...causing the patients infection by describing the different staining procedure protocols. The term bacillus has two different meanings. The lowercase bacillus means bacterial shape while the italicized bacillus refers to a specific genus. Bacillus cells are usually single rods that may look like straws that often form long twisted cells (p. 78). They are typically rods that produce endospores. Bacillus is a gram-positive cell that may at times have gram negative cells. In a gram positive cell, there are many layers of a thick, rigid structure known as peptidoglycan. They also have teichoic acids which are made primarily of alcohol and phosphate. This acid plays a role in cellular growth and prevention of cell wall breakdown. One of the most well known bacteria in microbiology, Escherichia can be characterized as rod shaped having short hair like appendages. Escherichia is a gram negative bacterium. These walls contain lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, and phospholipids. The O polysaccharide acts as an antigen that is helpful to distinguish species of gram negative bacteria. There is also a gel like fluid that lies between the outer and plasma membrane. The outer membrane provides a barriers to certain antibiotics ( p.86) Atypical cells such as Mycoplasm have no...
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...Bacteria are among the first life forms present on Earth, and they can be found in almost every environment. They can be in the shape of rods, spirals, and spheres. The genera Bacillus is a rod shaped bacterium that often form chains and can be found in a wide range of habitats. [Tortora, G.] Bacillus can be endospore-forming aerobic or facultatively anaerobic. Their thick peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall encases their cell membrane, making them a gram-positive bacteria. The fact that Bacillus produce endospores makes them resistant to heat, cold, radiation, desiccation, and disinfectants.[Turnbull, P] This genera of bacterium are generally found in soil and water. The largest of this species can reach two micrometers across and seven micrometers long. Most strains of Bacillus are not pathogenic but many infect humans unintentionally. [Bacillus. (2015)] Escherichia is a gram-negative, non spore forming bacteria. Some species in this genera inhabit the gastrointestinal tracts of animals. They provide a portion of the vitamin K needed to their hosts. [Tortora, G.] Escherichia are facultative anaerobes meaning they make ATP (energy) by aerobic respiration if there is oxygen, but are able to switch to anaerobic respiration if oxygen is absent. They are rod shaped, and a number of them are pathogenic. Some are motile and possess flagellum, while others do not. They can range in size from 1.1-1.5 micrometers x 1.0-6.0 micrometers. [ABIS Encyclopedia.] The genus Mycoplasma are...
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...the patient have intra or extraperitoneal bleeding that requires surgical intervention? Does the patient have peritoneal contamination requiring washout and repair of a hollow viscus? Penetrating injuries with any hemodynamic instability and/or signs of intraperitoneal injury are treated operatively at the outset of management -GSWs most often injure the small bowel followed by the colon and liver Clinical thinking Does the patient have an adequate airway, and ability to protect it? Is the patient breathing? Is oxygenation and ventilation adequate? A GSW in the abdomen may penetrate the diaphragm and cause a significant thoracic injury -Does that patient have adequate blood volume and perfusion? How does the patient respond to resuscitation, does the pt take beta blockers that may mask an appropriate tachycardia? -evaluate the pts ability to follow commands and respond appropriately. Is neurological disability a central phenomenon from shock, or is there a direct spinal cord injury? The patient must always be adequately exposed to evaluate all injuries, don’t over look the axial, back, gluteal cleft, and perineum. Patients with penetrating abdominal injuries are best served by antibiotic therapy prior to operative intervention. Initial therapy should be broad, with coverage of both gram-positive and gram negative organisms. Current practice guidelines advise broad spectrum antibiotics prior to incision and throughout operation -tentanus toxoid upon admission The care...
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...brittle, lightweight, black, porous material resembles coal. Subtitle: A Boise State University study proves that low-energy feedstocks can be densified and when combusted produce heat output comparable to higher energy content fuels. By Owen McDougal, Seth Eidemiller, Nick Weires. November 23, 2010 By the way, according to one of those online dictionaries, “feedstock” refers to “the raw material that is required for an industrial process.“ Intro Research at Boise State University in Idaho, explored both the caloric content and shape to optimize burn efficiency of the biobriquettes. The energy content of briquettes ranged from 4.48 to 5.95 kilojoule per gram (kJ/g) depending on composition, whereas the energy content of sawdust, charcoal and wood pellets ranged from 7.24 to 8.25 kJ/g. Biobriquettes molded into a hollow-core cylindrical form exhibited energy output comparable to that of traditional fuels. The study demonstrates that low-energy content feedstocks can be composted, pressed and combusted to produce heat output commensurate with higher energy content fuels. A calorific donut stands up to charcoal. This is an interesting statement considering the highest calorific value they report for the...
