...Many populations are targeted in the United States, from aging population, patients with a particular chronic disease, children, patient with AIDS, patients requiring long term care and emergency management. AIDS is stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, patients with AIDS are highly impacted disease in the United States, impacting every city and every state every age and every race. Everyone is aware of AIDS how to prevent it but yet incurable disease once infected by it. Who can have AIDS? Everyone can get AIDS no matter what age, gender or race. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in 2011 the estimated number of persons diagnosed with AIDS in the United States was 32,052 of those persons 24,088 are among adult and adolescent males, 7,944 are among adult and adolescent females, and 15 diagnoses were among children under 13 years old. The CDC tracks AIDS information on seven racial and ethnic groups; American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian, black/African American, Hispanic/Latino, Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander, white and multiple races. In 2011, estimated number of AIDS diagnoses American Indian/Alaska Native 3,787, Asian 9,054, Black/ African American 486,282, Hispanic 202,182, Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander 901, white 435,613 and multiple races 17,804. Gays and bisexual men of all races are the most severely affect by HIV/AIDS represent approximately 2% of the US population. Young men having sex with men age range13-24 accounted...
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...Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is a disease caused by parasitic worms. Infection occurs when your skin comes in contact with contaminated fresh water in which certain types of snails that carry schistosomes are living. This infectious parasite can be found in 74 different tropical countries. As a healthcare practitioner my role is to help treat this dangerous disease after a patient has been infected. There are many different signs and symptoms that I will discuss as well as different treatments, such as medication and therapies, that patient should undergo when ailed by this parasitic disease. I will also go over the mechanism of action and side effects of the medication and therapies. Over 200 million people worldwide are affected...
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...the personal/social impact of the disease. Infection by the Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1) is symptomized by the growth of blisters, and usually open sores in later periods of outbreaks, on the infected area, whether on the mouth, eyes, genitalia or less common areas. Once an area is contaminated by the disease, usually through contact with the outbreak of a person suffering the disease, the infected individual will begin to feel a tingling sensation in the area within 1-2 weeks of infection. Eventually red spots will grow in the area and then develop into blisters within a week. These blisters will then burst into open sores which is the period in which the disease is most transmittable. The primary outbreak, of newly contracted HSV, is typically more severe than any of the following outbreaks. The two identified variants of the Herpes Simplex Virus, HSV-1 and HSV-2, share these symptoms but differ in associated areas of the lesion outbreaks, facial region and genital region respectively (though either variation can cause either disease) , and likeness of and periods between recurrences. It has been noted that in some cases of Genital Herpes there is no immediate outbreak upon transmittance of the HSV from host to patient. This fact is especially true of HSV-2 patients, of which 10-25% were unaware that they had contracted the virus as shown by studies. Genital Herpes is more commonly caused by HSV-2 but is known to be caused by HSV-1. Initial outbreaks of genital herpes...
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...requires hospitalization. A small number of people can develop complications such as blood stream infections, seizures, kidney failure or arthritis. How does Shigella spread? Shigella is very infectious and spreads easily. An infected person sheds Shigella bacteria in their stool while they are sick and often for more than a week afterwards, and can spread the bacteria if they do not wash their hands well after using the toilet. Shigella spreads from person-to-person by close personal contact (such contacts to infected diapered children) or exposure to faeces of an infected person during sexual contact. It also spreads by eating foods or liquids contaminated by an infected person, or swallowing untreated recreational water (such as lakes or water park play fountains) contaminated with Shigella. Health care providers are required by law to report cases of shigellosis to the local health department. To prevent the spread of Shigella, local health departments are required to restrict activities of people with shigellosis who work in certain settings, such as day care, food-related businesses, and health care workers who have direct patient contact, until they are no longer infectious. How is shigellosis diagnosed and treated? A health care provider diagnoses shigellosis by collecting a sample of stool and sending it to a...
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...the virus that causes AIDS ("The Body Complete HIV and Aids Resource", 2011). However there seems to be a very large number of individuals living with either HIV or AIDS and are unaware that they are infected. HIPAA existence is to provide privacy to patient’s medical history so individual with such disease can be ensure that his or information will be protected and remains confidential (Mair, 2009). HIPAA duty is to maintain confidentiality for a patient which is considered to be a legal and ethical priority for all health professionals. (webmd ,2011). AIDS is caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which can spread from person to person because of infectious agent in contaminated blood. The human body’s defense cells called lymphocytes are destroyed by HIV. These cells are contained in the immune system which this body system helps to fight off intruders or infections. When HIV intrude and begun to destroy the body CD4 lymphocytes the body immune system become defenseless and starts to develops acquire immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). There has not been a cure for this disease so therefore individuals with this disease cannot fight off infections. There are a several ways that this disease can be transmitted such as unprotected sex (semen) with a person that is infected,...
