...Features of Telephone and Face-to-Face Conferences Dorothea Halbe University of Trier A significant part of the work in business settings, especially in multinational projects, is done through talking over the phone in conference calls. The differences in the setting in comparison with face-to-face meetings create a new dynamic of talk and turn taking because of the lack of body language. This article analyzes a number of the differences between these two types of meetings, using a corpus of (International) Business English, in which the multinational participants discuss an information technology research project. English is used as a lingua franca among participants from different companies and different nationalities (e.g., Dutch, German, Italian, Spanish). Features studied include self-identification, the number of turns, interruptions, overlaps, back-channeling behavior, pauses, side comments, small talk, breaks, distribution of talk, meeting structure, and length of conferences. The findings show that because of the lack of body language signals, there are differences in most of these features, for example, fewer interruptions, overlaps, and pauses in concalls than in face-to-face meetings. Small talk is restricted to the end or beginning of calls if it happens at all, side comments do not happen among the participants but may occur with people outside the conference. Back channels occur more frequently in conference calls, as they constitute the only means of communicating...
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...central issue in international management research and has been traditionally accomplished using indices of cultural values. Although a number of researchers have attempted to identify measures to account for the core elements of culture, there is no consensus on those measures. This article uses an alternative method—discourse analysis—to observe what actually occurs in terms of communication practices in intercultural decision-making meetings, specifically those involving U.S.-born native English speakers and participants from East Asian countries. Previous discourse studies in this area suggest that differences in communication practices may be attributed to power differentials or language competence. Our findings suggest that the conversation style differences we observed might be attributed to intergroup identity issues instead. Keywords: intercultural communication; intercultural communication; group communication; discourse analysis; intercultural management; group decision making; communication accommodation theory In an increasingly global economy, multicultural work teams are becoming more commonplace, and fostering teamwork in multicultural teams is a growing challenge. The growing body of intercultural research suggests important Jolanta Aritz is an Associate Professor of Clinical at the Center for Management Communication at the Marshall School of Business at USC. She teaches business communication courses in the Marshall undergraduate and graduate programs. Robyn...
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...One of the argument we have studied is, a gentleman arguing with and South African women, it is and racial debate but turns to scenario in which the use of fillers, words being repeated as well as aggression to the tone of language changes. But when facts and figures are used by the South African women the debate changes from good to a conflict. The racial debate takes place in a news studio and stays in the news studio wants the argument progresses. The debate starts off with the women saying “it is still you vs as.” From this quote you can already see the way the women uses the word “us” and changes it to “as”, this is really down to the women’s socialect, it is the way in which the lady speaks naturally and this is down to the country she is from and the way in which she has been brought up. And also the second point you can infer is that once the words are...
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...The first soap opera broadcast was a radio soap produced in America in the 1930’s. The first soap opera was called ‘Painted Dreams’ which premiered in October 1930. ‘Painted Dreams’ was targeted mainly at a female audience. The word ‘Soap opera’ came from the advertisements of soaps (washing soaps), this appealed to women in particular because they were left at home to do housework, and not long after soaps became more popular more women were listening to Soap operas whilst doing housework. The popularity of soaps has increased since they first broadcast. TV soaps mimic spontaneous speech by using their dialect form the specific region that the soap is aimed at for example: Eastenders is from the East end of England . The actors in Eastenders use a ‘cockney’ dialect; the audience recognise the cockney accent because it is made familiar in films and soap operas including Eastenders. Different soaps use different dialects such as: Coronation Street use a very strong Northern accent Women believed that listening to these soap operas allowed them to escape from their everyday problems by immersing themselves in a more dramatic scene presented in the soap operas. Soap operas emphasised on how other people and cultures lived. Dallas was a famous soap opera in the seventies, the British audience were amazed by the extent of exaggeration that was presented in this soap, and the houses were a particular object that stood out because of their size, at this time Britain was not used to...