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...BODY FLUIDS AND INTESTINAL GAS Waste from digestive tract Frequent discharge of liquid stool Black tarry stools-contain digested blood First stool of newborn Passage of bloody feces Matter EXPELLED from stomach thru mouth Vomitus Vomiting of blood Gas in digestive tract BODY FLUIDS AND INTESTINAL GAS Waste from digestive tract Frequent discharge of liquid stool Black tarry stools-contain digested blood First stool of newborn Passage of bloody feces Matter EXPELLED from stomach thru mouth Vomitus Vomiting of blood Gas in digestive tract OSTOMIES Creation of an artificial opening OSTOMIES Creation of an artificial opening 1--ELIMINATION OF SOLID WASTE ILE---OSTOMY Into ilieum, creating a stoma (mouth) COLO---STOMY --bag Into colon-creating a stoma (mouth) 1--ELIMINATION OF SOLID WASTE ILE---OSTOMY Into ilieum, creating a stoma (mouth) COLO---STOMY --bag Into colon-creating a stoma (mouth) 2---FEEDING (tubes) PURPOSES GASTR--OSTOMY Into stomach wall- through abdominal wall----- GASTRO—JEJUNUM--OSTOMY Between the stomach and jejunum GAVAGE Process of feeding a person through a NASO-GASTRIC tube 2---FEEDING (tubes) PURPOSES GASTR--OSTOMY Into stomach wall- through abdominal wall----- GASTRO—JEJUNUM--OSTOMY Between the stomach and jejunum GAVAGE Process of feeding a person through a NASO-GASTRIC tube RECTUM==RECTO,PROCT-O ...
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...NAM protein reinforced by peptide crosslinks Plasmid extra circular DNA used for transferring resistance and toxicity Physiology Nutrition photoautotroph and chemoautotroph Metabolism- aerobic and anaerobic Reproduction - Binary Fission rapid transverse cell division resulting to two equally sized daughter cells Habitat Ubiquitous Soil Water Air Living Organisms Pathogenicity Adhesion bacteria uses fimbriae to attach to surfaces ; sex pilus to attach to other bacteria Resistance increased by the type of cell wall, and presence of endospore, capsules, slime layers Toxin the lipopolysaccharide upper layer of Gram negative bacteria is released as toxins Taxonomy Domain : Bacteria Kingdom: Monera Phyla : Firmicutes Gram-Positive e.g. cocci Staphylococcus Streptococcus bacilli Lactobacillus Gracilicutes Gram-Negative e.g. cocci bacilli spirochete obligate intracellular parasites Tenericutes No Cell Wall e.g. Mycoplasma Ureaplasma Obligate Intracellular Parasite under phylum Gracilicutes 1. Rickettsia Pleomorphic Requires arthropod vectors ticks mites fleas Pathogenic Typhus Q Fever Trench Fever Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever 2. Bartonella Opportunistic Intracellular Parasite Vectors: Cat Flea Sandfly transmits Cat-Scratch Fever 3. Chlamydia Obligate Intracellular Coccoid Elementary Bodies small spore-like infectious particle released when infected cell ruptures Reticulate Bodies large intracellular inclusions containing...
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...alcohols to ketones if transferred to new media. Importance of Methanobacterium Thermoautotrophicum -The complete 1,751,377-bp sequence of the genome of the thermophilic archaeon Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum deltaH has been determined by a whole-genome shotgun sequencing approach. A total of 1,855 open reading frames (ORFs) have been identified that appear to encode polypeptides, 844 (46%) of which have been assigned putative functions based on their similarities to database sequences with assigned functions. Importance of Gram-positive - Gram-positive bacteria are so called because they take up the violet stain used in the Gram staining method. Gram-positive bacteria are able to retain the crystal violet stain due to their thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall. This layer is superficial to the cell membrane. Cell walls provide structural support, protection and rigidity to the cell. Importance of Gram-Negative - Gram-negative bacteria are at the root of about 30% of the hospital-acquired infections in the U.S., researchers said....
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...This allows rockets to be reused and limit the waste the space programs create. Space travel is bad for the environment as it uses large amounts of fuel and materials so by reusing the rockets it saves materials and prevents space junk. Evidence in Nature Evolution indicates the importance of weight in species that fly. Birds have semi-hollow bones, so they are light and are filled with air. The heavier the bird, the more energy required to fly. This applies to rockets, planes and jets. How does a plane work? This experiment also applies to planes. Planes require fuel How does this relate to real life? This is relevant to rockets and planes and is an important factor for companies interested in space exploration and launching rockets. A lot of energy is required to take rockets out to space, but the heavier the rocket, the more energy required. The energy is created by burning fuel, but the fuel is heavy, so you need more fuel just to carry the fuel. The weight of a rocket doesn’t stay the same as fuel is constantly being burned which lightens the rocket. How does the weight...
