...Conclusion: This experiment aimed to find out the empirical formula of magnesium oxide. In order to determine the percentage composition and empirical formula of magnesium oxide, a 10cm piece of magnesium strip was placed inside a crucible and heated strongly with a bunsen burner, to react it with the oxygen in the air. The masses were measured before and after the reaction. Balanced equation for magnesium oxide: 2Mg + O2 2MgO (“Types of Reaction”) According to “Burning Magnesium”, after magnesium is heated and reacted with the oxygen in the air, it is suppose to form a white powder of MgO, which is exactly what is shown in table 1. The reason why this white powder was formed is because when heated magnesium gives up 2 electrons to O2 atoms. This reaction is an exothermic, gives off heat. In table 1, the observations were that it took a while till the crucible was touchable, and not as hot as it was before. Overall, Metal oxides are bases and they react with acids to neutralize them and this is why magnesium oxide is found in most ingredients for treating acid reflux. (“Types of Reaction”) As said in table 1, magnesium turns red and then lights up and catches fire,...
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...Experiment: Grignard Synthesis of Triphenymethanol Title References: Rosenberg, Robert. (2010). Experimental Organic Chemistry: Howard University Edition. Virginia Beach, VA: Acedemx Publishing Services, Inc. McMurry, John. (2008). Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition. Mason, Ohio: Cengage Learning. Syntheses of triphenylmethanol using the Grignard reagent Phenylmagnesium bromide Abstract A Grignard reaction was demonstrated in order to produce triphenylmethanol from the use of the reagents bromobenzene and phenylmagnesium bromide. This was accomplished by first creating the Grignard Reagent (phenylmagnesium bromide). To do this refluxing of bromobenzene with magnesium and anhydrous ether was done. The Grignard reagent produced was placed in a round bottom flask. Next, a solution of methyl benzoate and ether was slowly mixed into the flask while refluxing was being performed. Upon completion of the reaction, the crystals were isolated using ligroin and vacuum filtration. Analysis of the IR spectra and melting point supported these results. The significance of these findings shows how thoroughly the experiment was carried out. Introduction The Grignard reagent can easily be formed by the reaction of an alkyl halide, in this case bromine, with magnesium metal, in anhydrous diethyl ether. The reaction takes place at the surface of the metal, and the ether plays the role as both the reactant and the solvent. As a result, the Grignard reagent is produced at the surface...
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...Bryan Ralloma Jennifer Caraway CHEM 1405-034 April 9, 2014 Balancing and Classifying Synthesized Chemical Reactions Abstract During the experimentation, physical and chemical properties of unaltered elements/compounds were noted. The alteration of these physical and chemical properties, were understood to have defined chemical change. The experimental procedures were divided into five phases: Magnesium and Oxygen, Zinc and Copper(II) Sulfate, Metals and HCl, Reactions of Ionic Compounds, and the Sodium Carbonate and HCl. Different Reactions were noted for each respective phase. When necessary, a numerical coefficient would be added before the name of the formula on either the reactant's or product's side to achieve a balanced chemical equation. Introduction Explosion of fireworks, pharmaceutical drugs(medicine), and fuel, what do they have in common? A chemical reaction! Most of these chemical reactions naturally occur without us having the slightest idea on that they exist. The focus of this experiment is to differentiate and classify different types of chemical reactions, and be aware of the significance and importance of these chemical reactions in our lives. One of the primary methods to classifying a synthesized chemical reaction is determining if it came from a : Combination, Single Replacement, Double Replacement, Decomposition, or a Combustion Reaction. Physical and Chemical Properties of the unaltered substances were noted and recorded as it was believed to...
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...Completed: For: SCH3U0, Mr. Martin Completed: Introduction In this experiment, the objective is to prove the the molar volume of hydrogen at STP using the concept of gas stoichiometry learned in class, combined with hands on experimentation. The experiment was started with a small sample of magnesium and ten to fifteen mL of hydrochloric acid. Hydrogen gas (H2) is expected to be produced through a single displacement reaction, shown in the chemical formula below, using magnesium (the limiting reagent) and aqueous hydrochloric acid: Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq) → MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) A graduated cylinder containing water, hydrochloric acid, and a piece of magnesium ribbon held into place by copper wire is to be inverted and placed into a beaker of water. As the acid is denser than water, it will remain at the bottom of the tube when upside down. The reaction is expected to take place and produce hydrogen gas, which will quickly ride to the top of the graduated cylinder as it is significantly less dense than any water based solution. The experimental molar volume is expected to be the same as the theoretical molar volume of any gas at STP, 22.4 L/mol, for the amount of moles in any given sample of gas is the same. Taking in account the possible sources of error and steps that could’ve been taken to improve the accuracy, we will compare the two values. Furthermore, this experiment will require factoring in the pressure of the water volume in the gaseous mixture, this...