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...CHAPTER 1 The Problem Introduction The word “language” seems to have been derived from the Latin words, “Lingua,” which implies “tongue “. The French term,” language” also refers to a specific from of speech .Hence, in the whole process of language teaching, spoken language occupies an important place. Ballard says,” talking comes before writing, oral composition before written composition.(Dash, 2004, p.165-166) Speaking is the productive skill in the oral mode. It, like the other skills, is more complicated than it seems at first and involves more than just pronouncing words Josh Billings says“Silence is one of the hardest arguments to refute”. Learning English as one's second language is not unusual in most places of the world. But learning English as one's second language and mastering it thoroughly is a distinguished achievement. By mastering, I mean that one is able to read, write and communicate unambiguously and effectively. In this case, only a few has accomplished due to many problems such as unavailability of native-English instructors in a country, a totally different language structure used at home and a limited amount of time studying English. The main reason why theFilipinos are employed abroad is their ability to speak and understand Englishand so when all countries in the world struggle to learn English (Rama 2000) We ,Filipinosshould not unlearn it. English is a global language and in the...
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...where we can identify an archival turn. Art Spiegelman’s Maus first and perhaps most forcefully established the connection between archives and comics. His groundbreaking work documenting his father’s experience in WWII Poland, where he survived internment in Auschwitz, is a visual narrative based on oral testimony that consistently heightens our awareness of visual, written, and oral archives, and where they interact, overlap, or get transposed one into the other. Hillary Chute recounts and interprets her collaboration with Spiegelman in the process of assembling MetaMaus, a book compiling interviews and archival materials on the making of Maus. MetaMaus, argues Chute, reflects the tension between different kinds of extant archives—oral, written, photographic—and the cross-discursive work of (re)building new archives that motivates Maus. Its defining feature is that it shows the materiality of Spiegelman’s archive; it is about the embodiment of archives. The subject of Maus is the retrieval of memory and ultimately, the creation of memory…. It’s about choices being made, of finding what one can tell, and what one can reveal, and what one can reveal beyond what one knows one is revealing. Those are the things that give real tensile strength to the work—putting the dead into little boxes. – Art Spiegelman (MetaMaus 73) Maus: A Survivor’s Tale is a book about archives. And the book about making Maus, MetaMaus, is both a process of taking stock of the Maus archive and an active...
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...Verbal Communication From Chapter 5 of Human Communication in Society, Third Edition. Jess K. Alberts, Thomas K. Nakayama, Judith N. Martin. Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 87 Verbal Communication chapter outline The ImporTance of Verbal communIcaTIon Language and Perception Language and Power Power and Words Power and Accent Power and Identity Labels WhaT Is Verbal communIcaTIon? Functions of Language Components of Language Influences on Verbal communIcaTIon Gender Age Regionality Ethnicity and Race Education and Occupation eThIcs and Verbal communIcaTIon Hate Speech Confirming and Disconfirming Communication ImproVIng your Verbal communIcaTIon skIlls “I” Statements Become Aware of the Power of Language The IndIVIdual, Verbal communIcaTIon, and socIeTy 88 “ The verbal elements of communication are the foundation on which meaning is created. When I took a trip to Britain, I thought people would speak with a “British accent.” I didn’t realize that there are many different accents and the differences are not just pronunciation, but also vocabulary. In order to get my message across, I learned to avoid using slang words as much as I could. I didn’t realize how much American slang I use in my everyday speech! Despite the many different ways of speaking English across the UK, I felt the way that I speak English made me stick out as an American. W hen we think of “communication...
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...inference 1. Referring expression 2. Inference 3. Co-text 4. Anaphoric reference Chapter 3: Presupposition and entailment 1. Types of presupposition 2. Entailments Chapter 4: Cooperation and implicature 1. The cooperative principle 2. Hedges 3. Conversational implicatures 4. Generalized conversational implicatures 5. Scalar implicatures 6. Particularized conversational implicatures 7. Conventional implicatures Chapter 5: Speech acts and events 1. Speech act classification 2. Felicity conditions 3. Speech events Chapter 6: Politeness and interaction 1. Politeness 2. Face wants 3. Say something: off and on record 4. Positive and negative politeness Chapter 7: Conversation and preference structure 1. Conversation analysis 2. Pauses, overlaps, and backchannels Chapter 8: Discourse and culture 1. Discourse analysis Chapter 9: Identification and application Conclusion Bibliography Appendix: Script Introduction: Pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader). As GeorgeYule (1996) says, ‘Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning’. This paper shows that this type of study involves the interpretation of what people mean in a...
