...Plant Cell (Photosynthesis) versus Solar Cell Regina D. Parker October 31, 2010 Three ways a plant cell and solar cell are similar and different to each other is that plant cells and solar cells both convert sunlight into energy. In the case of plants it is chemical energy for solar cell; it is electricity. Plants use organic processes but solar cells use inorganic semiconductors.[i] Plant cells are different from the cells of most other organisms. Plant cells are usually larger than animal cells and surrounded by a rigid cell wall made from cellulose. They have a large central vacuole that takes up most of the cell and if they carry out photosynthesis, the plant cells will have chloroplasts. Plants have three types of tissues that are made up of different types of cells. Surface which is tissue forms the protective outer layer covering the plant, fundamental are only composed of one type of cell and are grouped based on the level of thickness of the cell wall, and vascular tissues are complex tissues that consist of more than one type of cell. Solar cells usually operate better under concentrated light. This has led to the development of a range of approaches using mirrors or lenses to focus light on to specially designed cells and use heat sinks, or active cooling of the cells, to dissipate the large amount of heat that is generated. Unlike conventional flat plate PV arrays, concentrator systems require direct sunlight and will not...
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...Systems Research and Behavioral Science Syst. Res. 15, 365–372 (1998) & Research Paper Evolution and Thermodynamics: The New Paradigm{ Jeffrey S. Wicken* Department of Biochemistry, Penn State University, Erie, Pennsylvania, USA This paper introduces the new evolutionary paradigm born of the synthesis of Darwinism and thermodynamics. It also introduces this volume, whose theme is the integration of life and social process with physical law. The sense of this expansion is as follows: Darwinism has come under intense scrutiny in recent years, from several fields. These range from statistical mechanics to developmental biology. In this paper, I will discuss the direction the revision of the Darwinian program is taking through thermodynamics, which is the science of irreversible process and self-organization. My objective is to show the coherence of life with the rest of nature. # 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Keywords evolution; emergence; thermodynamics INTRODUCTION Evolutionary theory is presently undergoing the kind of massive conceptual restructuring that marked the two great scientific revolutions of our century: relativity and quantum mechanics. Like those two revolutions, the one occurring in evolutionary theory has tremendous practical and epistemological implications for understanding, and dealing with, nature. Much is dissonant in the Darwinian world. The ecological relationality of life had, from the time of Aristotle, suggested a functional order of nature...
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...Dr. Andrey R. Pavlov Science 110 April 21, 2012 We recognize energy through the concepts of force and motion. When work is done on an object, it gains energy. Energy is made of two types, potential energy which is stored energy and kinetic energy which consists of moving energy. Food is stored energy. It is stored as a chemical with potential energy. When your body uses that stored energy to do work, it then becomes kinetic energy.(Integrated Science, 2008) Any form of energy can be converted to another form. Most technological devices that we use are recognized as energy converters. Energy cannot be created, nor destroyed. This is the reason why it exists in many forms. For example, a light bulb converts electrical energy to radiant energy. It can come in various forms, mechanical, chemical, radiant, electrical, and nuclear. Thermodynamics is the study of energy being converted from one form to another. There are three laws of thermodynamics. The first law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be converted from one form to another. The second law states that heat energy can be transferred only from body at high temperature to the body at lower temperature. Heat can only be moved from high to low without external work being performed. If you want to move the heat energy from low temperature reservoir to high temperature reservoir, then something external must intercept in order for that to work. (Definition of Thermodynamics, 2012) For instance...
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...During the experiment we encountered various problems. While weighing the magnesium, some of the strips fell and other strips fell off, therefore we had to weigh it again. When we did the first reaction, the final temperature of the reaction rose to only about 65C due to the fan and air conditioning in the area that we were working in. We consulted with the instructor, and he told us that the final temperature had to be at least 70C. We moved to another area where the fan was not blowing directly at us, and we did the first reaction again, finally obtaining the desired temperature. The next problems we encountered were in the calculations of the enthalpy for the reaction: Mg(s) + 1/2O2(g) MgO(s) At first, we forgot to change the enthalpies from the reactions that we produced to kilo Joules. Then, we consulted the instructor with our final answer, he said that we had to divide the enthalpies we found from the reactions that we produced by .05 mol, in order to calculate it with the other enthalpies, because the unit for enthalpy is kJ/mol. Theoretical Value: Mg(s) + 1/2O2(g) MgO(s) H = -601.8 kJ Experimental Value: Mg(s) + 1/2O2(g) MgO(s) H = -578.4 kJ Our experimental value is -23.4 kJ more than the theoretical value. Compared to the theoretical value, our percent error is: Percent Error: 578.4 kJ - 601.8 kJ x 100 % 601.8 kJ ...
