...The Brad assay * is one of the most common forms of measuring absorbance through a spectrometer * uses a a dye (coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250) that binds to proteins and is absorbed at a wavelength of 465- 598 nm * Fast, therefore can meaure a 96 plate in 5 minutes * Absorbance shift allows the measure the protein at the 598 nm wavelength by using the spectrometer, can be justified through the beer-lambert law * The standard curve can be used to estimate the concentration of an unknown protein in solution by * Taking in account their known absorbance levels * Use line equation from curve * The unknown protein conc. in a sample with a known absorbance level can be determined Bradford Vs. Lowry * Lowry * Uses alkaline conditions- reduction cu 2+ to Cu+ * Folin phenol reagent- yellow to blue * Peptide bonds for monocovalent copper and radicals of try and trp react with folin * Concentrations 0.1-1.0 ug/ml of protein * Can be interfered with easily * Slow 40-60 * Colour varies with proteins * Criticial timing with procedure * * Bradford * Based on absorbance shift from brilliant blue when bound to proteins * 465- 598 (when bound) * Acidic conditions * Binds tightly to protein, and inhibits binding sites (little inference) * Limitations * Strong basic buffers Detergents interfere with binding of the cosmic blue, causing...
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...Introduction IgG is an antibody probe that has an affinity for binding specifically to the IgG protein antigen. The research goal was to identify how closely the IgG of the tested species are related. This was accomplished by examining how goat IgG, specific for goat protein, responded to the same protein from cows, pigs, rats, and humans, and it was determined which animals have the most similar antigen binding reactions. The variability in each animal’s IgG protein was revealed by the level of affinity that the anti-goat IgG probe had for the species tested. Since the variability in each animal’s proteins is due to their genetic coding sequence this study clarified which species have the most similar genetic code. Immunoglobulins are the antigen-recognition molecules of B cells and are used as the main effector function in adaptive immunity. (Janeways, 2001) Their are five major immunoglobulin classes: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM and all five Ig classes are present in mammals and are produced from B lymphocytes as part of the immune response system. (Urich, 1994) IgG antibodies are large molecules, having a total molecular weight of 150kDa, composed of two heavy (H) peptide chains weighing approximately 50kDa and two light (L) peptide chains approximately 25kDa. (Janeways, 2001). The region of Light and Heavy chains connected by a disulfide bond makes up the Fragment antigen binding (Fab) structure, while the remaining Heavy chain region is referred to as the...
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...Researchers have found that the plant protein inhibits H1N1, H3N2 and H5N1 subtypes. Of the medicinal plants studied, the Momordica Charantia plant has been reported to contain many antiviral properties (Pongthanapisith, Ikuta, Puthavathana, and Leelamanit 1). The seed of the M. Charantia was purified of the protein using Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography. The proteins are separated using Sodium dodecyl polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The technique involves placing the protein mixture on gel containing an immobilized pH gradient. The gel slows the passage of proteins and acts as a molecular filter. Samples are loaded into the SDS-polyacrylamide gel and the electric field is applied. The gel slows the passage of proteins and acts as a molecular filter separating different protein molecules according to their size. Smaller proteins move faster than larger proteins and are found near the bottom of the gel. The gel is treated with a coomassie blue stain that binds to the proteins and allows the researcher to visualize the protein bands. The SDS-PAGE method is better suited for separating smaller molecules like protein.(Nelson and Cox 93-94) Madin-Darby canine kidney cells were inoculated with Influenza virus and incubated. The number of infected cells was counted under a microscope. Proteins of the Momordica Charantia were added to the infected cells. After further incubation overnight, the infected cells were identified with nucleoprotein antibodies of...
