INTRODUCTION
The rapid expansion and increasing sophistication of the chemical industries in the past century and particularly over the last thirty years has meant that there has been an increasing amount and complexity of toxic waste effluents.
Even though policies and environmental efforts should continue to be directed towards applying pressure to industry to reduce toxic waste production, biotechnology presents opportunities to detoxify industrial effluents. Bacteria can be altered to produce certain enzymes that metabolize industrial waste components that are toxic to other life, and also new pathways can be designed for the biodegradation of various wastes. Since waste management itself is a well-established industry, genetics and enzymology can be simply "bolted-on" to existing engineering expertise.
Examination of effluents from the chemical and petrochemical industries shows that such effluents typically contain either one or a limited range of major toxic components. In some cases other considerations (such as aesthetic ones) can be important for removal of certain components (such as dyes). This means that in general one industry may apply one or a few genetically modified bacterial strains to get rid of its major toxic waste. However, it may be important to contain the "waste-eating" bacteria within the manufacturing plant, and not release these with the waste water. In such cases, filter installations will have to be built to separate the bacteria from the effluent. The release of dyes into the environment constitutes only a small proportion of water pollution, but dyes are visible in small quantities due to their brilliance. Due to this problem, mankind nowadays has concern about the potential adverse effects to the chemical industry on the environment, although the response in some parts of the world has been much faster and more intense than in others. The colour manufacturing industry represents a relatively small part of the overall chemical industry. Dyes and pigments are highly visible material. Thus even minor release into the environment may cause the appearance of colour, for example in open waters, which attracts the critical attention of public and local authorities. Currently, removal of dyes from effluents is by physio-chemical means. Such methods are often very costly and although the dyes are removed, accumulation of concentrated sludge creates a disposal problem. There is a need to find alternative treatments that are effective in removing dyes from large volumes of effluents and are low in cost, such as biological or combination systems. A major source of release of colour into the environment is associated with the incomplete exhaustion of dyes onto textile fibre from an aqueous dyeing process and the need to reduce the amount of residual dye in textile effluent has thus become a major concern in recent years. ). Wastewater containing dyes is very difficult to treat, since the dyes are recalcitrant organic molecules, resistant to aerobic digestion, and are stable to light. A synthetic dye in wastewater cannot be efficiently decolorized by traditional methods. This is because of the high cost and disposal problems for treating dye wastewater at large scale in the textile and paper industries. Biological treatment is often the most economical alternatives when compared with other physical and chemical processes. Biodegradation methods such as fungal decolourization, microbial degradation, adsorption by (living or dead) microbial biomass and bioremediation systems are commonly applied to the treatment of industrial effluents because many microorganisms such as bacteria, yeasts, algaes and fungi are able to accumulate and degrade different pollutants (McMullan et al., 2001 and Fu and Viraraghavan, 2001). (Ghoreish and Haghighi, 2003).
The technologies for colour removal can be divided into three categories: biological, chemical and physical (Robinson et al., 2001).
PROJECT AIM
The aim of this project is as follows;
 To isolate, characterize and identify the bacteria isolates of kano Textile effluent
 To know the degree of the coloration and toxicity of the effluent
 To degrade and decolorize the dye using the bacteria isolated from the effluents to more environmental friendly metabolites
 To offer as a product the bacteria that are responsible for the degradation and decolorization of the effluent,
PROJECT JUSTIFICATION
The textile industries produce effluents that contain several types of chemicals such as dispersants, leveling agents, acids, alkalis, carriers and various dyes (Cooper,1995.). In many Nigerian cities, the textile factories daily discharge millions of litres of untreated effluents in the forms of wastewater into public drains that eventually empty into rivers (Olayinka and Alo, 2004). This alters the pH, increases the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), and gives the rivers intense colourations (Ajayi and Osibanjo, 1980).The use of these water resources is limited and the ecosystem is affected.
Several methods are used in the treatment of textile effluents to achieve decolourization,these include physiochemical methods such as filtration, specific coagulation, use of activated carbon and chemical flocculation. Some of these methods are effective but quite expensive (Do et al., 2002; Maier et al., 2004).Bioremediation offers a cheaper and environmentally friendlier alternative for color removal in textile effluents, hence the justification for this project.
PROJECT SCOPE
Area of study: Effluents from Kano textile industry
Source of Dye pigment: Petrochemical Laboratory,National Research institute for chemical Technology,Zaria.
Extent of work: Isolation, culturing, characterization, identification and development of bacteria species to degrade the dyes pigment.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Materials;
Dyes: Remazol dye Century dye Dye pigments in consortium

Sterilization:
Glasswares
Detergents
Autoclave
Ethanol
Bursen burner

Isolation and Characterization:
Simon citrate Agar
Kligler Iron Agar
Nutrient agar
Yeast extract
Innoculating loop
Sample Bottles
Mineral Salt medium
Syringes
Cotton wool
Foil paper
Disinfectants
Minimal medium
Incubator
Rotary Shaker
Centrifuge
Nutrient Broth
Platform shaker
Universal Bottles
Test tubes

Decolorization assay:
Centrifuge
SPECTROSCOPY:
UV and IR spectroscopy
HNMR spectroscopy
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
PH meter
Thermometer