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... but most patients have common diseases. Also, common rashes improve spontaneously or disappear on their own, but some of them need treatment. What would you consider as differential diagnoses and why? Because of the presentation of this patient's rash, the two differential diagnoses are narrowed towards scabies and contact dermatitis. Contact dermatitis presents with erythema, edema, vesicles, bullae in linear or geometrical pattern. Some of the frequent causes are the use of cosmetics, topical medications, metal, latex, poison ivy, textiles, dyes, sunscreens, cement and food. While scabies presents with distinct, small burrows, vesicles, papules, and...
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...genital tracts and act as source of infection to humans and other animals. • Rodents were the first recognized carriers of leptospirosis and are considered the primary source of infection to human beings. • Cattle, buffaloes, horses, sheep, goat, pigs and dogs are also considered common reservoirs of the bacteria that causes leptospirosis. Pathophysiology • Leptospirosis can be transmitted to humans through cuts and abrasions of the skin, or through the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose and mouth with water contaminated with the urine of infected animals. As animals are constantly in our environment, there is a particular danger of getting leptospirosis when flooding occurs, such as following a typhoon or very heavy seasonal rains, because of exposure to contaminated water when wading in floodwaters. • Leptospirosis can occasionally also be transmitted through the drinking of water or ingestion of food contaminated with urine of infected animals, often rats. • Human-to-human transmission occurs only very rarely. Risk Factors Outbreaks of leptospirosis have been reported following natural disasters such as flooding. The risk of infection depends on exposure. Some humans have a high risk of exposure because of their occupation, the environment they live in or their lifestyle. The main occupational groups at risk include: • farm and agricultural workers • pet shop workers • veterinarians • sewer workers • abattoir workers • meat handlers • military personnel • survivors...
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...Yersinia Pesitis – The Plague Yersinia pestis is a highly infectious, Gram negative bacillus that is transmitted to humans usually through the bite of infected fleas. [1]. Yersinia pestis reaching the respiratory tract results in pneumonic plague, which is also highly contagious due to its airborne transmission. [1]. Pneumonic plague usually causes fatality in “less than three days if no treatment is administered.” [1]. History In 1894, Alexandre Yersin described, discovered, and cultured the bacteria that causes Plague. [5]. Later, in 1894, Jean-Paul Simond discovered that transmission was due to flea bites from infected rodents. [5]. “Plague has been one of the deadliest bacterial infections in human history, causing millions of deaths...
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...diagnostic solution. From a finger prick and blood smear, Lifelens can digitally illustrate anemia, visualize blood cell rupture and parasites, and detect malaria. This can also reduce the costs of diagnosing malaria and increase the availability of treatment. What is Malaria? Malaria is a disease of warm, humid climates where pools of water constitute perfect breeding grounds for mosquitoes. Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a parasite, Plasmodium, which infects red blood cells. The parasite was identified in human blood in 1880, but it wasn’t until 1889 that it was discovered malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes. The Plasmodium parasites develop in the gut of the mosquito and are transferred to a human through saliva when an infected mosquito takes a blood meal or bites a human. These mosquitoes, also called Malaria vectors (malaria carrier, transporter, host), bite mainly between dusk and dawn. Once the parasites enter the human body, the parasites multiply in the liver, and then infect red blood cells. There are four types of human malaria caused by mosquitoes: * Plasmodium falciparum – the most widespread and dangerous of the four: untreated it can lead to fatal cerebral malaria * Plasmodium vivax – less serious * Plasmodium malariae – less serious * Plasmodium ovale – less serious Transmission of Malaria Malaria parasites are transmitted from one person to another by the female anopheline mosquito. Males do not transmit malaria because they...
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...United States Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, better known as, HIV/AIDS. This diseases has made an impact on our community, towns, cities, and worldwide. This disease does not discriminate against age, gender, and race. Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC) has estimated that there are more than one million people living with HIV in the United States (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010). It is believed that HIV first entered the United States in the year 1969 though one infected immigrant from the Haiti. The first cases of what would later become known as AIDS were reported in the United States in June of 1981. Since then, 1.7 million people in the U.S. are estimated to have been infected with HIV, including over 619,000 who have already died and approximately 1.2 million (1,178,350) adults and adolescents who were living with HIV infection at the end of 2008 (U.S. Statistics, 2010). The impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic spans the nation with HIV diagnoses having been reported in all 50 states. In the general impact that changing demographics may have on the health care market? Product, price, place and promotion play an important role in the health care market. Without product there is nothing to offer. Without the right price the product will not mean anything, and without the right place and promotion, consumers will not be aware of services provided or have access to services. In the health care market offers there is a wide range of services that...