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...Further Teacher Guidance GCSE English Language Studying Spoken Language: Variations, choices, change in spoken language This document has been compiled from the GCSE English Language Specification, material previously published in the Teacher Guide and material distributed at INSET (also available on the secure website). It includes candidate responses in draft form with Principal Examiner commentaries. This document is intended to offer guidance and support to teachers in preparing students for the controlled assessment of Unit 4 S tudying Spoken Language (for first submission Summer 2012). It must be e mphasised that the advice which follows is exactly that: it is not prescriptive and where approaches are mentioned these are not the only possible or recommended choices. As you make your decisions and des ign teaching programmes, please remind yourselves of the most important factors to be taken into account as detailed in the ‘Key Information’ section of this guide and in the ‘Controlled Assessment’ booklet which must be downloaded from the secure website. Contents Key Information Relevant Assessment Objective Advice on Approaches Frequently Asked Questions Controlled Assessment Checklist Using transcriptions, recordings, recollections & terminology Assessment Criteria Candidate responses with Principal Moderator Commentaries Teaching Resources Key Information Candidates will be required to study an aspect of spoken language. The assignment will be a...
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...further reading Introduction Counselling is a wonderful twentieth-century invention. We live in a complex, busy, changing world. In this world, there are many different types of experience that are difficult for people to cope with. Most of the time, we get on with life, but sometimes we are stopped in our tracks by an event or situation that we do not, at that moment, have the resources to sort out. Most of the time, we find ways of dealing with such problems in living by talking to family, friends, neighbours, priests or our family doctor. But occasionally their advice is not sufficient, or we are too embarrassed or ashamed to tell them what is bothering us, or we just don’t have an appropriate 2 An introduction to counselling person to turn to. Counselling is a really useful option at these moments. In most places, counselling is available fairly quickly, and costs little or nothing. The counsellor does not diagnose or label you, but does his or her best to listen to you and work with you to find the best ways to understand and resolve your problem. For the majority of people, between one and six meetings with a counsellor are sufficient to make a real difference to what was bothering them. These can be precious hours. Where else in our...
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...A Biennial Report of the Kaiser Family Foundation 2003 X SE ON TV Dale Kunkel, Ph.D. Erica Biely Keren Eyal Kirstie Cope-Farrar, Ph.D. Edward Donnerstein, Ph.D. Rena Fandrich 3 SEX ON TV 2003 A BIENNIAL REPORT TO THE KAISER FAMILY FOUNDATION DALE KUNKEL, PH.D., ERICA BIELY, KEREN EYAL, KIRSTIE COPEFARRAR, PH.D., EDWARD DONNERSTEIN, PH.D., and RENA FANDRICH UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA BARBARA FEBRUARY 2003 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to convey their sincere appreciation to a number of individuals who have played important roles in supporting and facilitating this research. At UCSB, Charles Mullin directed the videotaping effort that captured over 1,000 programs for analysis with diligence, dedication, and careful precision, as he has done consistently over the years in his work on this project. Emma Rollin generously assisted in this effort, assuming primary responsibility for several of the channels studied. The staff at UCSB’s Institute for Social, Behavioral, and Economic Research accomplished all of the financial aspects of the study helpfully and expertly. Tim Schmidt, Jan Jacobson, Jan Holtzclaw, Monica Koegler-Blaha, and Nicole DuBois all contributed to the success of this study with their “can do” approach to the many challenges posed by administrative bureaucracies. At the Kaiser Family Foundation, Vicky Rideout has been an invaluable partner since the outset of this ongoing project tracking sexual messages on television. Her vision...
