR) and other hardware interrupts are disabled. The sole purpose of a Trap is to provide a fixed subroutine and can be identified as a transfer of control that is normally incorporated by the programmer. When a trap occurs, the CPU stops what is it doing like it does when an interrupt occurs, then it saves the context before jumping to the suitable trap routine. Then it completes and restores the context and continues execution. Interrupts are a very important part of computer design. All computers have their own interrupt structure, which most of the functions are the same. An interrupt has to transfer control...
Words: 317 - Pages: 2
...Kortni Wiegreffe 06-12-2014 Every successful person and every satisfying relationship became so through using good communication skills as part of the process. However, listening is the part of communicating that often gets short shrift in favor of talking. There is a practical side to improving listening skills, especially for anyone in a service profession such as veterinary medicine. How well you listen impacts your relationships with clients, coworkers and suppliers. Better listening builds better partnerships. (The American Veterinary Medical Association, 1997) Personally or professionally all of us could use some practice on our listening skills. For example; a client asks an interesting question, but is mumbling so you can’t exactly hear what he is saying. “Excuse me sir, you’re talking to low can you please repeat that for me, thank you” This is a great way of politely letting the person know that you can’t hear them. Hearing refers to the sounds that you hear, whereas listening requires more than that: it requires focus. Listening means paying attention not only to the story, but how it is told, the use of language and voice, and how the other person uses his or her body. In other words, it means being aware of both verbal and non-verbal messages. (Listening Skills, 2011-2014) Techniques for reflective listening include echoing, paraphrasing, and summarizing. Echoing involves repeating the last few words that a client said (i.e. ‘‘So, Friskie threw up twice...
Words: 1004 - Pages: 5
...are attending elementary school (formal contexts). They found that two-thirds of the classroom discussion is taken by teachers and the rest is taken over by male students. The explanation for these findings is that males are more concerned than females about earning status and power. So they feel that by, “participating and verbally contributing,” will help to gain more status in formal contexts. Formal contexts meaning public situations (i.e. business meetings, seminars, committee meetings, etc.) The study also found that men tend to dominate discussions by patronizing women. For example, in this chapter they give a scenario of a work meeting. In the meeting the woman discusses an issue and is interrupted by a male colleague. He interrupts by saying, “I think what Anne is trying to say Roger is….” By interrupting, he’s putting across a message that he knows better (a way of trying to achieve higher status), and ends her part in the discussion. (p.43) Therefore, in formal contexts women often don’t participate in discussions. Private contexts are those situations that involve, “developing and reinforcing friendships and intimate relationships.” They aren’t so much about improving status. Women feel more comfortable talking in this context because it mainly because it’s purpose is to develop or...
Words: 309 - Pages: 2
...children are attending elementary school (formal contexts). They found that two-thirds of the classroom discussion is taken by teachers and the rest is taken over by male students. The explanation for these findings is that males are more concerned than females about earning status and power. So they feel that by, “participating and verbally contributing,” will help to gain more status in formal contexts. Formal contexts meaning public situations (i.e. business meetings, seminars, committee meetings, etc.) The study also found that men tend to dominate discussions by patronizing women. For example, in this chapter they give a scenario of a work meeting. In the meeting the woman discusses an issue and is interrupted by a male colleague. He interrupts by saying, “I think what Anne is trying to say Roger is….” By interrupting, he’s putting across a message that he knows better (a way of trying to achieve higher status), and ends her part in the discussion. (p.43) Therefore, in formal contexts women often don’t participate in discussions. Private contexts are those situations that involve, “developing and reinforcing friendships and intimate relationships.” They aren’t so much about improving status. Women feel more comfortable talking in this context because it mainly because it’s...
Words: 619 - Pages: 3
...Name: Saleem-ul-haq ID: 5252 Corse Title: Writing Skills Corse Code: 9117 Log Journal Assignment: Topic # 1 Submitted to: Sir Yousuf Sharjeel “Change your life today. Do not gamble on the future, act now, without delay.” Life of a human is full of many tasks. He has to achieve all tasks on time. Since childhood, we are said to be on time otherwise teacher punishes us. When we enter in professional life, we are again said to be punctual this time life punishes us. Time schedule basically a plan for performing work or achieving an objective in allotted time. Most of people either professional or student face troubles to accomplish the work or project, If we all plan before start the work it will easier to achieve. Sometime many people, when task is given, think that it will be done, they put off until tomorrow what they can do today. They delay till last day come to the door. Actually and certainly this attitude kills the people. We learn many things if we work honestly without delay. Delay is nothing but the parents of failure. There are many things that make it difficult for people to schedule their time effectively. Some people have unclear objectives, some have burden of objectives, inability of objectives, stress objectives, and most having problem that work-work-work no other routine and some face interruptions. The people who are unclear about their objectives, it is very hard to accomplish work if you do not know where you are going, how can you expect to...