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...interest in the youth subpopulation infected by HIV first concerned clinicians and public officials in 1968. At this time a “15-year-old black male (Robert Rayford), was admitted into St. Louis hospital for extensive lymphedema of the penis, scrotum, and the lower extremities” ( Garry, et al., 1988, p. 2085). During the time of his autopsy in 1969 it was concluded that he had suffered from an aggressive form of Kaposi Sarcoma ( Garry, et al., 1988, p. 2085). According to Boshoff and Weiss: Kaposki Sarcoma was a vascular tumor predominantly found in the immunosuppressed. Epidemiologic studies suggest that an infected agent was the etiologic culprit, Kaposki Sarcoma-associated herpes virus present in all epidemiologic forms of KS and also...
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...CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY CHAPTER 2 : LITRETURE SURVEY 2.1 SURVEY IN MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNIQUES : - Many intelligent systems have been developed for the purpose of enhancing health-care and provide better health care facilities, reduce cost and etc. 2.2 OVERALL ARCHITECTURE OF MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNIQUES:- The Centralized databases and www (World Wide Web) shares the patient data among the different cities used by doctor /practitioners for diagnosis. Single database system was only accessible to that city but the centralized database is accessed by all the cities. Fig2 shows the sharing knowledge between different cities where...
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...droplets. Thus, when an infected person expels saliva into the atmosphere any persons who inhales those droplets may get tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the air droplets can also survive in the air for several minutes. This means that you could contract tuberculosis even after the infected person leaves the room. Extrapulmonary TB (TB outside the lungs) is not easily transmitted. You cannot contract TB through kissing, holding hands, or touching objects an infected person may have...
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...Coagulation defect G. Thrombocytopenia H. Leukocytosis 3. When a diagnostic statement of anemia is not qualified in any way, what should the coder do? I. Review the record for a surgical procedure; and if the patient had surgery, code as anemia due to acute blood loss. J. Review the medical record before assigning an unspecified type of anemia. K. Review the medical record to determine if the patient has been prescribed iron tablets, and code as iron-deficiency anemia. L. Review the medical record to determine if the patient has received chemotherapy, and assign the code for anemia due to antineoplastic chemotherapy. 4. Which of the following statements is true regarding a patient with documented sickle-cell trait? M. The patient has sickle-cell disease. N. Both of the patient’s parents carried the sickle-cell gene. O. The code for sickle-cell disease should be assigned. P. The patient received the sickle-cell gene from only one parent and is a carrier of the trait. 5. How should hemorrhagic disorder due to treatment with anticoagulants like Coumadin or heparin be coded? Q. D68.318 R. D68.32 and T45.515A S. D68.318 and T45.515A T. D68.32 6. A patient was admitted for lower gastrointestinal bleeding that is secondary to recurrent diverticulitis of...
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...wla lngTaenia saginata Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Platyhelminthes Class: Cestoda Order: Cyclophyllidea Family: Taeniidae Genus: Taenia Species: T. saginata Binomial name Taenia saginata Goeze, 1782 Taenia saginata, also known as Taeniarhynchus saginata or the beef tapeworm, is a parasite of both cattle and humans, causing taeniasis in humans. Taenia saginata occurs where cattle are raised by infected humans maintaining poor hygiene, human feces are improperly disposed of, meat inspection programs are poor, and where meat is eaten without proper cooking. The disease is relatively common in Africa, some parts of Eastern Europe, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. Taenia saginata proglottid stained to show uterine branches. The pore on the side identifies T. saginata as a cyclophyllid cestode. T. saginata is normally 4 m to 10 m in length, but can become very large, over 12 m long in some situations. The body is whitish in colour, divided into the anterior scolex, followed by a short neck and a highly extended body proper called the strobila. Unlike other tapeworms, the scolex does not have a rostellum or scolex armature. It is composed of four powerful suckers. The strobila is composed a series of ribbon-like segments called proglottids. The segments are made up of mature and gravid proglottids. T. saginata is the largest of genus Taenia, consisting between 1000 to 2000 proglottids, and can also have a lifespan of 25 years in a host's intestine...
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