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...SDS-PAGE also called sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate proteins only by their size. SDS or sodium dodecyl sulfate is a detergent used to denature the proteins; they will unfold and will not have any secondary, tertiary or quaternary structure. Proteins will have a negative charge and they will move down the gel by their molecular weight. PAGE or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is a polymer of the neurotoxin acrylamide and a cross-linking agent called bis-acrylamide. Usually APS and TEMED are used as catalysts for the process of cross-linking. There are two different settings of running the polyacrylamide gel, denaturing gel and non-denaturing gel or native gel. Denaturing gel consists of using urea or SDS to denature or unfold proteins and subsequently separate them by their molecular weight. A non-denaturing or native gel is used primarily to analyze the tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins; therefore they do not need to be unfolded. SDS-PAGE is essential in protein analysis in different fields such as forensic, biochemistry, biotechnology, molecular biology and genetics. The SDS-PAGE gel has to be poured in two parts. The first gel that is poured is the resolving gel. This type of gel consists of 3 to 30 % acrylamide thus possessing small pores and a pH of 8.8. The second gel is called the stacking gel and it is poured on top of the resolving gel. Stacking gel has 8 to 12 % acrylamide, therefore...
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...the test successful and distribute quality watches that will pass the SOCC investigation and gain profits for the organization. The importance is to remember that the watches were failing three tests on a constant basis. It is important as stakeholders within the organization to make sure the machinery is not the responsible for the failures of the three industry test. The budget for upgrade is $500,000. Listening to the views of the head of departments the important machinery to work with is upgrading the timing machine, upgrading the poising machine, and buying movement holders. The posing machine is important because it is used to poise the balancing wheel. Poising determines the accuracy of the movement in different positions. Upgrading this machine will help ensure the accuracy of the watches in different positions. Movement holders hold the base plate of the movement keeping the base flat and secure with no movement that makes it easier to assemble the...
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...Brand association: It means what resides in the customer’s deepest mind. Brand association is anything which is deep seated in customer’s mind about the brand. Brand should be associated with something positive so that the customers relate your brand to being positive. Brand associations are the attributes of brand which come into consumers mind when the brand is talked about. It is related with the implicit and explicit meanings which a consumer relates/associates with a specific brand name. About Rolex, if we consider the upper portion then the brand association will be: 1. Watch. 2. People. 3. Sports. 4. Successful. 5. Highest quality. 6. Reliability. 7. Durability. 8. Serviceability. 9. Convenient. 10. Unique. 11. Prestige. 12. Word of mouth publicity. 13. Price. 14. Luxury. 1. Watch: If any customer think about the brand Rolex, the picture will be spotted in his or her mind is watch, which represents aristocracy. It is being fixed in their brain or even soul, because the brand Rolex is representing themselves as a brand of watch for many year. 2. People: Different types of people use it to reflect their strength. Top athletes are wearing it to show their toughness, robustness and skill. Rich and high class people wear it to show their wealth and class. Man also use it to show their manliness. 3. Sports: Rolex are associated with different kind of sports like Golf, Sailing etc. So, customers also think...
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...The New Left and Students for Democratic Society emerged in 1960. They were a group of young, highly educated and highly motivated students. The SDSers came from very privileged and political backgrounds. They were definitely not your average teenagers. The members of SDS were very concerned with the state of the country and government. They wanted to end poverty, eradicate racial injustice and make the world a better place for everyone. When they first started out, the party was very efficient and organized. As the decade moved on, however, the party’s ideologies and political stance changed. They began to split over political beliefs, drug use and tactics. I intend to map out Doug McAdam’s political process model to determine where they went wrong and ultimately failed with their anti-Vietnam movement. The political process model states that in order to start a social movement, three things must occur. They are; structure of political opportunities, use of indigenous organizational strength and realizing cognitive liberation. The SDS started out on the same page, working to support the Civil Rights movement in the early 60’s. They published the Port Huron Statement in 1962. “They wanted a society based on participatory democracy governed by two aims; first, that individuals participate in decisions determining the quality and direction of their lives, and second, that the society be organized to encourage independence and to provide for such common participation” (Klatch...
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...The New Left Movement The New Left and SDS (Students for Democratic Society) emerged in 1960. They were a group of young, highly educated and highly motivated students. The SDSers came from very privileged and political backgrounds. They were definitely not your average teenagers. The members of SDS were very concerned with the state of the country and government. They wanted to end poverty, eradicate racial injustice and make the world a better place for everyone. When they first started out, the party was very efficient and organized. As the decade moved on, however, the party’s ideologies and political stance changed. They began to split over political beliefs, drug use and tactics. McAdam’s political process model states that in order to start a social movement, three things must occur. They are; structure of political opportunities, use of indigenous organizational strength and realizing cognitive liberation. The SDS started out on the same page, working to support the Civil Rights movement in the early 60’s. They published the Port Huron Statement in 1962. “They wanted a society based on participatory democracy governed by two aims; first, that individuals participate in decisions determining the quality and direction of their lives, and second, that the society be organized to encourage independence and to provide for such common participation.” After they had published their statement and had an actual list of goals and they knew exactly what they stood for, or so...