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...All-Purpose Flour "Maida" in Urdu - is a finely ground white wheat flour containing a moderate amount of protein; used for a wide variety of general baking and cooking. Allspice "Garam Masala" in Urdu - is a combination of rich and bitter whole spices that are dry roasted and then powdered. Some garam masalas can have up to 33 ingredients but the most common are bay leaves, cinnamon, cloves, green cardamoms and coriander seeds. Almond "Baadaam" in Urdu - An oval-shaped edible seed of the almond tree. Amaranth Leaves "Cholai" in Urdu - also known as "Chinese Spinach", are edible tender leaves and stems, rich in vitamins A and C, protein, folic acid, calcium and iron, and are considered as vegetable and are cooked like spinach. Aniseeds "Sounf" in Urdu - A liquorice-like seed that is used as a digestive. Similar to fennel seeds but not used as widely in cooking as in after dinner mints. Apricot "Khubaani" or "Jardalu" in Urdu - A yellow-orange fruit harvested from small trees. The fruit resembles a smaller version of a peach. It can be eaten whole with the pit removed, processed into juice or preserves. Apricots can be preserved through drying. Apricot "Khubaani" or "Jardalu" in Urdu - A yellow-orange fruit harvested from small trees. The fruit resembles a smaller version of a peach. It can be eaten whole with the pit removed, processed into juice or preserves. Apricots can be preserved through drying. Apple "Saib" in...
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...INTRODUCTION Bacterial meningitis is characterized by inflammation of the meninges, the membranes lining the brain and spinal cord. In a recent survey by the Hib and Pneumococcal Working Group, the incidence of meningitis in 2000 varied from regions across the world. The overall incidence of pneumococcal meningitis was 17 cases per 100,000, with the highest incidence in Africa at 38 cases per 100,000 and the lowest incidence in Europe at 6 cases per 100,000. The overall death rate was 10 cases per 100,000. The highest death rate was 28 cases per 100,000 in Africa, and the lowest death rates were 3 cases per 100,000 in Europe and Western Pacific regions. (Hom, 2009) Bacterial meningitis more frequently occurs in black and Hispanic children. This is thought to be related to socioeconomic rather than racial factors The brain and spinal cord are remarkably resistant to infection, but when they become infected, the consequences are usually very serious. Infections may be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and occasionally protozoa or parasites. The most common type of CNS infection is Bacterial Meningitis which is characterized by inflammation of the meninges, the membranes lining the brain and spinal cord. (Hom, 2009. Almost any bacteria entering the body can cause meningitis. The most common are meningococci (Neisseria meningitidis), pneumococci (Streptococcus pneumonia), and Haemophilus influenza. Thtese organisms are often present in the nasopharynx. S. pneumonia and N....
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...Copper alloy (previously alloyed). Safety: Whenever you are dealing with hot liquids, there is the potential for burns and spills. Protect yourself from the possible risks, especially around the hot metal. Make sure you know where any potential spillage will go and place something in the way to protect yourself. In part ‘B’ be especially careful of the hot metal. Remember, it will still be very hot, even when it has changed back into a solid. Procedure: Part A: A supersaturated solution of salt will separate out into crystals on cooling. The size of the crystals is a function of the rate of cooling, the amount of impurities present and the degree of supersaturation (concentration of salt present in the solution). 1. Dissolve 25 grams of Epsom salts in 25 ml of water. Heat the water until all the salt dissolves, but keep the water below the boiling point. If all the salt will not dissolve, add water in small quantities until it does. Pour some of the solution onto a clean glass plate so as to form a thin film and watch it solidify. If it solidifies too rapidly, return it to your beaker and add more salt. Again, keep track of how much additional salt is added. When you achieve the proper mixture you should be able to observe the crystals start to form at the edge and slowly “grow” toward the center. 2. Record the ratio of salt vs. water you used and sketch the crystals you observed. Pay particular attention to the area where two crystals meet...