Words: 643 - Pages: 3
...consequences on the teacher. In the first act has carol arranged a meeting with her teacher John. The purpose of this meeting is that she should explain to him that she has problems with the course and that she stands to dump. As she sits in his office John’s telephone suddenly began to ring and it was his wife who were ringing. He takes the phone and talks for awhile. She almost hears the entire conversation. As he turns his telephone off, she asks him directly what “the terme of art" means, he tries to answer her but like her he doesn’t know what it means either, and they talk a bit about that. When she tries to explain to him that she has difficulty in his profession, and that she would like to get some more help, he began to constantly interrupt her. An example for that you can see on page 2 when Carol has her 3 line when she starts saying: “You don’t do that”…. That interrupting could you put under the category positive face threatening acts, and that is the first example of him trying to get the power over the situation. He constantly tries and changes topics, and it also manages him. Since he is the authority, she has respect for him, and dare not to speak against him and goes with what he says. John is using his power as a teacher to change topic, and the topics he is changing has nothing to with school. As an example for that you can see on page 5 when Carol has her 5 line that starts like this: “I did what you told me…” and after she says the line he turns it over to that...
Words: 715 - Pages: 3
...The Interrupters The thought of watching an almost two hour documentary seems rather boring, but that is the opposite emotion I received while watching “The Interrupters”. Every second was engaging, and every story brought emotion to my heart. It’s one thing to hear about gangs in communities, but actually seeing things they do is another. Gangs are not something anyone should be apart of, and it’s terrible to see how many adults and teenagers, just like myself, are devoting their lives to violence and horror. The Interrupters tells the moving and surprising stories of three Violence Interrupters who try to protect their Chicago communities from the violence they were once apart of. Shot over the course of a year, The Interrupters captures a period in Chicago when it became a nation symbol for the violence in our cities. During this period, the city was overwhelmed with numerous shootings, fights and even deaths. There were three specific incidents in the documentary that stood out to me. Tio Hardimar, creator and director of the Violence Interrupters program, mentioned how when he was 14 years old, this boy beat him up; then his stepfather walked outside and killed that young boy right in front of Tio’s eyes. Tio stated, “I felt good about it, really.” Violence is the answer to every problem. That’s how all those kids were raised, and that’s all they knew. It is disturbing to see how violent these communities are, and how no one cares. Another incident that occurred was...
Words: 337 - Pages: 2
...Turn-taking in Conversations: Overlaps and Interruptions - Recorded Conversation Analysis - Introduction Turn-taking behavior and interaction patterns play a key role in the process through which the participants interpret each-other's meanings and interactions. The study of "rules" of conversational behavior, turn-taking, overlapping of turns, pausing between the turns, etc. was pioneered by Sacks, Schegloff and Jefferson (1974). Interruption, according to West and Zimmerman, disrupts a current speaker - although disruption as such can also be regarded as interaction. Drummond claims that the disruptive potential of a turn can and should be evaluated based on the way the overlap was resolved in the interaction. Lerner (1989) observes that there are interruptions which can be justified in the ongoing interaction based on the sequential context of turns that lead to interruptive turns. He calls these justified interruptions. There are also "delayed completions", which represent a device for resolving overlap; a locator producing them might have been 'interrupted' by a current speaker before reaching the end of a (prior) turn - this gives the locutor the status of an interuptee, and thus the interuptee gains the "right" to complete his or her previous turn by interrupting the current speaker. In defining overlaps, the following qualify as important concepts: 1. Transition Relevant Places (TRPs) - they are a natural place for the occurrence of short overlaps or simultaneous...
Words: 2424 - Pages: 10
...Journal Entry # 1 / Business Execution ------------------------------------------------- Tuhina Rathi / Waitan Dynamics Shared by the team, which worked: Identifying Goals We shared a very strong co-ordination where the team goal was concerned. Each one of us worked individually towards understanding the team’s and individual’s goals. We clubbed both the goals and made one common goal for the entire team and that worked really well. Knowing each other: It is extremely important for each member of the team is to know each other well. Our team was a very friendly team and no one had any issues with each other. We were very professional at the same time, and didn’t bring informal moments into team meetings. Every meeting began with a chat for 15 to 20 minutes before getting into the seriousness of work, and that, worked as a stress buster. Avoiding conflict: Normally, it is always a petty mistake to just make an assumption that every team member’s task would be the same and would have a same weightage. We avoided conflict by effectively communicating our goals and planning an agenda. We also identified our mission, tasks and goals in comparison with the team’s mission, tasks and goals. Respecting each other’s opinions: As a team, we always let each person speak his/her part. Also we respected each other points and views politely. Upon a disagreement, we would all agree to seek another way out to any issue that called for. Listening to each other: ...