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...Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology (1986) 71, 467-473 Printed in Great Britain FREE INTRACELLULAR MAGNESIUM CONCENTRATION IN FERRET VENTRICULAR MUSCLE MEASURED WITH ION SELECTIVE MICRO-ELECTRODES L. A. BLATTER AND JOHN A. S. McGUIGAN Department of Physiology, University of Berne, Buehlplatz 5, 3012 Berne, Switzerland (RECEIVED FOR PUBLICATION 2 AUGUST 1985) SUMMARY The free Mg concentration ([Mg]i) was measured in ferret ventricular muscle using singlebarrelled Mg-sensitive micro-electrodes. The electrodes were calibrated in solutions containing the [K]i and [Na]i measured in this tissue. In thirteen measurements from seven experiments conforming to strict criteria for calibration and penetration the estimated mean [Mg]i was 04 mmol/l. This is to be regarded as an upper limit since it was estimated by linear extrapolation of the calibration curve. INTRODUCTION Ionized Mg plays an essential role in the regulation of a large number of cellular functions. It is a co-factor in many enzymatic reactions, influences tension development in muscle and modulates amongst others the ionic transport systems in mitochondria (see reviews by Gunther, 1977; Shine, 1979; and Ackerman & Nicholls, 1983). Despite its importance in cellular mechanisms, estimations of the free Mg ([Mg]i) by various methods range from 0- 1 mmol/l to 6 mmol/l (reviews: Flatman, 1984; Gupta, Gupta & Moore, 1984) mainly because of the lack of a simple direct method for its measurement. Direct measurement of...
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...Austin Peay State University Department of Chemistry CHEM 1021 PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF A SOAP (adapted from Blackburn et al., Laboratory Manual to Accompany World of Chemistry, 2nd ed., (1996) Saunders College Publishing: Fort Worth) Purpose: To prepare a sample of soap and to examine its properties. Caution: Sodium hydroxide solution is extremely harmful to the skin and clothing. It is especially harmful to the eyes. Wear safety goggles. Any sodium hydroxide spilled on the skin should be washed off immediately with large quantities of water. Kerosene and ethanol are both flammable. Care should be taken when using these chemicals around flames. Introduction: A soap is the sodium or potassium salt of a long‐chain fatty acid. Most solid soaps are sodium salts of the type to be made in this experiment. The starting materials are fats or oils, which are the glycerol esters of the fatty acids. A typical cooking oil, cottonseed oil, and a concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide are the principal reactants. Ethanol is used in this experiment to serve as a common solvent for the reactants and hence speed up the reaction. The soap‐making reaction is called saponification. However, the saponification reaction is not used in the commercial soap‐making operations of today. The sodium salts of the long‐chain fatty acids are typical surface‐active agents. They have a polar end which is hydrophilic (water loving) and a long nonpolar chain which is hydrophobic (watr hating)...
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...| Experiment to find the amount of water in a hydrated compound | Calculating Reacting Quantities and Formulae | | Contents Aim 2 Introduction 2 Hypothesis 3 Apparatus 3 Method 3 Results 4 Calculation 4 Conclusion 5 Evaluation 5 Bibliography 6 Aim The aim of this experiment is to find the number of molecules of water of crystallisation combined with one molecule of magnesium sulphate and to ultimately find the formula of the hydrated salt. Introduction Within crystals of certain salts, there are a fixed number of water molecules, combined chemically in a fixed proportion. When a salt crystallises from a solution, it forms hydrated salts which contain water molecules that are loosely bonded together. The name for this is the water of crystallisation or water of hydration. Magnesium sulphate contains seven molecules of water (H2O) for each formula unit of MgSO4 and can be written like this: - MgSO4.7H2O The dot shows the weak salt/chemical bond in the formula. To determine the formula of a hydrated salt, it must be heated so that the water of crystallisation evaporates. When magnesium sulphate has been heated, the water is removed to form an anhydrous salt. This can be reversed by adding water to the anhydrous salt to make it hydrated which will cause the water to reattach itself to the salt. Other substances that act similarly to hydrates, but have distinct individual characteristics are:- * Hygroscopic – substances...