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...Waffle A waffle is a leavened batter or dough cooked between two plates, patterned to give a characteristic size, shape and surface impression. Etymology The word “waffle” first appears in the English language in 1725: "Waffles. Take flower, cream..."[2] It is directly derived from the Dutch wafel, which itself derives from the Middle Dutch wafele.[3] While the Middle Dutch wafele is first attested to at the end of the 13th century, it is preceded by the French walfre in 1185; both are considered to share the same Frankish etymological rootwafla.[4] Depending on the context of the use of wafla, it either means honeycomb or cake. History Medieval origins Waffles are preceded, in the early Middle Ages, around the period of the 9th–10th centuries, with the simultaneous emergence of fer à hosties /hostieijzers (communion wafer irons) and moule à oublies (wafer irons).[7][8] While the communion wafer irons typically depicted imagery of Jesus and his crucifixion, the moule à oublies featured more trivial Biblical scenes or simple, emblematic designs.[7] The format of the iron itself was almost always round and considerably larger than those used for communion.[9][10] The oublie was, in its basic form, composed only of grain flour and water – just as was the communion wafer.[11] It took until the 11th century, as a product of The Crusades bringing new culinary ingredients to Western Europe, for flavorings such as orange blossom water to be added to the oublies; however, locally-sourced...
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...your seared tuna a tasty kick with black pepper and grated ginger. Serves 2 Cooking time 10 minutes plus cooling 4 tablespoons cracked black pepper 2 tablespoons ginger, peeled and finely grated 330 grams sashimi-grade tuna, kept chilled oil for searing 1 Mix black pepper and ginger in a small bowl. Pat this mixture on all sides of the tuna. Set aside. 2 Over high heat, heat a non-stick pan with 2 tablespoons oil until almost smoking. Using tongs, place tuna in the searing hot pan and sear for about 2 seconds, or until the tuna side that’s in the oil turns opaque. Turn the tuna on its other side and sear again for 2 seconds. Repeat until all sides have been seared in the hot oil. Immediately remove from heat. Let cool then refrigerate before slicing. 3 Make dipping sauce: Mix 3 tablespoons soy sauce and the juice of 1 calamansi. Place in a small bowl. Serve with the sliced seared tuna and a pat of wasabi, if desired. Spicy Tuna Ceviche Recipe Calamansi juice is used instead of the classic vinegar in this citrusy version of the popular dish. Serves 2 Prep time 10 minutes 1 tablespoon chili garlic sauce 1 teaspoon white vinegar 1⁄4 cup calamansi juice 1⁄2 small red onion, sliced thinly salt and ground black pepper, to taste 330 grams sashimi-grade tuna, chilled 1 Place chili garlic sauce, vinegar, calamansi juice, onion slices, and salt and ground black pepper in a jar, close, and then shake until well incorporated. Keep chilled until ready...
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...Biology 119, Spring 2015 Review sheet for Exam 1 The exam is worth 100 points total. It will consist of approximately 47 multiple-choice questions worth 2 point each and 3-4 short essay questions. Bring a scantron and pencil to the exam. The best way to study is to review the posted lecture notes. I suggest printing of a blank copy and filling them in referring to your book and notes as little as possible. Continue this process until you can fill them in without assistance. Exam 1 will cover chapters 1-3 and 6. 1. How long have microbes been on the planet? How has this affected the evolution of more complex species? a. Microorganisms are the foundation for all life on earth b. They have existed on this planet for about 3.5 billion years c. Over time plants, animals, and modern microorganisms evolved from them 2. Describe some of the negative impacts of microbes. d. Disease epidemics- an infectious disease that affects large numbers of people in a given area e. Chronic disease caused by bacteria i. Many disease once thought caused by environmental stressors actually caused by bacteria 1. Example: gastric ulcers a. Causative agent – Helicobacter pylori f. Examples: ii. Black Plague (Yersinia pestis bacterium)- killed 25 million Europeans between 1346-1350 iii. Influenza 1918-1919 killed more than all the wars combined iv. Cholera-vibrio cholerae ...
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... 2. Use information on the endpapers of this book to calculate the average density of the Earth. Where does the value fit among those listed in Tables 1.5 and 14.1? Look up the density of a typical surface rock like granite in another source and compare also to it. 3. The standard kilogram is a platinum-iridium cylinder 39.0 mm in height and 39.0 mm in diameter. What is the density of the material? 4. A major motor company displays a die-cast model of its first automobile, made from 9.35 kg of iron. To celebrate its hundredth year in business, a worker will recast the model in gold from the original dies. What mass of gold is needed to make the new model? 5. What mass of a material with density [pic] is required to make a hollow spherical shell having inner radius r1 and outer radius r2? 6. Two spheres are cut from a certain uniform rock. One has radius 4.50 cm. The mass of the other is five times...
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