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...An Introduction to Sociolinguistics AITA01 1 5/9/05, 4:36 PM Blackwell Textbooks in Linguistics The books included in this series provide comprehensive accounts of some of the most central and most rapidly developing areas of research in linguistics. Intended primarily for introductory and post-introductory students, they include exercises, discussion points, and suggestions for further reading. 1. Liliane Haegeman 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Andrew Spencer Helen Goodluck Ronald Wardhaugh Martin Atkinson Diane Blakemore Michael Kenstowicz Deborah Schiffrin John Clark and Colin Yallop 10. 11. 12. 13. Natsuko Tsujimura Robert D. Borsley Nigel Fabb Irene Heim and Angelika Kratzer 14. Liliane Haegeman and Jacqueline Guéron 15. Stephen Crain and Diane Lillo-Martin 16. Joan Bresnan 17. Barbara A. Fennell 18. Henry Rogers 19. Benjamin W. Fortson IV 20. AITA01 Liliane Haegeman 2 Introduction to Government and Binding Theory (Second Edition) Morphological Theory Language Acquisition Introduction to Sociolinguistics (Fifth Edition) Children’s Syntax Understanding Utterances Phonology in Generative Grammar Approaches to Discourse An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology (Second Edition) An Introduction to Japanese Linguistics Modern Phrase Structure Grammar Linguistics and Literature Semantics in Generative Grammar English Grammar: A Generative Perspective An Introduction to Linguistic Theory and Language...
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...Instructions for the FAP: Field Application Project Handbook Professor Katherine Klein MGMT 621/653 June 2012 This document is a resource for you to use as you plan and carry out your team’s Field Application Project for this class. As described in detail below, you and your team will gather data within an organizational unit, diagnose the challenges the unit is facing, and prescribe action steps the unit can take to overcome these challenges and realize new opportunities. The process of carrying out the FAP is both challenging and rewarding. You will gain valuable knowledge and experience as you work with your team, gather and analyze data to gain an understanding of the roots of the unit’s management dynamics and tensions, and propose a course of action to enhance the unit’s effectiveness. Each year, the FAP reports and presentations are incisive, constructive, and fascinating. I look forward to talking with you about your FAP over the course of the semester and to reading about and hearing your team’s FAP findings and recommendations. CONTENTS 1. Introduction to the Field Application Project 2. Timetable / Project Requirements 3. Choosing a Site 4. Gaining Access 5. Working in Your Study Group 6. General Principles and Guidelines for Data Collection 7. Strengths and Weaknesses of Different Data-Gathering Approaches a. Archival Data b. Interviews c. “Shadowing” Job Incumbents ...
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...Health International P.O. Box 13950 Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 USA http://www.fhi.org E-mail: publications@fhi.org Contents Acknowledgments Introduction Case Study Module 1 — Qualitative Research Methods Overview Introduction to Qualitative Research Comparing Quantitative and Qualitative Research Sampling in Qualitative Research Recruitment in Qualitative Research Ethical Guidelines in Qualitative Research Suggested Readings Module 2 — Participant Observation Overview of Participant Observation Ethical Guidelines Logistics of Participant Observation How to Be an Effective Participant Observer Tips for Taking Field Notes Suggested Readings Case Study Samples Participant Observation Steps Module 3 — In-Depth Interviews Overview of In-Depth Interviewing Ethical Guidelines Logistics of Interviewing How to Be an Effective Interviewer Tips for Taking Interview Notes Suggested Readings Case Study Samples...
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...Rapport Management in Thai and Japanese Social Talk during Group discussions Ataya Aoki Abstract According to Hofstede’s (2003) often quoted survey, Japanese and Thai cultures rank high on the collectivist scale and both cultures attach the greatest importance to group harmony. Accordingly, we should see similar characteristics in Japanese and Thai speakers during discussions within their respective social groups. However, this is not the case. This paper examines social talk during the task-oriented interaction of Japanese and Thai speakers. The analysis focuses on how the speakers of Japanese and Thai present themselves and construct rapport in casual group talk. Using the concept of consciousness deployed in ‘idea units’ (Chafe, 1980, 1994) and some semantic considerations, I identify three major differences in rapport construction between Japanese and Thai speakers. First, Japanese participants prefer to build common ground through discussion of communal topics and through dealing with the comprehensiveness and the orderliness of the situation, whereas Thai participants incline toward individual-oriented topics and independent styles of talk. Second, the Japanese show a preference for using softening devices and conventionalized expressions in group discussion while the Thais tend to use intensifiers and spontaneous expressions to indicate involvement and create a friendly and fun atmosphere. Third, the Japanese like to demonstrate the minimization of self and the...
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