BIOCHEMICAL TESTS
Microscope
GRAM STAIN REAGENTS:
Crystal violet
Safranin
95% Alcohol
Iodine Solution

REAGENTS
Hydrogen peroxide
Tetra methyl-P-phenylene diamine dichloride
Blood plasma
SUGAR:
Glucose
Sucrose
Mannitol
Dextrose
Arabinose
Galactose
Durham tube
INDICATOR:
Methyl red
Phenol Red
Bromocrescol
Kovac’s Reagents
Tryptone water
Tryptone broth x-naphtol KOH
Dipotassium Hydrogen Phosphate K2HPO4
Pottasium Dichromate K2CR207 (COD)

TECHNIQUES
Gram staining Technique
Streak plate Technique
HNMR Technique
Spectroscopy
Chromatography

EXPECTED RESULTS
It is expected that at the end of the research work,the bacteria would:
 Decolorize
 Detoxify and degrade the dye pigment.

BUDGET

WORK PLAN
DAY1:
Gathering and sterilization of equipments needed for the work
Collection of dye pigment and effluent samples
Culturing of collected samples

DAY2
Colony count reading.
Subculturing on Nutrient agar
Preparation of the Dye Stock and reagents
Filtration and Centrifugation of the stock solution
Checking the absorbance,PH,Temperature,concentration of the stock

DAY3
Streaking to get a pure bacteria

DAY4
Subculturing the pure bacteria strains into a nutrient broth culture
Subculturing the pure bacteria strains into a slant bottle for future characterization

DAY5
Preparation of 25% dye stock solution
Addition of nutrients into the prepared Dye stock Solution
Sterilization of the dye stock solution
Innoculation of the organism into the dye stock solution
Incubation for 48hrs
Check for the PH,Temperature,concentration and absorbance

DAY6
Observation for change in colour
Preparation of 50% dye stock solution
Introducing the above into the new concentration(if a positive result is observed).
Incubation for 48hrs
Check for the PH,Temperature,concentration and absorbance

DAY7
Observation for change in colour
Preparation of 75% dye stock solution
Introducing the above into the new concentration(if a positive result is observed).
Incubation for 48hrs
Check for the PH,Temperatureion,concentrat and absorbance

DAY8
Observation for change in colour
Preparation of 100% dye stock solution
Introducing the above into the new concentration(if a positive result is observed).
Incubation for 48hrs
Check for the PH,Temperature,concentration and absorbance

DAY9
TOXICITY TEST
Preparation of Nutrient agar medium in replications
Innoculation of the bacteria strains in each petri dish
Boring a hole for the pouring of the various dye concentrations in the dish
Incubate for 24hrs and measure for zone of inhibition
Record your observation
Analysis of the degraded metabolite with HPTLC

OR

Preparation of nutrient agar containing 100ppm of the dye stock
Innoculation of the various bacteria on each replicated plates
Measure for zones of inhibition
Analysis of the degraded metabolite with HPTLC

DAY10
Identification of the organisms to the specie level using biochemical tests
Statistical analysis of results obtained

REFERENCES
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Ajayi SO, Osibanjo O (1980). The state of environment in Nig. Pollution studies of textile industries in Nig. Monogra. 1:76–86.

American Public Health Association (APHA), Standard Methods of American Public Health Association or Examination of Water and Wastewater. 18th ed., American Public Health Association,
Washington, DC, 1992.

Chen, K., Wu, J., Liou, D. and Hwang, S. J. (2003).
Decolorization of the textile dyes by newly isolated bacterial strains. Journal of Biotechnology 101, 57-
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Cooper P (1995). Colour in dyehouse effluent. Society of dyers and colourists, Bradford

J.S. Chang, C. Chou, Y.C. Lin, P.J. Lin, J.Y. Ho, T.L. Hu, Kinetic characteristics of bacterial azo-dye decolorization by Pseudomonas luteola, Water Res. 35 (2001) 2841–2850. Kandelbauer, A. and Guebitz, G. M. (2005).

Khadijah O, Lee KK, Abdullah MFF (2009) Isolation, screening and development of local bacterial consortia with azo dyes decolourising capability. Malaysian J Microbiol 5(1):25–32

Khehra MS, Saini HS, Sharma DK, Chadha BS, Chimni SS (2005) Decolorization of various azo dyes by bacterial consortium. Dyes Pigments 67:55–61
Maier J, Kandelbauer A, Erlacher A, Cavaco – Paulo A, Gubits GM
(2004). A new alkali – thermostable azoreductase from bacillus sp.

Olayinka KO, Alo BI (2004). Studies on industrial pollution in Nig. The effect of Textile effluent on the quality of ground waters in some parts
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Strain SF. Appl. Environ. Microbial 70: 837 – 844.
Kuhad RC, Sood N, Tripathi KK, Singh A, Ward OP (2004) Developments in microbial methods for the treatment of dye effluents. Adv Appl Microbiol 56:185–213

Pinheiro, H. M., Tourand, E. and Thomas, O. (2004).
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P. Nigam, I.M. Banat, D. Singh, R. Merchant, Microbial process for the decolourization of textile effluent containing azo, diazo and reactive dyes, Process Biochem. 31 (1996) 435–442.

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