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...consists of situations wherein they experience social problem, social movement and social change. They overcome these situations after a long period of time through tough situations and countless meetings of the British Government and Nelson Mandela. 2. What social problems have you observe in the movie? Explain why it exists. The social problem that existed in the movie was the discrimination being received by the South African citizens in their own country. They were treated as slaves. This is what triggered them to revolt and fight for their rights. This social problem started small from opinions in neighborhood to group organizations. They wanted to overthrow the government and fight for their rights. 3. Define the meaning of social movement and social change by citing scenes in the movie. Social movement is a collectivity acting with some continuity to promote ore resist a change in society or group of which it is part. (Turner and Killian) It may also refer to those activities in which people unite in an organized, long-term effort to change their society or in which they resist and express dissatisfaction with the existing order through outright and prolonged actions. (Hollnsteiner) 4. Define the stages of a social movement by citing scenes in the movie. The stages of social movement are emergence, coalescence, bureaucratization, and decline. 1. Emergence * Potential movement participants may be unhappy with some policy or some social condition...
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...Stages of Social Movements Social Movements & Collective Behavior > Four Stages of Social Movements Table of Contents Abstract Keywords the four stages of social movements. The four stages of social movement development are emergence, coalescence, bureaucratization, and decline. The Decline stage can result from several different causes, such as repression, co-optation, success, failure, and mainstream. The four stages of development model can be applied to understand how movements form, grow, and dissipate. It has limitations, however, in its application to new social movements and movements that are not rooted in political action. Despite these limitations, the four stages model is still highly useful in understanding collective action and provides a useful frame of analysis for sociologists considering social movements and their effects in the past and present. Overview What is a Social Movement? Four Stages of Social Movements Stage 1: Emergence Stage 2: Coalescence Stage 3: Bureaucratization Stage 4: Decline Repression Co-optation Success Failure Establishment with Mainstream Overview There have been many social movements throughout history that have dramatically changed the societies in which they occurred. There have been many failed social movements as well. Throughout the history of the United States alone there have been a number of important and notable social movements. These movements have varied widely in their ideologies; some movements have been revolutionary...
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...wide range of reforms. At the core of this was the SDS. The New Left can be defined as a loosely organized, mostly white student movement that advocated for democracy, civil rights and various types of university reforms and protested against the Vietnam war. A radical leftists political movement was active especially during the 1960s and 70s, composed largely of college students and young intellecuals whose goals included equality, de-escalation of the arms race nonintervention in foreign affairs, and other big changes in the political, economic, social, and educational systems. The 1960s was a time of people around the world struggling for more of a say in the decisions of their society. The emergence of the personal computer in the late 70s and early 80s and the longer gestation of the new forms of people-controlled communication facilitated by the Internet and Usenet in the late 80s and today are the direct descendents of 1960s.The era of the 1960s was a special time in America. Masses of people realized their own potential to affect how the world around them worked. People rose up to protest the ways of society which were out of their control, whether to fight against racial segregation, or to gain more power for students in the university setting. The "Port Huron Statement" created by the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) was a document which helped set the mood for the decade. The antiwar movement actually consisted of a number of independent interests...
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...The Drunkard “The Drunkard” is a play written by William H. Smith and was first performed in 1844. This play centers around the characters of Edward Middleton, his wife, Mary Middleton, his half-brother William Dowton, William’s crazy sister Agnes, and an old lawyer named Cribbs. The setting for the first two acts is a picturesque countryside. From the start, it is understood that Cribbs is a malicious, evil man out to ruin Edward and get his fortune. Edward and Mary wed in the beginning of the play, and have a daughter, Julia by the second act. William, who lived with Edward when he was still single, sort of works for Edward and thinks the world of him. He is a good friend to Edward in every situation the play brings about. As the play progresses, we see that Edward is the “drunkard”, who does not go to church on Sundays, but gets into brawls at local bars instead. He comes home one day in a drunken state to find out that his mother-in-law, Mrs. Wilson, (Mary’s mother), has died. In his drunken stupor, he storms out of the house with Mary, his daughter and William all begging him to stay. He is both disgusted by himself and his alcoholism, but yet unable to prevent or stop fulfilling his cravings for brandy. The third and fourth acts take place in New York City where we find out that Edward has squandered what was left of his fortune, and is living on the streets begging for money for alcohol. Mary and Julia have moved to New York in hope of finding him, and also live...