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...There are three laws to thermodynamics. These laws affect our everyday life and you probably aren’t even aware. The first law is my favorite and most intriguing law. That’s because it keeps you tracing back energy to the beginning of time. I’ll explain briefly the first two laws of thermodynamics. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be destroyed nor created. It can only be transferred or converted. An example of how it’s applied to human life would be electricity. The computer im using to write this or you to read this is run by energy. The computer itself isn’t made of energy. The energy or electricity was transferred from somewhere else. The first law of thermodynamics basically explains that this energy had to come from somewhere. We all know that our computer is powered by electricity. The question where did it come from. If you aren’t already aware it came from a power plant. Let’s say it was a hydroelectric plant. A hydro plant is confined in a dam which blocks a river. Rivers contain kinetic energy which means its flowing. What the dam is doing is “converting” that energy into potential energy by blocking it. Things in motion stay in motion and the river wants to flow but the dam is storing the potential energy. That energy in the long run is transferred to your computer by a bunch of machines using the stored and released energy. The second law of thermodynamics states that not all energy can be used. One thing to remember is energy is slowly...
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...PHYSICS HISTORY OF PHYSICS Physics (from the Ancient Greek φύσις physis meaning "nature") is the fundamental branch of science that developed out of the study of nature and philosophy known, until around the end of the 19th century, as "natural philosophy". Today, physics is ultimately defined as the study of matter, energy and the relationships between them. Physics is, in some senses, the oldest and most basic pure science; its discoveries find applications throughout the natural sciences, since matter and energy are the basic constituents of the natural world. The other sciences are generally more limited in their scope and may be considered branches that have split off from physics to become sciences in their own right. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and modern physics. Ancient history Elements of what became physics were drawn primarily from the fields of astronomy, optics, and mechanics, which were methodologically united through the study of geometry. These mathematical disciplines began in antiquity with the Babylonians and with Hellenistic writers such as Archimedes and Ptolemy. Ancient philosophy, meanwhile – including what was called "physics" – focused on explaining nature through ideas such as Aristotle's four types of "cause". MAJOR FIELDS Branches of physics Physics deals with the combination of matter and energy. It also deals with a wide variety of systems, about which theories have been developed that are used by physicists...
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...Since the beginning of time, mankind has been using energy and converting it to different forms. This conversion of energy from one form to another is known as Thermodynamics. Energy conversion takes place in our every day lives. Many conversions of energy are possible, such as chemical to heat, heat to mechanical, hydraulic to electrical or mechanical. Almost all energy can be converted from one form to another (Kehmani, 2010). Examples of energy conversion can be seen in day to day life. For example, in cars, the chemical energy of fuel is converted into the mechanical energy of the vehicle; in motor electrical energy is converted into mechanical energy, in hydro power plants the hydraulic energy of water is converted into electrical energy, in nuclear power plants the nuclear energy is converted into electrical energy etc. With the Green movement we are seeing increased use of solar energy, such as solar water heaters and solar cookers where solar energy is converted to heat energy (Kehmani, 2010). While mankind has learned to harness energy and convert it to useful forms, Thermodynamics is governed by scientific laws. The first law of Thermodynamics is that energy can’t be created or destroyed (Kehmani, 2010). The second law states that heat energy can only be transferred from a body of higher temperature to a body of lower temperature. The third law refers to the law of absolute zero on the Kelvin temperature scale, stating that entropy of the body at absolute...
