Ch. 4 and 5 test review 1. Early policing efforts were for the most part performed by: (pg. 97) * Volunteers 2. The governor of each colony hired a ____ in each county to oversee the formal aspects of law enforcement, such as selecting juries and managing jails and prisons. (pg. 97) * Sheriff 3. Early police officers likely gained their positions as a result of: (pg. 98) * Political connections 4. Many of our American policing institutions have their roots in _______________ tradition. (pg. 97) * English 5. The patronage system is associated with which era of policing? (pg. 98) * Political 6. All of the following were recommendations of the Wickersham Commission: (pg. 99) * 2 areas in need of reform: 1.) police brutality; 2.) “the corrupting influence of politics.” * This reform should come about through higher personnel standards, centralized police administrations, and the increased use of technology 7. Who is known as "the father of modern police administration?" (pg. 99) * August Vollmer 8. The community era of policing began in the year: (pg. 101) * 1968 9. The third era in American policing, the ____, may have started with several government initiatives, including the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act. (pg. 101) * Community era 10. Attempting to stop crimes before they are committed is a form of ____ policing. (pg. 101) * Proactive strategies / community policing 11. What was the major drawback of the reform era? (pg. 100) * Relations with the community suffered/ the civil rights movement intensified feelings of helplessness and impoverishment in African American communities. These frustrations resulted in civil unrest and many American cities experienced race riots in the