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...Chem‐106 Grignard Synthesis of Triphenylmethanol Objective: The purpose of this experiment is to synthesize triphenylmethanol from benzophenone via Grignard reaction. The product will be isolated through extractions and purified by recrystallization. Reaction efficiency will be evaluated through percent yield, percent recovery, and the purity of the final product will be determined by IR, TLC, and mp determination. Chemicals: bromobenzene, magnesium turnings, diethyl ether, benzophenone, biphenyl, triphenylmethanol, iodine, 6 M HCl, brine, anhydrous MgSO4 or Na2SO4, 10:90 EtOAc/hexanes. Glassware and equipment: 100 mL RBF, air condenser, Claisen adaptor, 60 and 125 mL addition funnel, short stem glass funnel, two 50 mL Erlenmeyer flasks, 10 mL graduated cylinder, lab jack, crystallizing dish, magnetic stir bar. Techniques: reflux, extraction, vacuum filtration, recrystallization, TLC, mp, IR spectroscopy. Introduction In 1912 Victor Grignard received the Nobel prize in chemistry for his work on the reaction that bears his name, a carbon-carbon bond-forming reaction by which almost any alcohol may be formed from appropriate alkyl halides and carbonyl compounds. The Grignard reagent RMgBr is easily formed by redox reaction of an alkyl halide with magnesium metal in anhydrous diethyl ether solvent. R-Br + Mg → RMgBr The Grignard reagent can be viewed as an ionic species consisting of carbanion R-, with Mg2+ counterion and an additional Br- counterion. The carbanion...
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...4. Part D.1. All of the CuO does not react with the sulfuric acid. Will the reported percent recovery of copper in the experiment be too high or too low? Explain. The final percent recovery of copper in the experiment will be too low, because not enough copper sulfide will be yielded by the reaction, which will be consequently used by the reactions in the final steps of the experiment (Beran, 2014). 5. Part E. Sulfuric acid has a dual role in the chemistry of this experiment. What are its two roles in the recovery of copper...
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...Nucleophilic Carbon-Formation and reaction of a Grignard reagent Abstract: In this experiment, phenyl benzoate was made in order to react it with methyl benzoate in order to produce the compound triphenylmethanol via a grignard reaction. There was a 37.2% yield of triphenylmethanol, and the melting point obtained was 161-163°C. Introduction: Grignard reagents are usually formed when alkyl halides and magnesium react together. The carbon and magnesium have a very large difference in electronegativity. This allows the carbon to withdraw the electron density from magnesium through the process of induction.1 Grignard reagents are related to organolithium reagents which are useful and contain carbon atoms that are strongly nucleophilic. They react with a range of carbonyl compounds to make new carbon-carbon bonds. In this lab, phenyl magnesium bromide will be reacted with methyl benzoate to obtain triphenylmethanol which is a grignard reaction. Mechanism: Experiment: Place 0.5g of crushed magnesium turnings into 50 mL round bottom flask; add the stir bar, and 5mL of anhydrous ether. Construct an apparatus for slow addition of reagents and also so the reaction can go into reflux. Make up a solution of 2.4mL of bromobenzene in 5mL of anhydrous ether in a dry flask then add it to the separatory funnel. Add about 0.5mL of bromobenzene of the bromobenzene solution to the mixture of magnesium and ether, with vigorous stirring. Then add another 5mL of anhydrous ether through...
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...Lab Session 12, Experiment 11: Valence, the Combining Capacity of Elements and Molecules One molar mass of an element or compound that produces or reacts with 1.008 grams of hydrogen has a valence of I. It follows that the same quantity producing or reacting with 2.016 grams of hydrogen is valence II, and producing or reacting with 3.024 grams of hydrogen is valence III, etc. In this experiment, the magnesium metal will be reacted with concentrated hydrochloric acid to produce hydrogen gas according to the following chemical equation: Mg (sol) + x HCl (aq) → MgCl x (aq) + x H2 (gas) 2 The hydrogen gas produced will be collected, its volume measured, and the mass in grams calculated using the ideal gas law: PV = nRT When using this equation, the units of the gas constant (R) must be consistent with the units used for the other quantities in the equation. The Handbook of Chemistry and Physics lists the value of R as R = 0.08206 L × atm × mol –1 –1 ×K Thus, pressure (P) must be expressed in atmospheres, volume (V) in liters, and temperature (T) in Kelvin. 11A Experiment A sample of magnesium metal with an approximate mass of 0.24 grams will be reacted with excess hydrochloric acid. The hydrogen gas produced will be collected, its volume measured, and finally its mass in grams will be calculated. Chemicals Required: 6M hydrochloric acid Note: 12M HCl(aq) must be diluted. Apparatus Required: 500 mL Florence flask Glass tubing Watch...