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...Thermodynamics is a branch of physics concerned with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work. It defines macroscopic variables, such as internal energy, entropy, and pressure, that partly describe a body of matter or radiation. It states that the behavior of those variables is subject to general constraints, that are common to all materials, not the peculiar properties of particular materials. These general constraints are expressed in the four laws of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics describes the bulk behavior of the body, not the microscopic behaviors of the very large numbers of its microscopic constituents, such as molecules. Its laws are explained by statistical mechanics, in terms of the microscopic constituents. Thermodynamics applies to a wide variety of topics in science and engineering, especially Physical chemistry, Chemical engineering, thermal power generation and steam and combustion turbines. Historically, thermodynamics developed out of a desire to increase the efficiency and power output of early steam engines, particularly through the work of the French physicist Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot who believed that the efficiency of heat engines was the key that could help France win the Napoleonic Wars. The Irish-born British physicist Lord Kelvin was the first to formulate a concise definition of thermodynamics in 1854: Initially, thermodynamics, as applied to heat engines, was concerned with the thermal properties of their 'working materials'...
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... Kansas 66506 Paul A. Seib Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State UniVersity, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 Ferenc Friedler and Bontond Bertok Department of Computer Science, UniVersity of Pannonia, Veszprem, Egyetem u. 10, H-8200, Hungary ´ A hierarchical approach is proposed to estimate the sustainability-potential of a chemical process, based on any of the alternative synthetic routes. This novel notion of sustainability-potential is a generalization of the notion of profit-potential, the estimation of which renders it possible to screen out economically nonviable processes derived from the alternative synthetic routes at the earliest stage. At the outset of assessment, all the individual alternative synthetic routes are identified by the graph-theoretic method based on process graphs (P-graphs). Subsequently, the individual alternative synthetic routes are sequentially assessed in descending order of quantifiability, in terms of available energy (or exergy), dissipation, the possible profit, and the toxicity index, respectively. The efficacy of the approach is demonstrated for the manufacture of C2H3Cl. The approach can possibly be adapted for estimating the sustainability-potential to assess the alternative production routes as represented by alternative flowsheets for manufacturing specific products. 1. Introduction Our capability is being acceleratedly enhanced to conceive or identify alternative synthetic routes, i.e., reaction paths, to manufacture...
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...a theory about the origins of the basic building blocks for the world we see today, Given the nature of the subject matter, it is also frequently discussed with heavy religious overtones. Young Earth Creationists dismiss it as an "atheistic theory", dreamt up by scientists looking to deny the divine creation account from Genesis. Conversely, Old Earth Creationists (as well as other Christians) have latched onto BBT as proof of Genesis, claiming that the theory demonstrates that the universe had an origin and did not exist at some point in the distant past. Finally, some atheists have argued that BBT rules out a creator for the universe. What is the Big Bang theory? a) Common misconceptions about the Big Bang In most popularized science sources, it is often described with something like "The universe came into being due to the explosion of a point in which all matter was concentrated." There are several misconceptions hidden in these statements: The BBT is not about the origin of the universe. Rather, its primary focus is the development of the universe over time. The origin of the universe was not an explosion of matter into already existing space. The famous...
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...|1. |According to the Environmental Science text, overuse of local resources had little or no long-lasting effect: | |A) |before the Industrial Revolution | |B) |during the Industrial Revolution | |C) |after the Industrial Revolution | |D) |when there were only a few people on the Earth | |E) |overuse always had a global effect | |2. |Like the Scientific Method, the process of making decisions can be presented as a series of steps. List these steps, as | | |enumerated in this course. | Assumptions, Observation, Hypothesis, Experimentation, Theories (answers) |3. |You weigh flour on a scale to find out how much you need for baking cookies because your recipe calls for exactly 105.00 grams | | |(otherwise your cookies will be like bricks). Yesterday the scale fell from the counter onto the floor and is now off...
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...Evol. Inst. Econ. Rev. 4(1): 143–170 (2007) ARTICLE Econo-physics: A Perspective of Matching Two Sciences Yuri YEGOROV Institute for Advanced Studies, Stumpergasse 56, A-1060, Vienna, Austria, and University of Vienna, Department of Industry and Energy, Brünner Strasse, 72, A-1210, Vienna, Austria. E-mail: yegorov@ihs.ac.at Abstract The present article marks some potentially fruitful dimensions of economic research based on principles of economic theory but using more analogies with physics. Molecular structure of society with its different states, principles generating spontaneous order different from “invisible hand”, social analogies of the concepts of temperature and pressure in physics are investigated. Some analogies between phase transitions in physics and transition between different social regimes can reveal the areas of stability of liberal regimes as well as possibility of spontaneous emergence of different social orders. A possibility to expand neoclassical economics to capture Marxism and nationalism in a formal mathematical framework is also discussed. Keywords: economic structures, origin of order, econo-physics, socio-physics. 1. Introduction This article is methodological. It focuses on economic and social questions that are rarely touched by economic theorists despite their obvious importance for our understanding of economic processes in the world. No fully formalized model will be proposed here. Instead, the focus will be on interaction between...