Words: 795 - Pages: 4
...Capitalize the value of iStockphoto Content. Livingstone has commitment to run iStockphoto to the community, and he did not want the designers to be interrupted with advertising when they are working. Maintain the members and generate more revenue. There are two ways that Livingstone can apply to sustain and ties the professional members from shifting to other websites or companies. Where, members of iStockphoto are the main content of the website. Professional members feel that their work is not appreciated because the price of their photos is same as the price of the beginners' photos. 1. Customization. By using customization customers can order photos based on their requirements, and the price of that photo will be more. For customized photos iStockphoto should select only the expert and the professional designers to make sure the photos will be at highest quality. 2. Price differentiation to generate more revenue. Price differentiation should be based on the member's experiences and qualifications, quality of the photo, the size of the photo, and its complexity. By applying this strategy the company will make sure that it will sustain its professional members. Therefore, if iStockphoto make customization to their photo, it will be using the differentiation generic strategy together with the overall cost leadership generic strategy. And using a combination of both strategies will lead iStockphoto to be more successful e-commerce , where Kim , Nam and Stimpert...
Words: 409 - Pages: 2
...Communication Matters name COM 425 instructor 10 November 2013 Annoying Co-Workers The Situation I have encounter many of the six types mention in the article, but I will focus on one specific situation that had me shaking my head. I consider myself to some extent the interrupter but catch it sometimes and stop in time for others not to notice or so I think. I will focus on “The Know-it-all”, a few years back I was working with a subordinate that came straight out of school, he was motivated and has a lot of enthusiasm which is a great attitude for a new Soldier to have coming from school. He of course shortly after became very annoying because he taught he had an answer for everything, he was hard charging but hard of listening. He would jump in at every conversation and had to put his two cents on the table because he was that type of guy. But this one day, there was a tasking that came down and only the people that had been in the unit for a while would know how to do, but of course as we are scrambling to come up with an answer he jumps in and starts his know it all speech. How to Deal With the Situation It is apparent that if you treat others with less than equal respect, the other person usually will let you know. When he interrupted, sometimes I tolerated him because I was mentoring him and I was not trying to come across as the hard supervisor but, this one time he had to stay on his lane and just listen to the problem solving and learn...
Words: 628 - Pages: 3
...INTERRUPTS • The difference between Hardware and Software Interrupts (eg. BIOS/DOS calls) is that an external device, not programmer, causes the hardware interrupt to occur. For eg. There is a keyboard interrupt which causes the PC to read a character typed. • Types of Interrupts and Priorities – – – – – Reset (Highest Priority) Internal Interrupts and Exceptions Software Interrupts: SWI (INT #) NonMaskable Interrupts (NMI): External Hardware External (maskable) Hardware (Lowest Priority) Interrupt Vectors • All interrupts involve obtaining a vector (8 bit #) which is used by the MPU to fetch the address of the Interrupt Service Routine (ISR). • The address of the ISRs are in a table in memory beginning at 00h • Each entry (4B) in the table contains IP & CS of the corresponding ISR start address. Interrupt Vector Table Mem addr Vector Sys Services 70h*4 9*4 8*4 08 04 02 00 . . CS70h IP70h . . CS9 IP9 CS8 IP8 . . CS2 IP2 CS1 IP1 CS0 IP0 Vec 70h - CMOS Real Time Clock Vec 9 - PC Keyboard OR coprocessor seg overflow Vec 8 - PC Sys Timer OR interrupt table limit too small Vec 2 - NMI Vec 1 - debug Vec 0 - divide error Note: There is maximum of 256 vectors in Real Mode. Hardware Requirements for Interrupts RAM ROM INTR INT MPU INTA# reset NMI Interrupt Controller IR7 IR0 io1 ... io7 8259 Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC) • The 8259 PIC functions as overall mgr of an interrupt system environment. • Each PIC has up to 8 interrupt request (IR) inputs • Expandable...
Words: 1267 - Pages: 6
...Article Critique – Dealing With Annoying Co-Workers Victor Ferguson COM 425 Communications for Organizations Prof. Tomeka Prescott 29 July 2013 Article Critique – Dealing With Annoying Co-Workers Because we cannot choose with whom we work for in every instance, it is likely that we have worked with or for someone who has annoyed us. The most common annoying types are the interrupter, the know-it-all, the slacker, the grump, the speakerphone lover, and the blabbermouth. Over the years, one or many have annoyed us to complete frustration especially if we do not know how to deal with these annoyances. If we fail to let them know how they are affecting us and maybe the entire work group, center or office then how will they know to stop. They will not. However, there annoyances does not preclude us from still acting courteously even to the end. This paper will identify one of these annoyances, how to deal with it, and to avoid it. (Green, 2011) The Situation We recognize that there is no one in the world today that is perfect. This is not a hard lesson to learn. As the saying goes, “To err is human…”. However, a hard lesson to learn is we are not close to perfect as we think we may be. At least it is for most of us. I had a bad habit of interrupting others before they could finish what they were saying. Not only did I do this to my wife, but I also did it at work and without discrimination, boss, co-workers, and subordinates. Apparently, when I asked others how often...
Words: 888 - Pages: 4