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...The Grignard Reaction is the addition of an organomagnesium halide, the Grignard reagent, to a ketone or aldehyde to form alcohols1. Grignard reaction are important in organic chemistry because they are relatively easy to perform, and they are one of the few reactions that can form new carbon – carbon bonds. The purpose of this experiment is to synthesize the Grignard reagent, phenyl magnesium bromide, from bromobenzene, and using the synthesized Grignard reagent to react with benzophenone to form triphenylmethanol. Grignard reagents typically have a molecular formula of RMgX, where R is either an aryl or alkyl group and X is a halogen like bromine, chlorine or iodine. Grignard reagents are made by a reaction between an alkyl or aryl halide with magnesium metal. This...
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...Determining the enthalpy of combustion of Magnesium Om Vora Ms. Mohoruk Lab Partner: Ujjwal Nambiar 4/25/16 IB HL Chemistry 11 Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to determine the molar enthalpy of combustion of Mg using Hess Law by manipulating three formulas, two of which will be found through the experiment and one value is already given. Materials: Refer to lab handout on the front of the page as no changes were made. Procedure: Refer to lab handout on the front of the page as no changes were made. Qualitative results: • Bubbles and vapor is released during the reaction of both Mg and MgO. • Solutions in the calorimeter got really hot after the mixing the two. Sign of exothermic reaction. • Small residue of...
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...number of moles of water molecules of crystallization present in hydrated Magnesium Sulphate (MgSO4.xH2O) Apparatus: Mass balance, test tube, test tube holder, heat-proof mat and bunsen burner. Reagents: Hydrated sodium carbonate. Theory: Chemical decomposition, analysis or breakdown is the separation of a chemical compound into elements or simple compounds. A more specific type of decomposition is thermal decomposition or thermolysis, which is caused by heat. ABA+B, the reaction is endothermic, since heat is required to break the chemical bonds. Most decomposition reaction require energy either in the form of heat, light or electricity. Absorption of energy causes the breaking of the bonds present in the reacting substance which decomposes to give the product. When a hydrated salt is heated it decomposes into a pure form of the salt and water. MgSO4.xH2O MgSO4 + H2O Procedure: Refer to Handout Results: A. Mass of test tube/g = 21.77 B. Mass of the tube and salt/g = 24.0 A table showing the mass of the test tube and salt after 3 consecutive heating: Heating | Mass of the test tube and salt/g | 1st | 23.96 | 2nd | 23.81 | 3rd | 23.81 | Calculations: G. Mass of anhydrous magnesium sulphate/g = F - A = 23.81 – 21.77= 2.04 H. Mass of water of crystallization evaporated/g = B – F = 24.0 – 23.81= 0.19 I. Number of moles of anhydrous magnesium sulphate = _____G____ ...
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...Chemistry Mid-term Exam Version 2/23/15 Name: Student number: Directions: It is important that you provide answers in your own words. Please focus only on information from the text/eBook to create your own solutions. Please do not use direct information from an outside source (especially copying and pasting from an “answer” website). Use of direct information from an outside source is against school policy. All answers will be checked for plagiarism. Instances of plagiarism can result in probation or possible dismissal from the school. Please be sure to follow all guidelines (number of sentences/showing all calculations) and to provide the correct metric units of measure. All questions are 5 points (1 point for sentence number /units). 1. Experimental Design: From the work you have done this semester, choose a topic and design an experiment you would be able to perform. In your design (1) state your hypothesis, (2) identify your dependent and (3) independent variables, (4) your control conditions and (5) describe your experimental procedure. 2. Perform this operation and report the answer to the correct number of significant figures: What is the mass of a cube of aluminum that is 4.0 cm on each edge? The density of aluminum is 2.7 g/cm3. Show all calculations leading to an answer. 3. Explain why a model of the atom is crucial to understanding chemistry and in explaining the behavior of matter. Use 3 - 4 sentences in your explanation. ...
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