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...CONTENTS 1 2 3 4 5 6 Abbreviations/Definitions Code of Conduct and Ethics for Students Important Academic Rules Scheme of Studies Important Notes Detailed Syllabus 1 2 3 17 19 20 Lingaya’s University, Faridabad ABBREVIATIONS/DEFINITIONS "AC" means, Academic Council of the University. "BOM" means, the Board of Management of the University. "BOS" means, the Board of Studies of the Department. “CAU/AUC-option” CAU/AUC means change from Credit to Audit option / change from Audit to Credit option "Class/Course Committee" means, the Class/Course Committee of a class/course. "Course" means, a specific subject usually identified by its course-number and course-title, with a specified syllabus / course-description, a set of references, taught by some teacher(s) / course- instructor(s) to a specific class (group of students) during a specific academic-semester / semester. “Course Instructor" means, the teacher or the Course Instructor of a Course. "Curriculum" means the set of Course-Structure and Course-Contents. "DAA" means, the Dean of Academic Affairs. “DAAB” means Departmental Academic Appeals Board. “DEC/PEC” means Dissertation Evaluation Committee / Project Evaluation committee. “Department” means a group in the University devoted to a specific discipline also called a School. Department and School are used interchangeably. "DSA" means, Dean Student Affairs. “ESE” means End-Semester Examination “EYE” means End-Year Examination. "Faculty Advisor/Class Counsellor”...
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...Either God exists or He doesn't. There is no middle ground. Any attempt to remain neutral in relation to God's existence is automatically synonymous with unbelief. It is far from a "moot" question, for if God does exist, then nothing else really matters; if He does not exist, then nothing really matters at all. If He does exist, then there is an eternal heaven to be gained (Hebrews 11:16) and an eternal Hell to be avoided (Revelation 21:8). The question for God's existence is an extremely important one. One might wonder why it is necessary to present evidence for the existence of God. As Edward Thomson so beautifully stated it: "...the doctrine of the one living and true God, Creator, Preserver, and Benefactor of the universe, as it solves so many problems, resolves so many doubts, banishes so many fears, inspires so many hopes, gives such sublimity to all things, and such spring to all noble powers, we might presume would, as soon as it was announced, be received by every healthy mind." Some, however, contrary to their higher interests, have refused to have God in their knowledge and thus have become vain in their reasonings and foolish in their philosophy (Romans 1:21,22,28). They do not see the folly (Psalm 14:1) of saying there is no God. The Christian has not only the obligation to "give answer to every man that asketh you a reason concerning the hope that is in you..." (I Peter 3:15), but an obligation to carry the Gospel message to a lost and dying world (Mark 16:15-16...
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...Caner Bektas Comm106 Fall2012 Automobiles with Less Carbon Dioxide Emission Every day millions of people drive their cars in order to go their jobs or schools or because of any other reason. Unquestionably, automobile makes our lives easier and that is the reason why automobile is considered as one of the most important inventions. However, as the automobiles make easier our lives they also damage the environment. The carbon dioxide emission is one of the major harmful effects caused by vehicles operated by conventional combustion engines. So it is obvious that there is still room for improvement and major thing that must be done is reducing harmful effects of carbon dioxide emission on environment. The most significant reason why carbon dioxide emission is high for conventional combustion engine is the dependence on oil for fuels used in that type of engine. Especially in the big cities which have large populations, harmful effects are more significant because in those cities there is a traffic jam which is caused by large number of cars. As the technology improves rapidly, researchers and scientists are focusing on finding a solution which is beneficial for car producers as well as environment. Most significant goal is replacement of automobiles used widely today with energy efficient vehicle which leads to reduction in carbon dioxide emission that causes urban air pollution, climate change and dependence on imported oil. The air pollution caused by different types...
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