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...Music and American Youth in the 1960s Richard Whaley COMP/155 December 6, 2013 University of Phoenix Music and American Youth in the 1960s When defined, how music influenced and shaped American Youth in the 60s and changes that it created. Music combines different aspects of American social and cultural identity, through economic status, race, gender, religious beliefs, and sexuality. There are many different types of music listened to. Religious, race and economic status is just a few. Economic status is the wealthier people tend to listen and attend symphony concerts while the middle class and poor listen to folk music, country, pop, and rock again are just a few of them. New styles of music come our way about as often as a new generation comes of age. The American youth culture of the 1960s saw many changes and was very complex. A number of factors attributed to this. This generation was the largest by number of this age group ever in history. American culture up until that time was stereotyped so to speak, there were many set ideas youth were expected to follow. Upon graduation from high school you either went to college or got a job, got married and settled down to raise a family. The youth of that time had different ideas; they wanted to experience most everything that they could. They wanted the freedom to express themselves...
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...The Vietnam War by Robin Davis The Vietnam War sparked a major antiwar movement in the United States-- not only among students who were eligible to be drafted after graduation, but also among civilians protesting in the streets and even soldiers in the military. Following the lead of the recent civil rights movement, which proved that social protest could be effective, the antiwar movement used the same tactics of civil disobedience. College students, while not the only ones to protest, played the biggest part in popularizing antiwar ideas to the nation. One popular national student organization-- the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)-- had been formed in 1960, and by 1966 they were focused almost entirely on the antiwar movement. This was mainly due to the fact that the Vietnam War had brought about a major change in public sentiment towards the government and its officials. While most everyone seemed to know why America was involved in World War II and heavily supported that involvement, questions abounded as to why they were ever involved in Vietnam. As more and more Americans fought and died in this war, and the costs of the war escalated, the student protests not only multiplied, but they also reflected the sentiment of a large percentage of Americans. Then, as the war expanded across Vietnamese borders into Cambodia, the student protests escalated even more. (Davidson, Gienapp, Heyrman, Lytle, & Stoff, 2005) The protests came to a head on May 4, 1970...
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...25 Updated December 2009 Strengthening Democracy and Democratic Institutions in Pakistan UNDERSTANDING LABOUR ISSUES IN PAKISTAN PILDAT is an independent, non-partisan and not-for-profit indigenous research and training institution with the mission to strengthen democracy and democratic institutions in Pakistan. PILDAT is a registered non-profit entity under the Societies Registration Act XXI of 1860, Pakistan. ©Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development And Transparency - PILDAT All rights Reserved Revised Edition: December 2009 First Published: June 2005 Second Published: November 2006 ISBN: 978-969-558-147-6 978-969-558-021-1 978-969-558-021-9 Any part of this publication can be used or cited with a clear reference of this publication and PILDAT Published by Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development And Transparency No. 7, 9th Avenue, F-8/1, Islamabad, Pakistan Tel: (+92-51) 111-123-345; Fax: (+92-51) 226-3078 E-mail: info@pildat.org; URL: www.pildat.org P I L D AT BRIEFING PAPER FOR PARLIAMENTARIANS UNDERSTANDING LABOUR ISSUES IN PAKISTAN CONTENTS Foreword Profile of the Author Overview Labour in the Informal Economy Wages and Workers Finance Bill 2006 and Anti Labour Legislation Finance Bill 2008 and Labour Legislation Industrial Relations Act 2008 Strengths Weaknesses State of Trade Unionism in Pakistan Impact of globalization and economic growth on labour in Pakistan State Institutions State Tripartite Institutional Arrangements Pakistan Tripartite Labour...
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